scholarly journals OSINT-Based LPC-MTD and HS-Decoy for Organizational Defensive Deception

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (8) ◽  
pp. 3402
Author(s):  
Sang Seo ◽  
Dohoon Kim
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Error ◽  
Social Engineering ◽  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Adaptive Mutation ◽  
Combined Model ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
Attack Surface ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Operational Plan

This study aimed to alleviate the theoretical limitations of existing moving target defense (MTD) and decoy concepts and improve the efficiency of defensive deception technology within an organization. We present the concept of an open-source intelligence (OSINT)-based hierarchical social engineering decoy (HS-Decoy) strategy while considering the actual fingerprint of each organization. In addition, we propose a loosely proactive control-based MTD strategy that is based on the intended competitive exposure of OSINT between defenders and attackers. Existing MTDs and decoys are biased toward proactive prevention, in that they only perform structural mutation-based attack avoidance or induce static traps. They also have practical limitations, e.g., they do not consider security characterization of each organizational social engineering attack and related utilization plans, no quantitative deception modeling is performed for the attenuation of the attack surface through exposure to OSINT, and there is no operational plan for optimal MTD and decoy application within the organization. Through the applied deception concepts proposed here, the total attack efficiency was reduced by 287% compared to the existing MTD and decoys, while the artificial deception efficiency dominated by defenders was improved by 382%. In addition, the increase rate of deception overhead was also reduced by 174%, and an optimized deceptive trade-off was also presented. In order to enable an organization to utilize the OSINT concept, statistical error reduction, and MTD mutation cycle-based deceptive selectivity, it was introduced as a loose adaptive mutation rather than a preferential avoidance strategy, and an organization-specific optimization direction was introduced through a combination of HS-Decoy and LPC-MTD. In the future, in order to improve the operational reliability of the HS-Decoy and LPC-MTD-based combined model and standardize threat information for each organization, we intend to advance it into an international standard-based complex architecture and characterize it as game theory.

scholarly journals Synthesis, molecular and morphological characterization of linear and complex architecture block copolymers consisting of poly(cyclohexadiene)

2012 ◽  
Author(s):  
Κωνσταντίνος Μισιχρόνης
Keyword(s):  
Block Copolymers ◽  
1H Nmr ◽  
Morphological Characterization ◽  
Complex Architecture

