Finger-Gesture Recognition for Visible Light Communication Systems Using Machine Learning

Gesture recognition (GR) has many applications for human-computer interaction (HCI) in the healthcare, home, and business arenas. However, the common techniques to realize gesture recognition using video processing are computationally intensive and expensive. In this work, we propose to task existing visible light communications (VLC) systems with gesture recognition. Different finger movements are identified by training on the light transitions between fingers using the long short-term memory (LSTM) neural network. This paper describes the design and implementation of the gesture recognition technique for a practical VLC system operating over a distance of 48 cm. The platform uses a single low-cost light-emitting diode (LED) and photo-diode sensor at the receiver side. The system recognizes gestures from interruptions in the direct light transmission, and is therefore suitable for high-speed communication. Gesture recognition accuracies were conducted for five gestures, and results demonstrate that the proposed system is able to accurately identify the gestures in up to 88% of cases.

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Experimental Demonstration of Special-Shaped 32-Quadrature Amplitude Modulation Constellations for Visible Light Communications

Advances in Condensed Matter Physics ◽

10.1155/2018/7252795 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 2018 ◽

pp. 1-7

Author(s):

Xinyue Guo ◽

Shuangshuang Li ◽

Yang Guo

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Amplitude Modulation ◽

High Speed ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Rapid Development ◽

Average Power ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Quadrature Amplitude Modulation ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Transmission Distance

With the rapid development of light-emitting diode, visible light communication (VLC) has become a candidate technology for the next generation of high-speed indoor wireless communication. In this paper, we investigate the performance of the 32-quadrature amplitude modulation (32-QAM) constellation shaping schemes for the first time, where two special circular constellations, named Circular (4, 11, 17) and Circular (1, 5, 11, 15), and a triangular constellation are proposed based on the Shannon’s criterion. Theoretical analysis indicates that the triangular constellation scheme has the largest minimum Euclidian distance while the Circular (4, 11, 17) scheme achieves the lowest peak-to-average power ratio (PAPR). Experimental results show that the bit error rate performance is finally decided by the value of PAPR in the VLC system due to the serious nonlinearity of the LED, where the Circular (4, 11, 17) scheme always performs best under the 7% preforward error correction threshold of 3.8 × 10−3 with 62.5Mb/s transmission data rate and 1-meter transmission distance.

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Carrierless amplitude and phase modulation in wireless visible light communication systems

Philosophical Transactions of The Royal Society A Mathematical Physical and Engineering Sciences ◽

10.1098/rsta.2019.0181 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 378 (2169) ◽

pp. 20190181 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

N. Bamiedakis ◽

R. V. Penty ◽

I. H. White

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Communication Systems ◽

High Speed ◽

Low Cost ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Practical Implementation ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Modulation Formats ◽

Spectrally Efficient ◽

Basic Features

Visible light communications (VLCs) have attracted considerable interest in recent years owing to the potential to simultaneously achieve data transmission and illumination using low-cost light-emitting diodes (LEDs). However, the high-speed capability of such links is typically limited by the low bandwidth of LEDs. As a result, spectrally efficient advanced modulation formats have been considered for use in VLC links in order to mitigate this issue and enable higher data rates. Carrierless amplitude and phase (CAP) modulation is one such spectrally efficient scheme that has attracted significant interest in recent years owing to its good potential and practical implementation. In this paper, we introduce the basic features of CAP modulation and review its use in the context of indoor VLC systems. We describe some of its attributes and inherent limitations, present related advances aiming to improve its performance and potential and report on recent experimental demonstrations of LED-based VLC links employing CAP modulation. This article is part of the theme issue ‘Optical wireless communication’.

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An ANN-Based Adaptive Predistorter for LED Nonlinearity in Indoor Visible Light Communications

Electronics ◽

10.3390/electronics10080948 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (8) ◽

pp. 948

Author(s):

Jenn-Kaie Lain ◽

Yan-He Chen

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Optical Power ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Universal Function ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Least Mean Square ◽

Training Sequences ◽

Led Nonlinearity ◽

Electrical Source

By modulating the optical power of the light-emitting diode (LED) in accordance with the electrical source and using a photodetector to convert the corresponding optical variation back into electrical signals, visible light communication (VLC) has been developed to achieve lighting and communications simultaneously, and is now considered one of the promising technologies for handling the continuing increases in data demands, especially indoors, for next generation wireless broadband systems. During the process of electrical-to-optical conversion using LEDs in VLC, however, signal distortion occurs due to LED nonlinearity, resulting in VLC system performance degradation. Artificial neural networks (ANNs) are thought to be capable of achieving universal function approximation, which was the motivation for introducing ANN predistortion to compensate for LED nonlinearity in this paper. Without using additional training sequences, the related parameters in the proposed ANN predistorter can be adaptively updated, using a feedback replica of the original electrical source, to track the LED time-variant characteristics due to temperature variation and aging. Computer simulations and experimental implementation were carried out to evaluate and validate the performance of the proposed ANN predistorter against existing adaptive predistorter schemes, such as the normalized least mean square predistorter and the Chebyshev polynomial predistorter.

