scholarly journals Postmortem Documentation of SARS-CoV-2 in Utero and Postpartum Transmission, through Amniotic Fluid, Placental, and Pulmonary Tissue RT-PCR

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (20) ◽  
pp. 9505
Author(s):  
Alexandra Enache ◽  
Veronica Ciocan ◽  
Camelia Oana Muresan ◽  
Talida Georgiana Cut ◽  
Dorin Novacescu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Pathological Findings ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Fetal Demise ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Multisystem Involvement ◽  
Clinical Scenarios

The physiopathology of SARS-CoV-2 infection, during pregnancy and in early childhood, is poorly understood. Unfavorable maternal outcomes, the risk of vertical/postpartum transmission, and severe, multisystem involvement in infants and children highlight the importance of developing a cohesive treatment and nuanced prophylaxis strategy. In this study, we evaluate autopsy reports, pathological findings, and SARS-CoV-2 genome expression in three distinct clinical scenarios: maternal death due to severe COVID-19 with in utero fetal demise (27 weeks); mother with moderate COVID-19 and in utero fetal demise (29 weeks); and 2-month-old infant death with confirmed COVID-19 caregivers. We report the presence of the SARS-CoV-2 genome in amniotic fluid and placental tissue in the context of in utero transmission of SARS-CoV-2, but also in postmortem infant pulmonary tissue samples in a case of late postpartum SARS-CoV-2 transmission with asymptomatic, rapidly progressive disease, resulting in infant death. Key pathological findings offer a descriptive portrayal of maternal, in utero, and infantile COVID-19 pathogenesis. Further investigations are necessary to fully comprehend the clinical implications of SARS-CoV-2 infection during pregnancy, a prerequisite for adequate therapeutic management and harm reduction.

Florid Bacillus cereus Infection of the Placenta Associated With Intrauterine Fetal Demise

2021 ◽  
pp. 109352662199902
Author(s):  
Stephanie Shea ◽  
Alberto Paniz-Mondolfi ◽  
Emilia Sordillo ◽  
Michael Nowak ◽  
Fumiko Dekio
Keyword(s):  
Bacillus Cereus ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Maternal Blood ◽  
Gastrointestinal Infections ◽  
Gram Positive ◽  
Fetal Demise ◽  
Placental Infection ◽  
Intrauterine Fetal Demise ◽  
Acute Necrotizing ◽  
Poor Outcomes

Bacillus cereus is a gram-positive, rod-shaped bacterium that is commonly implicated in foodborne illness but has also become increasingly recognized as a source of serious non-gastrointestinal infections, including sepsis, meningitis, and pneumonia. Non-gastrointestinal B. cereus infections have been identified in children, especially in neonates; however, there are no previously described cases of fetal demise associated with B. cereus placental infection. We present a case of acute chorioamnionitis-related intrauterine fetal demise of twin A at 17 weeks gestation, noted two days after selective termination of twin B. Histological examination revealed numerous gram-positive bacilli in placental tissue, as well as fetal vasculature, in the setting of severe acute necrotizing chorioamnionitis and subchorionitis, intervillous abscesses, acute villitis, and peripheral acute funisitis. Cultures of maternal blood and placental tissue both yielded growth of B. cereus. This case underscores the importance of B. cereus as a human pathogen, and specifically demonstrates its potential as an agent of severe intraamniotic and placental infection with poor outcomes for the fetus.

Risk of sudden infant death syndrome among infants with in utero exposure to cocaine

1988 ◽  
Vol 113 (5) ◽  
pp. 831-834 ◽  
Author(s):  
Howard Bauchner ◽  
Barry Zuckerman ◽  
Mary McClain ◽  
Deborah Frank ◽  
Lise E. Fried ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Sudden Infant Death Syndrome ◽  
Infant Death ◽  
Sudden Infant Death ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Sudden Infant ◽  
In Utero Exposure

THE RELATIONSHIP OF AMNIOTIC FLUID VISCOSITY TO RESPIRATORY DISTRESS IN LAMBS

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1966 ◽  
Vol 38 (5) ◽  
pp. 858-864
Author(s):  
Arthur J. Moss ◽  
Ovidio Rettori ◽  
Norman S. Simmons
Keyword(s):  
Cesarean Section ◽  
Respiratory Distress ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Fetal Distress ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Fluid Viscosity ◽  
Lung Expansion ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Length Of Gestation