Στην συγκεκριμένη ερευνητική εργασία περιγράφεται η σύνθεση μέσω ανιοντικού πολυμερισμού 17 γραμμικών δισυσταδικών συμπολυμερών του τύπου PS-b-PCHD ή PS-b-PCHD όπου PS: πολυστυρένιο και PCHD: πολυ(κυκλοεξαδιένιο) καθώς και 5 συμπολυμερών πολύπλοκης αρχιτεκτονικής αποτελούμενα επίσης από PS και PCHD. Τα πολύπλοκης αρχιτεκτονικής δείγματα αποτελούν ένα (1) γραμμικό τρισυσταδικό συμπολυμερές (PCHD-b-PS-b-PCHD), ένα (1) γραμμικό πεντασυσταδικό συμπολυμερές [(PS-b-PCHD)-PS-(PCHD-b-PS)], ένα (1) H-type συμπολυμερές [(PCHD)2-PS-(PCHD)2] και δύο (2) super H-type συμπολυμερή [(PCHD)3-PS-(PCHD)3 και (PS-b-PCHD)3-PS-(PCHD-b-PS)3].Η σύνθεση των δειγμάτων ολοκληρώθηκε με την χρήση της γραμμής υψηλού κενού και την μέθοδο της διαδοχικής προσθήκης μονομερών. Για τον πολυμερισμό χρησιμοποιήθηκε sec-BuLi σε βενζόλιο, ενώ χρησιμοποιήθηκε και το πολικό συστατικό DABCO ώστε η συστάδα του PCHD να εμφανίζει υψηλή 1,4-μικροδομή (87-98%). Συντέθηκε ένα μεγάλο εύρος κλασμάτων όγκου (0.25 < φPS < 0.94) έτσι ώστε να εξεταστεί αναλυτικά η μορφολογική συμπεριφορά του συστήματος. Η σύνθεση των πολύπλοκης αρχιτεκτονικής συμπολυμερών περιελάμβανε την χρήση του διδραστικού απαρχητή Na/ναφθαλίνιο ώστε να συντεθεί το διδραστικό πολυστυρένιο. Ο πολυμερισμός πραγματοποιήθηκε σε διάλυμα βενζολίου/THF σε αναλογία 1,2:1 και η αντίδραση σύζευξης με τα ενεργά άκρα, που αποτελούνταν είτε από PCHD ή από (PS-b-PCHD), πραγματοποιήθηκε χρησιμοποιώντας γνωστή χημεία χλωροσιλανίων. Πιο συγκεκριμένα τρία χλωροσιλάνια χρησιμοποιήθηκαν, το (CH3)2SiCl2, (CH3)SiCl3 και το SiCl4 ώστε να συζευχθούν με την διδραστική συστάδα (Na(+)(-)PS(-)(+)Na) και στην συνέχεια με τα ζωντανά άκρα αποτελούμενα από PCHD ή από (PS-b-PCHD).Ο μοριακός χαρακτηρισμός των δειγμάτων πραγματοποιήθηκε μέσω της χρωματογραφίας αποκλεισμού μεγεθών (SEC) και οσμομετρίας μεμβράνης (MO) ώστε να πιστοποιηθούν τα μέσα μοριακά βάρη κατά αριθμό και οι κατανομές μοριακών βαρών. Επίσης χρησιμοποιήθηκε η φασματοσκοπία πυρηνικού μαγνητικού συντονισμού πρωτονίου (1H-NMR) ώστε να επιβεβαιωθούν τα κλάσματα μάζας, καθώς επίσης και να υπολογιστούν τα ποσοστά των μικροδομών 1,2- και 1,4- για την συστάδα του PCHD. Επίσης, υιοθετήθηκε η διαφορική θερμοδομετρία σάρωσης (DSC) ώστε να προσδιοριστούν οι θερμοκρασίες υαλώδους μετάπτωσης (Tg) των δειγμάτων.Τέλος, ο μορφολογικός χαρακτηρισμός των δισυσταδικών συμπολυμερών πραγματοποιήθηκε με ηλεκτρονική μικροσκοπία διέλευσης (TEM) και σκέδαση ακτινών-Χ υπό μικρές γωνίες (SAXS). Παρατηρήθηκαν όλες οι γνωστές μορφολογίες από την βιβλιογραφία αλλά για διαφορετικά κλάσματα όγκου από τα αναμενόμενα, ενώ μοναδικές μορφολογίες παρατηρήθηκαν προσφέροντας νέες πληροφορίες για τον μικροφασικό διαχωρισμό του συστήματος PS-b-PCHD. Επίσης, πιο αναλυτικές μετρήσεις μέσω SAXS πρέπει να πραγματοποιηθούν ώστε να επιβεβαιωθούν οι μορφολογίες που παρατηρούνται μέσω ΤΕΜ.

scholarly journals Characterization of the Global Stabilizing Substitution A77V and Its Role in the Evolution of CTX-M β-Lactamases

2015 ◽  
Vol 59 (11) ◽  
pp. 6741-6748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Meha P. Patel ◽  
Bartlomiej G. Fryszczyn ◽  
Timothy Palzkill
Keyword(s):  
Antibiotic Resistance ◽  
Adaptive Mutation ◽  
Common Mechanism ◽  
Antibiotic Hydrolysis ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Kinetics Of ◽  
M 14