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Polymer colour converter with very high modulation bandwidth for visible light communications

Journal of Materials Chemistry C ◽

10.1039/c7tc03787b ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 5 (35) ◽

pp. 8916-8920 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

D. A. Vithanage ◽

A. L. Kanibolotsky ◽

S. Rajbhandari ◽

P. P. Manousiadis ◽

M. T. Sajjad ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

High Speed ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Modulation Bandwidth ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Semiconducting Polymer ◽

High Modulation ◽

Very High

We report the synthesis, photophysics and application of a novel semiconducting polymer as a colour converter for high speed visible light communication.

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Sistem Komunikasi Suara Bawah Air dengan Metoda Simplex menggunakan Visible Light Communication (VLC)

ELKOMIKA Jurnal Teknik Energi Elektrik Teknik Telekomunikasi & Teknik Elektronika ◽

10.26760/elkomika.v7i2.253 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 7 (2) ◽

pp. 253

Author(s):

LUCIA JAMBOLA ◽

ARSYAD RAMADHAN DARLIS ◽

LITA LIDYAWATI ◽

DZIKRI FACHRI HUSAENI

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Light Transmission ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Color Filter ◽

Underwater Communication ◽

Test Results ◽

Voice Communication ◽

Yellow Color ◽

Long Time

ABSTRAKSistem komunikasi suara bawah air telah dikenal sejak lama, diantaranya sonar dan akustik. Seiring perkembangan zaman dan kemajuan teknologi, kini hadir komunikasi dengan media transmisi cahaya tampak yaitu Visible Light Communication (VLC) yang dapat diterapkan pada komunikasi bawah air. Pada penelitian ini telah dilakukan komunikasi suara bawah air (simplex) menggunakan VLC, dengan media akuarium berisi air dan beberapa pengujian diantaranya menggunakan color filter, didapat hasil pengujian terbaik yaitu tegangan 4,4 Vpp dan frekuensi 3,003 kHz untuk color filter yellow, pengujian menggunakan lensa didapat hasil pengujian terbaik yaitu tegangan 4,4 Vp-p dan frekuensi 3,051 kHz untuk lensa (+50), dan pengujian terakhir menggunakan lampu UV didapat hasil pengujian terbaik dengan tegangan 4,4 Vp-p dan frekuensi 3,010 kHz. Implementasi sistem VLC ini menunjukkan hasil yang baik dan layak untuk diterapkan pada komunikasi suara bawah air (simplex).Kata kunci: VLC, Komunikasi Suara Bawah Air, Simplex. ABSTRACTUnderwater voice communication systems have been known for a long time, including sonar and acoustics. Along with the development and advancement of technology, now there is communication with visible light transmission media, namely Visible Light Communication (VLC) which can be applied to underwater communication. Under this study underwater voice communication (simplex) has been carried out using VLC, with aquarium media containing water and several tests including using a color filter, the best test results obtained are voltage 4.4 Vp-p and frequency 3.003 kHz for yellow color filter, testing using the lens obtained the best test results namely voltage 4.4 Vp-p and frequency 3.051 kHz for lenses (+50), and the last test using UV lights obtained the best test results with a voltage of 4.4 Vp-p and a frequency of 3.010 kHz. The implementation of the VLC system shows good and feasible results to be applied to underwater voice communication (simplex).Keywords: VLC, Underwater Voice Communication, Simplex.

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An Integrated High-Speed Full Duplex Coherent OFDM-PON and Visible-Light Communication System

Journal of Optical Communications ◽

10.1515/joc-2018-0236 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 0 (0) ◽

Author(s):

Simarpreet Kaur ◽

Mahendra Kumar ◽

Ashu Verma

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Optical Networks ◽

High Speed ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Low Cost ◽

Dispersion Compensation ◽

Optical Network ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Passive Optical Network ◽

Full Duplex

AbstractWe demonstrated a full duplex hybrid passive optical network and indoor optical wireless system employing coherent optical frequency division multiplexing. To accomplish reliable transmission in passive optical networks integrated visible-light communication (VLC), yellow light-emitting diode and infrared LED is used in downstream and upstream, respectively, for intra building network. In order to support high data rate, pulse-width reduction scheme based on dispersion compensation fiber is incorporated and system successfully covered the distance of 50 km. A data stream at the rate of 30 Gb/s is transmitted for each user out of eight users. VLC-supported users are catered with the bit rate of 1.87 Gb/s over 150 cm and in order to realize a low-cost system, visible and infrared LEDs are used in downlink and uplink, respectively.