The viscosity of amniotic fluid was measured in 52 ewes and the results correlated with the postnatal course of the lambs delivered by cesarean section. Viscosity was not related to length of gestation or to the immediate prepartum condition of the ewe, but a definite relationship was found between amniotic fluid viscosity (AFV) and the postnatal course of the fetus. Of 22 lambs considered viable, 9 failed to survive. In 10 of the 13 survivors, AFV was less than 1.6; whereas in the nonsurvivors, AFV varied between 1.6 and 4.4. All of the nonsurvivors experienced respiratory difficulty associated with copious amounts of extremely viscous secretions in the mouth and oropharynx. The substance responsible for the high AFV was a mucoprotein and was detectable in all samples with a viscosity of 1.24 or more but in none with a viscosity below 1.24. The data suggest the possibility that fetal distress may induce qualitative or quantitative alterations of fetal mucous secretions in utero which subsequently could impede lung expansion at birth.

Studies on Diagnosis of Bovine Brucellosis by Immunocyto-chemistry and Immunohistochemistry

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
K.S. Lakshmikanth ◽  
N.S. Sharma ◽  
D. Pathak ◽  
Paviter Kaur
Keyword(s):  
Biochemical Analysis ◽  
Placental Tissue ◽  
Diagnostic Techniques ◽  
Clinical Samples ◽  
Bovine Brucellosis ◽  
Reproductive Disorders ◽  
Chain Reaction ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Results

Background: Brucellosis is a major threat to livestock economy and an important zoonotic disease. A rapid and accurate diagnosis is a necessity to curb the spread and progress of the disease. The current study aimed to evaluate sensitivity of Immunocytochemistry and Immunohistochemistry methods for detection of Brucella spp.Methods: A total of 50 samples comprising of fetal stomach content, vaginal discharges and placenta were collected from cattle and buffaloes suffering from abortions and other reproductive disorders in and around Ludhiana, Punjab during the period 2017-2018. All the samples were processed for isolation and confirmed with biochemical analysis and Polymerase chain reaction (PCR). The isolates obtained and 43 clinical samples excluding placental samples were subjected to Immunocytochemistry (ICC). Immunohistochemistry (ICH) was performed on placental samples.Result: A total of four isolates were recovered from the screened samples. The four isolates also yielded positive results in Immunocytochemistry. Among the 43 clinical samples screened by Immunocytochemistry, five were positive, however only 3 isolates were recovered on isolation. A total of seven placental tissue samples were processed and subjected to immunohistochemistry. Of the three placental samples positive by immunohistochemistry, only one sample was isolated on culture. The results suggest that both immunocytochemistry and immunohistochemistry are sensitive diagnostic techniques in comparison to isolation.

scholarly journals SPLUNC1 degradation by the cystic fibrosis mucosal environment drives airway surface liquid dehydration

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 1800668 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan J. Webster ◽  
Boris Reidel ◽  
Chong D. Tan ◽  
Arunava Ghosh ◽  
Neil E. Alexis ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cystic Fibrosis ◽  
Airway Surface Liquid ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Pulmonary Tissue ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Protein Levels ◽  
Surface Liquid ◽  
Protease Degradation ◽  
Mucosal Secretions ◽  
Cystic Fibrosis Transmembrane

The multi-organ disease cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane regulator gene (CFTR) that lead to diminished transepithelial anion transport. CF lungs are characterised by airway surface liquid (ASL) dehydration, chronic infection/inflammation and neutrophilia. Dysfunctional CFTR may upregulate the epithelial Na+ channel (ENaC), further exacerbating dehydration. We previously demonstrated that short palate lung and nasal epithelial clone 1 (SPLUNC1) negatively regulates ENaC in normal airway epithelia.Here, we used pulmonary tissue samples, sputum and human bronchial epithelial cells (HBECs) to determine whether SPLUNC1 could regulate ENaC in a CF-like environment.We found reduced endogenous SPLUNC1 in CF secretions, and rapid degradation of recombinant SPLUNC1 (rSPLUNC1) by CF secretions. Normal sputum, containing SPLUNC1 and SPLUNC1-derived peptides, inhibited ENaC in both normal and CF HBECs. Conversely, CF sputum activated ENaC, and rSPLUNC1 could not reverse this phenomenon. Additionally, we observed upregulation of ENaC protein levels in human CF bronchi. Unlike SPLUNC1, the novel SPLUNC1-derived peptide SPX-101 resisted protease degradation, bound apically to HBECs, inhibited ENaC and prevented ASL dehydration following extended pre-incubation with CF sputum.Our data indicate that CF mucosal secretions drive ASL hyperabsorption and that protease-resistant peptides, e.g. SPX-101, can reverse this effect to rehydrate CF ASL.