ABSTRACTThe widespread use of oxyimino-cephalosporin antibiotics drives the evolution of the CTX-M family of β-lactamases that hydrolyze these drugs and confer antibiotic resistance. Clinically isolated CTX-M enzymes carrying the P167S or D240G active site-associated adaptive mutation have a broadened substrate profile that includes the oxyimino-cephalosporin antibiotic ceftazidime. The D240G substitution is known to reduce the stability of CTX-M-14 β-lactamase, and the P167S substitution is shown here to also destabilize the enzyme. Proteins are marginally stable entities, and second-site mutations that stabilize the enzyme can offset a loss in stability caused by mutations that enhance enzyme activity. Therefore, the evolution of antibiotic resistance enzymes can be dependent on the acquisition of stabilizing mutations. The A77V substitution is present in CTX-M extended-spectrum β-lactamases (ESBLs) from a number of clinical isolates, suggesting that it may be important in the evolution of antibiotic resistance in this family of β-lactamases. In this study, the effects of the A77V substitution in the CTX-M-14 model enzyme were characterized with regard to the kinetic parameters for antibiotic hydrolysis as well as enzyme expression levelsin vivoand protein stabilityin vitro. The A77V substitution has little effect on the kinetics of oxyimino-cephalosporin hydrolysis, but it stabilizes the CTX-M enzyme and compensates for the loss of stability resulting from the P167S and D240G mutations. The acquisition of global stabilizing mutations, such as A77V, is an important feature in β-lactamase evolution and a common mechanism in protein evolution.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Effects of photochemical aging on the formation and evolution of summertime secondary aerosol in Beijing

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tianzeng Chen ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Qingxin Ma ◽  
Biwu Chu ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Photochemical Aging ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Atmospheric submicron aerosols have a great effect on air quality and human health, while their formation and evolution processes are still not fully understood. Herein, the crucial role of atmospheric oxidation capacity, as characterized by OH exposure dose in the formation and evolution of secondary submicron aerosols, was systematically investigated based on a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of PM1 in a southern suburb of Beijing in summertime from 25th July to 21st August 2019. The averaged concentration of PM1 was 19.3 ± 11.3 μg m−3, and nearly half (48.3 %) of the mass was organic aerosols (OA) during the observation period. The equivalent photochemical age (ta) estimated from the ratios of toluene to benzene was applied to characterize the OH exposure dose of the air mass. The relationships of NR–PM1 species, OA factors (i.e., one hydrocarbon-like (HOA) and three oxygenated (LO-OOA, SV-OOA and MO-OOA) organic aerosol factors) and elemental compositions (e.g., H / C, O / C, N / C, S / C, OM / OC, and OSc) to ta were analyzed in detail. It was found that higher PM1 concentration accompanied longer ta, with an average increase rate of 0.8 μg m−3 per hour. Meanwhile, the formation of SO42− and MO-OOA were most sensitive to the increase in ta, and their contributions to PM1 were enhanced from 19 % to 27 % and from 27 % to 48 %, respectively, as ta increased from 9.4 h to 19.6 h. In addition, OSc and the ratios of O / C and OM / OC increased with the increase in ta. These results indicated that photochemical aging is a key factor leading to the evolution of OA and the increase of PM1 in summertime.

scholarly journals Measurement report: Effects of photochemical aging on the formation and evolution of summertime secondary aerosol in Beijing

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 1341-1356
Author(s):  
Tianzeng Chen ◽  
Jun Liu ◽  
Qingxin Ma ◽  
Biwu Chu ◽  
Peng Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Exposure Dose ◽  
Time Resolved ◽  
Increase Rate ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Formation And Evolution ◽  
Photochemical Aging ◽  
Observation Period

Abstract. Atmospheric submicrometer aerosols have a great effect on air quality and human health, while their formation and evolution processes are still not fully understood. Herein, the crucial role of atmospheric oxidation capacity, as characterized by OH exposure dose in the formation and evolution of secondary submicrometer aerosols, was systematically investigated based on a highly time-resolved chemical characterization of PM1 in a southern suburb of Beijing in summertime from 25 July to 21 August 2019. The averaged concentration of PM1 was 19.3 ± 11.3 µg m−3, and nearly half (48.3 %) of the mass was organic aerosols (OAs) during the observation period. The equivalent photochemical age (ta) estimated from the ratios of toluene to benzene was applied to characterize the OH exposure dose of the air mass, in which an observation period with the similar sources and minimal influence of fresh emission was adopted. The relationships of non-refractory PM1 species, OA factors (i.e., one hydrocarbon-like and three oxygenated organic aerosol factors) and elemental compositions (e.g., H∕C, O∕C, N∕C, S∕C, OM∕OC, and OSc) to ta were analyzed in detail. It was found that higher PM1 concentration accompanied longer ta, with an average increase rate of 0.8 µgm-3h-1. Meanwhile, the formation of sulfate and more oxidized oxygenated OA were most sensitive to the increase in ta, and their contributions to PM1 were enhanced from 22 % to 28 % and from 29 % to 48 %, respectively, as ta increased. In addition, OSc and the ratios of O∕C and OM∕OC increased with the increase in ta. These results indicated that photochemical aging is a key factor leading to the evolution of OA and the increase in PM1 in summertime.