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Researching the Information of Transmission Technology Based on Traffic Lights

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.644-650.4538 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 644-650 ◽

pp. 4538-4541

Author(s):

Qiang Li ◽

Xin Rui Zhang

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Image Recognition ◽

Communication Technology ◽

High Speed ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Qr Code ◽

Visible Light Communications ◽

Traffic Light ◽

Traffic Lights ◽

Very High

This design is based on Visible Light Communication Technology, to achieve outdoor visible light communications and image recognition etc. through traffic lights. It will play a role on promoting the utilization of traffic lights. The system uses a LED dot matrix to imitate the traffic light, loading QR Code information on the LED dot matrix and then transporting it in a very high-speed flashing. In receiving terminal, first, webcam OV7670 collects information which from the LED dot matrix, then conveys the picture to FPGA, which is the processor. FPGA will handle the picture by gray scale processing, medium filtering and binary processing at last. Thus, the picture from the LED dot matrix will change to ‘0’ and ‘1’ in binary area. Secondly, as there’s a relationship between LED dot matrix and webcam pixels, we can count how many pixels represent one LED. Finally, we can decode the QR Code based on its own style, and display the final result on the TFT screen.

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Study of the Performance of Deep Learning-Based Channel Equalization for Indoor Visible Light Communication Systems

Photonics ◽

10.3390/photonics8100453 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 8 (10) ◽

pp. 453

Author(s):

Pu Miao ◽

Weibang Yin ◽

Hui Peng ◽

Yu Yao

Keyword(s):

Deep Learning ◽

Visible Light ◽

Communication Systems ◽

Orthogonal Frequency Division Multiplexing ◽

Light Emitting Diode ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Channel Equalization ◽

Training Data ◽

Traditional System ◽

Ber Performance

The inherent impairments of visible light communication (VLC) in terms of nonlinearity of light-emitting diode (LED) and the optical multipath restrict bit error rate (BER) performance. In this paper, a model-driven deep learning (DL) equalization scheme is proposed to deal with the severe channel impairments. By imitating the block-by-block signal processing block in orthogonal frequency division multiplexing (OFDM) communication, the proposed scheme employs two subnets to replace the signal demodulation module in traditional system for learning the channel nonlinearity and the symbol de-mapping relationship from the training data. In addition, the conventional solution and algorithm are also incorporated into the system architecture to accelerate the convergence speed. After an efficient training, the distorted symbols can be implicitly equalized into the binary bits directly. The results demonstrate that the proposed scheme can address the overall channel impairments efficiently and can recover the original symbols with better BER performance. Moreover, it can still work robustly when the system is complicated by serious distortions and interference, which demonstrates the superiority and validity of the proposed scheme in channel equalization.

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Towards Federated Learning-Enabled Visible Light Communication in 6G Systems

10.36227/techrxiv.14632551.v2 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Shimaa Naser ◽

Lina Bariah ◽

sami muhaidat ◽

Mahmoud Al-Qutayri ◽

Ernesto Damiani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Visible Light ◽

Communication Systems ◽

High Speed ◽

Large Scale ◽

Low Cost ◽

Visible Light Communication ◽

Future Research ◽

Communication Overhead ◽

Green Communications ◽

Raw Data

<div>Visible light communication is envisaged as a promising enabling technology for sixth generation (6G) and beyond networks. It was introduced as a key enabler for reliable massive-scale connectivity, mainly thanks to its simple and low-cost implementation which require minor variations to the existing indoor lighting systems. The key features of VLC allow offloading data traffic from the current congested radio frequency (RF) spectrum in order to achieve effective short-range, high speed, and green communications. However, several challenges prevent the realization of the full potentials of VLC, namely the limited modulation bandwidth of light emitting diodes, the interference resulted from ambient light, the effects of optical diffuse reflection, the non-linearity of devices, and the random receiver orientation. Meanwhile, centralized machine learning (ML) techniques have exhibited great potentials in handling different challenges in communication systems. Specifically, it has been recently shown that ML algorithms exhibit superior capabilities in handling complicated network tasks, such as channel equalization, estimation and modeling, resources allocation, opportunistic spectrum access control, non-linearity compensation, performance monitoring, detection, decoding/encoding, and network optimization. Nevertheless, concerns relating to privacy and communication overhead when sharing raw data of the involved clients with a server constitute major bottlenecks in large-scale implementation of centralized ML techniques. This has motivated the emergence of a new distributed ML paradigm, namely federated learning (FL). This method can reduce the cost associated with transferring the raw data, and preserve clients privacy by training ML model locally and collaboratively at the clients side. Thus, the integration of FL in VLC networks can provide ubiquitous and reliable implementation of VLC systems. Based on this, for the first time in the open literature, we provide an overview about VLC technology and FL. Then, we introduce FL and its integration in VLC networks and provide an overview on the main design aspects. Finally, we highlight some interesting future research directions of FL that are envisioned to boost the performance of VLC systems. </div>

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