scholarly journals Evaluation of the Simultaneous Operation of the Mechanisms for Cross-Border Interchange and Activation of the Regulating Reserves

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (17) ◽  
pp. 8188
Author(s):  
Marcel Topler ◽  
Boštjan Polajžer
Keyword(s):  
Frequency Control ◽  
Primary Objective ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Simultaneous Operation ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Power Variation ◽  
Balancing Energy ◽  
And Performance ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the mechanisms for cross-border interchange of the regulating reserves (RRs), i.e., the imbalance-netting process (INP) and the cross-border activation of the RRs (CBRR). Both mechanisms are an additional service of frequency restoration reserves in the power system and connect different control areas (CAs) via virtual tie-lines to release RRs and reduce balancing energy. The primary objective of the INP is to net the demand for RRs between the cooperating CAs with different signs of interchange power variation. In contrast, the primary objective of the CBRR is to activate the RRs in the cooperating CAs with matching signs of interchange power variation. In this way, the ancillary services market and the European balancing system should be improved. However, both the INP and CBRR include a frequency term and thus impact the frequency response of the cooperating CAs. Therefore, the impact of the simultaneous operation of the INP and CBRR on the load-frequency control (LFC) and performance is comprehensively evaluated with dynamic simulations of a three-CA testing system, which no previous studies investigated before. In addition, a function for correction power adjustment is proposed to prevent the undesirable simultaneous activation of the INP and CBRR. In this way, area control error (ACE) and scheduled control power are decreased since undesired correction is prevented. The dynamic simulations confirmed that the simultaneous operation of the INP and CBRR reduced the balancing energy and decreased the unintended exchange of energy. Consequently, the LFC and performance were improved in this way. However, the impact of the INP and CBRR on the frequency quality has no unambiguous conclusions.

scholarly journals The Impact of the Imbalance Netting Process on Power System Dynamics

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (24) ◽  
pp. 4733
Author(s):  
Marcel Topler ◽  
Jožef Ritonja ◽  
Boštjan Polajžer
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Performance Indicators ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
System Matrix ◽  
Dynamic Simulations ◽  
Balancing Energy ◽  
Simulation Results ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Frequency Term

This paper discusses the imbalance netting process (INP) between control areas (CAs) that was developed due to the high costs of balancing energy. The main objective of INP is to net the demand for balancing energy between the participating CAs with opposite signs of interchange power variation. However, INP incorporates a frequency term; hence, it affects the frequency response of participating CAs inherently, which is not discussed in the literature. Therefore, the impacts of INP on the frequency quality and provision of load-frequency control (LFC) are shown thoroughly with dynamic simulations of a three-CA testing systems, in addition to an eigenvalue analysis of a two CA system. It is shown clearly herein that INP changes the eigenvalues of the system matrix, which results in decreased damping of the entire power system. Furthermore, the simulation results confirmed that INP reduces balancing energy, releases regulating reserve and reduces the unintended exchange of energy; thus, LFC performance indicators were improved. However, the impact of INP on frequency quality is not so explicit, since cases exist of frequency quality improvement and deterioration.

Optimal Design of PID Controller Based Sampe-Jaya Algorithm for Load Frequency Control of Linear and Nonlinear Multi-Area Thermal Power Systems

2020 ◽  
Vol 50 ◽  
pp. 79-93
Author(s):  
Adel A. Abou El Ela ◽  
Ragab A. El-Sehiemy ◽  
Abdullah M. Shaheen ◽  
Abd El Galil Diab
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Design ◽  
Power Systems ◽  
Pid Controller ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Thermal Power ◽  
Absolute Error ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Jaya Algorithm ◽  
Load Frequency ◽  
The Impact

Modern multi-area power systems are in persistent facing to imbalances in power generation and consumption which directly causes frequency and tie-line power fluctuations in each area. This paper deals with the load frequency control (LFC) problem where the control objective of regulating their error signals despite the presences of several external load disturbances. It proposes an optimal design of proportional integral derivative controller (PID) based on a novel version of Jaya algorithm called self-adaptive multi-population elitist (SAMPE) Jaya optimizer. A filter with derivative term is integrated with PID controller to alleviate the impact of noise in the input signal. A time domain based-objective functions are investigated such as integral time-multiplied absolute value of the error (ITAE) and integral of absolute error (IAE). Both SAMPE-Jaya and Jaya optimizers are employed to optimally tune the PID parameters for interconnected power systems comprising two non-reheat thermal areas. Three test cases are performed with various load disturbances in both areas individually and simultaneaously. Also, the practical physical constraints related to generation rate constraint (GRC) with its nonlinearity characteristics are taken into account. In addition, the obtained results using the designed PID controller based on SAMPE-Jaya are compared with various reported techniques. These simulated comparisons declare the great efficiency and the high superiority of the designed PID controller based on SAMPE-Jaya.