scholarly journals Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) movement off the coast of Taiwan: characterization of a hotspot in the East China Sea and investigation of mesoscale eddies

2011 ◽  
Vol 68 (4) ◽  
pp. 707-718 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald R. Kobayashi ◽  
I-Jiunn Cheng ◽  
Denise M. Parker ◽  
Jeffrey J. Polovina ◽  
Naoki Kamezaki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
East China Sea ◽  
Statistical Error ◽  
Mesoscale Eddies ◽  
Loggerhead Turtle ◽  
Caretta Caretta ◽  
East China ◽  
The East China Sea ◽  
Remotely Sensed Data ◽  
China Sea

Abstract Kobayashi, D. R., Cheng, I-J., Parker, D. M., Polovina, J. J., Kamezaki, N., and Balazs, G. H. 2011. Loggerhead turtle (Caretta caretta) movement off the coast of Taiwan: characterization of a hotspot in the East China Sea and investigation of mesoscale eddies. – ICES Journal of Marine Science, 68: 707–718. Satellite tags were attached to 34 non-reproductive loggerhead turtles (Caretta caretta) caught as bycatch in the Taiwanese coastal poundnet fishery from 2002 to 2008. Transmission durations ranged from 6 to 503 d (median 172 d), with 5860 d tracked in total. Horizontal track data were processed using the Bayesian state-space modelling to extract the most likely daily positions, taking into account ARGOS data quality and other forms of statistical error. A region of high occupancy in the East China Sea, covering 433 549 km2 of coastal and pelagic area next to Taiwan, China, Japan, and South Korea, was characterized from the tracking data. Various attributes of this hotspot are described using satellite tracks and remotely sensed data. The tracks were merged with oceanographic data, emphasizing a new global dataset characterizing mesoscale eddies from satellite altimetry data. A proximity-probability approach coupled with odds ratio testing was used to infer orientation to eddy features. Comparisons against random points, simulated particle tracks, and drifter buoys were used to demonstrate turtle differential responses to eddies inside and outside the hotspot, depending on eddy features (i.e. cyclonic vs. anticyclonic, edges vs. centres). Turtles inside the hotspot utilize fewer strong cyclonic eddy edges than those outside.

scholarly journals THE CONCEPT OF EVALUATION OF MAXIMUM ACCEPTABLE RELIABILITY FACTORS OF STATE AVIATION HELICOPTERS

2021 ◽  
pp. 17-24
Author(s):  
V. Boiarov ◽  
А. Bursala ◽  
V. Golub ◽  
M. Zhdaniuk ◽  
O. Cherednikov
Keyword(s):  
Operational Reliability ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Flight Safety ◽  
Traffic Light ◽  
Conceptual Approach ◽  
Combined Model ◽  
Reliability Factor ◽  
Limit Values ◽  
The Military ◽  
Acceptable Reliability

The aim of the study is to develop and determine the maximum acceptable reliability factor of state aviation helicopters based on statistics on malfunctions that occur during the operation of the aviation materiel, taking into account the recommendations of ICAO. The paper defines the general criteria for calculating the limit values of reliability (operational reliability and flight safety). For their implementation it is necessary: to carry out constant monitoring of flight safety and the general reasons which cause emergence of malfunctions of helicopters, their systems and subsystems; to use the proposed combined model on the principle of "traffic light" to determine the level of flight safety indicators at their standard deviation when justifying decisions on the forecast for future periods of operation and establishing certain values of forecast indicators of the "upper control limit" of operational Based on the adopted conceptual approach to determining the dynamics of change in failure rates, quantitative criteria are developed. Proposals to determine the indicators of the technical condition during the military operation of the aircraft will maintain high combat readiness of state aviation at a given level, predict the need for maintenance and repair and predict the timing and direction of modernization of aircraft.