Postmortem Ultrasonography of the Macerated Fetus Complements Autopsy following in Utero Fetal Demise

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Ashley Cain ◽  
Claude B. Guidi ◽  
Thora Steffensen ◽  
Valerie E. Whiteman ◽  
Enid Gilbert-Barness ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
In Utero ◽  
Fetal Demise

PSII-B-28 Investigation of the presence of bacterial microbiota in 12-week-old bovine fetuses

2021 ◽  
Vol 99 (Supplement_3) ◽  
pp. 352-352
Author(s):  
Samat Amat ◽  
Devin B Holman ◽  
Kaycie Schmidt ◽  
kacie L L McCarthy ◽  
Sheri T T Dorsam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microbial Community ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Shannon Index ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Sample Type ◽  
Microscopy Imaging ◽  
Tissue Samples ◽  
Early Gestation ◽  
Bacterial Phyla ◽  
Bovine Fetuses

Abstract A recent study reported the existence of a diverse microbiota in 5-to-7-month-old calf fetuses, suggesting that colonization of the bovine gut with so-called “pioneer” microbiota may begin during mid-gestation. In the present study, we investigated the microbiota in bovine fetuses at early gestation. Amniotic and allantoic fluids, and intestinal and placental (cotyledon) tissue samples harvested from fetuses (n = 33) on day 83 of gestation were processed for the assessment of fetal microbiota using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. The sequencing results revealed that a diverse and complex microbial community was present in allantoic and amniotic fluids, and fetal intestine and placenta on day 83 of gestation in beef cattle. Microbial community structure was significantly different between allantoic and amniotic fluid, and intestinal and placental microbiota (0.047 ≥ R2 ≥ 0.019, P ≤ 0.031). Allantoic fluid had a greater (P < 0.05) microbial richness (number of OTUs) (122 ± 10) compared to amniotic fluid (84 ± 6), intestine (63 ± 7) and placenta (66 ± 6). Microbial diversity (Shannon index) was similar for the intestinal and placental samples, and both were less diverse compared to the fetal fluid microbiota (P < 0.05). At the phylum level, 39 different archaeal and bacterial phyla were detected across all fetal samples, with Proteobacteria (55%), Firmicutes (16.2%), Actinobacteria (13.6%) and Bacteroidetes (5%) predominating. Among the 20 most relatively abundant bacterial genera, Acidovorax, Acinetobacter, Brucella, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Exiguobacterium and Stenotrophomonas differed by fetal sample type (P < 0.05). A total of 55 taxa were shared among the four different microbial communities. qPCR of bacteria in the intestine and placenta samples as well as scanning electron microscopy imaging of fetal fluids provided additional evidence for the presence of a microbiota in these samples. Overall, the results of this study indicate that colonization with pioneer microbiota may occur during early gestation in bovine fetuses.

Cell fusion phenomena detected after in utero transplantation of Ds-red-harboring porcine amniotic fluid stem cells into EGFP transgenic mice

2014 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 487-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shao-Yu Peng ◽  
Yu-Hsu Chen ◽  
Chih-Jen Chou ◽  
Yao-Horng Wang ◽  
Hung-Maan Lee ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Transgenic Mice ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Cell Fusion ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Amniotic Fluid Stem Cells ◽  
In Utero Transplantation

Use of specific inhibitors to disciminate alkaline phosphatase isoenzymes originating from human liver, placenta and intestine: absence of meconial alkaline phosphatase in maternal serum.

1979 ◽  
Vol 25 (7) ◽  
pp. 1230-1233 ◽  
Author(s):  
G J Doellgast ◽  
P J Meis
Keyword(s):  
Alkaline Phosphatase ◽  
Amniotic Fluid ◽  
Human Liver ◽  
In Utero ◽  
Maternal Serum ◽  
Alkaline Phosphatase Isoenzymes ◽  
High Concentrations ◽  
Specific Inhibitors

Abstract We used the inhibitors bromotetramisole, L-phenylalanine amide, and L-phenylalanine in combination to measure intestinal phosphatase in maternal serum and amniotic fluid. By using high concentrations of these inhibitors, it was possible to measure the three isoenzymes separately. We found no evidence of the presence of meconial alkaline phosphatase in the serum of the mother (six cases) after meconial passage in utero.

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