scholarly journals Impact of communication time delays on combined LFC and AVR of a multi-area hybrid system with IPFC-RFBs coordinated control strategy

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
C H. Naga Sai Kalyan ◽  
G. Sambasiva Rao
Keyword(s):  
Time Delays ◽  
Power Flow ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Dynamic Performance ◽  
Coordinated Control ◽  
Voltage Regulation ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Superior Performance ◽  
Communication Time ◽  
The Impact

AbstractIn this paper, the impact of communication time delays (CTDs) on combined load frequency control (LFC) and automatic voltage regulation (AVR) of a multi-area system with hybrid generation units is addressed. Investigation reveals that CTDs have significant effect on system performance. A classical PID controller is employed as a secondary regulator and its parametric gains are optimized with a differential evolution - artificial electric field algorithm (DE-AEFA). The superior performance of the presented algorithm is established by comparing with various optimization algorithms reported in the literature. The investigation is further extended to integration of redox flow batteries (RFBs) and interline power flow controller (IPFC) with tie-lines. Analysis reveals that IPFC and RFBs coordinated control enhances system dynamic performance. Finally, the robustness of the proposed control methodology is validated by sensitivity analysis during wide variations of system parameters and load.

scholarly journals Application of Optimal Artificial Intelligence Based Tuned Controllers to a Class of Embedded Nonlinear Power System

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (1) ◽  
pp. 83
Author(s):  
Magdy A. S. Aboelela
Keyword(s):  
Power System ◽  
Fractional Order ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Electric Power System ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Proportional Integral Derivative ◽  
Intelligent Controller ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
And Performance

This paper studies the implementation of the Bat Inspired Algorithm (BIA)<br />as an optimization technique to find the optimal parameters of two classes of controllers. The first is the classical Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID). The second is the hybrid fractional order and Brain Emotional Intelligent controller. The two controllers have been implemented, separately, for the load frequency control of a single area electric power system with three physical imbedded nonlinearities. The first nonlinearity represents the generation’s rate constraint (GRC). The second is owing to the governor dead band (GDB). The last is due to the time delay imposed by the governor-turbine link, the thermodynamic process, and the communication channels. These nonlinearities have been embedded in the simulation model of the system under study. Matlab/Simulink software has been applied to obtain the results of applying the two classes of controllers which have been, optimally, tuned using the BIA. The Integral of Square Error (ISE) criterion has been selected as an element of the objective function along with the percentage overshoot and settling time for the optimum tuning technique of the two controllers. The simulation results show that when using the hybrid fractional order and Brain Emotional Intelligent controller, it gives better response and performance indices than the conventional Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers.

scholarly journals Modeling the Impact of Modified Inertia Coefficient (H) due to ESS in Power System Frequency Response Analysis

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 902 ◽  
Author(s):  
Muhammad Saeed Uz Zaman ◽  
Muhammad Irfan ◽  
Muhammad Ahmad ◽  
Manuel Mazzara ◽  
Chul-Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Power Systems ◽  
Power System ◽  
Frequency Response ◽  
Frequency Control ◽  
Load Frequency Control ◽  
Response Analysis ◽  
Model And Simulation ◽  
Virtual Inertia ◽  
System Frequency ◽  
The Impact

The advantages of increased penetration of distributed generation are also accompanied by several challenges, low inertia being one of them, which threatens the grid stability. An emerging approach to confront this problem is the introduction of so-called virtual inertia (VI) provided by energy storage systems (ESS). In contrast to the already available literature which considers a conventional load frequency control (LFC) model, this work concentrates on a modified LFC model as the integration of a large portion of ESS changes the inertia constant ( H ) of a power system. A sensitivity function is derived that shows the effects of changes in H on the power system’s frequency response. With the help of the developed mathematical model and simulation results, it is shown that a difference in the actual and calculated values of H can deteriorate the system performance and economy. As one of the reasons for this difference is improper modeling of ESS in the LFC model, therefore, the study signifies the accurate calculation of H in the power systems having enlarged penetration of ESS.

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