scholarly journals Conflicting Views on the Molecular Structure of the Cancer Antigen CA125/MUC16

2010 ◽  
Vol 28 (6) ◽  
pp. 385-394 ◽  
Author(s):  
Houda Bouanene ◽  
Abdelhédi Miled
Keyword(s):  
Tumor Marker ◽  
Physiological Role ◽  
Molecular Characteristics ◽  
Molecular Features ◽  
Biological Sources ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Oligosaccharide Structures ◽  
Molecular Nature

CA125 is a tumor antigen used to monitor the progression and regression of epithelial ovarian cancer. Despite the widespread use of CA125, the biochemical and molecular nature of this antigen is poorly understood. Analysis of the structure of CA125 is essential for determining the physiological role of this very significant tumor marker. Accumulated experimental evidence has shown that CA125 epitopes reside on a molecule of very complex architecture in terms of both protein backbone and oligosaccharide structures. It is not clear whether the heterogeneity of CA125 molecular characteristics are due to the variability of biological sources from which the molecule was isolated or to the different biophysical methods used for the characterization of all the oligosaccharides linked to CA125 or to the presence of glycoisoforms for this protein. This review attempts to summarize emerging data related to molecular characteristics of CA125 and to compare approaches undertaken to reach a better understanding of molecular features of this tumor marker.

Utility of Chromatographic and Spectroscopic Techniques for a Detailed Characterization of Poly(styrene-b-isoprene) Miktoarm Star Copolymers with Complex Architecture

2012 ◽  
Vol 45 (18) ◽  
pp. 7574-7582 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tina Šmigovec Ljubič ◽  
Katja Rebolj ◽  
David Pahovnik ◽  
Nikos Hadjichristidis ◽  
Majda Žigon ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Spectroscopic Techniques ◽  
Detailed Characterization ◽  
Star Copolymers ◽  
Miktoarm Star ◽  
Complex Architecture

scholarly journals Eustatic, Climatic, and Oceanographic Influences on Geomorphology and Architecture of Isolated Carbonate Platforms: Miocene, Northwest Shelf, Australia

Lithosphere ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Eugene C. Rankey
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Data ◽  
Middle Miocene ◽  
Seismic Facies ◽  
Global Changes ◽  
Carbonate Platforms ◽  
Stratigraphic Subdivision ◽  
Complex Architecture ◽  
Stacking Patterns ◽  
3D Seismic Data

Abstract The Miocene represents an interval of marked global change, and this evolution is reflected in carbonate platforms from this epoch. Seismic stratigraphic characterization of high-resolution (ca 60 Hz) 3D seismic data from the Browse Basin, offshore Australia, reveals a middle to upper Miocene three-part seismic stratigraphic subdivision. Each unit consists of several seismic sequence sets and their component sequences. Seismic stratal geometries and seismic facies define a prograding shelf (Langhian and older), a barrier-reef complex with scattered platforms (upper Langhian–early Tortonian), and aggrading and prograding isolated platforms (early Tortonian–Messinian). The data permit description and interpretation of high-fidelity stratigraphic details of the initiation, expansion, termination, and geomorphology of over 100 platforms in this interval. The results reveal that the isolated platforms initiated following the Middle Miocene Climatic Optimum. The succession includes major seismic stratigraphic boundaries and overall patterns of platform growth and demise that correspond roughly with periods of pronounced eustatic change associated with initiation of eastern Antarctic ice sheets. Although invoking a eustatic control for coarse trends may be tempting, mismatch between the numbers and ages of sequences, as well as the variable stacking patterns among contemporaneous platforms regionally, precludes such an interpretation; conversely, some globally recognized eustatic changes do not have a pronounced manifestation in this area. Thus, it appears that the eustatic signal combined with dynamic physical regional processes such as waves, currents, and variable subsidence creates the complex architecture and geomorphology of platforms. These results illustrate how global changes can interact with local controls to create diverse patterns of birth, growth, and demise of carbonate platforms and drive local stratal heterogeneity.

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