scholarly journals Reverse Engineering of Thermoregulatory Cold-Induced Vasoconstriction/Vasodilation during Localized Cooling

2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (16) ◽  
pp. 3372 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ali Youssef ◽  
Anne Verachtert ◽  
Guido De Bruyne ◽  
Jean-Marie Aerts
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
New Model ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
Mechanistic Approach ◽  
Underlying Processes ◽  
Healthy Participants ◽  
Biological Control System

Biological systems, in general, represent a special type of control system. The physiological processes of homeostasis, which serve to maintain the organism’s internal equilibrium against external influences, are clear forms of biological control system. An example of the homeostasis is the control of the organism thermal state or the thermoregulation. The thermoregulatory control of human skin blood flow, via vasoconstriction and vasodilation, is vital to maintaining normal body temperatures during challenges to thermal homeostasis such as localised cooling. The main objective of this paper is to reverse engineer the localised thermoregulatory cold-induced vasoconstriction/vasodilation (CIVC/CIVD) reactions using a data-based mechanistic approach. Two types of localised cooling were applied to the fingers of 33 healthy participants, namely, continuous and intermittent cooling. Modelling of the thermoregulatory cold-induced vasoconstriction/vasodilation reactions suggested two underlying processes, with one process being 10 times faster. A new term is suggested in this paper, namely, the latent heat of CIVD, which represents the amount of dissipated heat required to trigger the CIVD. Moreover, a new model for the thermoregulatory localised CIVC/CIVD reactions is proposed. The suggested new model states that, with an initial vasodilation state, the initial localised CIVC is triggered based on a certain threshold in the rate of heat dissipation from the skin to the surrounding environment.

The Research of New Kind of Automatic Hydraulic Bar Binding Machine

2011 ◽  
Vol 65 ◽  
pp. 336-340
Author(s):  
Cheng Qun Li ◽  
Chun Bin Yang ◽  
Jian Gong Li
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Hydraulic System ◽  
Compact Structure ◽  
New Model

On the basis of the research on the domestic and foreign binding machine, this article describes a new model of binding machine. Its compact structure is easy to operate and maintain. solidworks software is applied for modeling. Based on the plc-300 cpu module control system, not only ensures the speed and reliability bunch, but also gives good man-machine interactions. Hydraulic system saves energy effectively. Hydraulic components are distributed in the surface of its structure and easy to check repair.

scholarly journals Using Connectivity to Explain Autism

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jack Adamek ◽  
Yu Luo ◽  
Joshua Ewen
Keyword(s):  
Scientific Explanation ◽  
Causal Explanation ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Imaging Method ◽  
Imaging Data ◽  
Reverse Engineer ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Mind ◽  
The Brain

The chapters in this Handbook reveal the breadth of brilliant imaging and analysis techniques designed to fulfill the mandate of cognitive neuroscience: to understand how anatomical structures and physiological processes in the brain cause typical and atypical behavior. Yet merely producing data from the latest imaging method is insufficient to truly achieve this goal. We also need a mental toolbox that contains methods of inference that allow us to derive true scientific explanation from these data. Causal inference is not easy in the human brain, where we are limited primarily to observational data and our methods of experimental perturbation in the service of causal explanation are limited. As a case study, we reverse engineer one of the most influential accounts of a neuropsychiatric disorder that is derived from observational imaging data: the connectivity theories of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). We take readers through an approach of first considering all possible causal paths that are allowed by preliminary imaging-behavioral correlations. By progressively sharpening the specificity of the measures and brain/behavioral constructs, we iteratively chip away at this space of allowable causal paths, like the sculptor chipping away the excess marble to reveal the statue. To assist in this process, we consider how current imaging methods that are lumped together under the rubric of “connectivity” may actually offer a differentiated set of connectivity constructs that can more specifically relate notions of information transmission in the mind to the physiology of the brain.

scholarly journals Motor Control System for Adaptation of Healthy Individuals and Recovery of Poststroke Patients: A Case Study on Muscle Synergies

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fady S. Alnajjar ◽  
Juan C. Moreno ◽  
Ken-ichi Ozaki ◽  
Izumi Kondo ◽  
Shingo Shimoda
Keyword(s):  
Motor Control ◽  
Control System ◽  
Motor Recovery ◽  
Muscle Synergy ◽  
Behavioral Adaptation ◽  
Muscle Synergies ◽  
Healthy Individuals ◽  
Familiar Environment ◽  
Motor Control System ◽  
Healthy Participants

Understanding the complex neuromuscular strategies underlying behavioral adaptation in healthy individuals and motor recovery after brain damage is essential for gaining fundamental knowledge on the motor control system. Relying on the concept of muscle synergy, which indicates the number of coordinated muscles needed to accomplish specific movements, we investigated behavioral adaptation in nine healthy participants who were introduced to a familiar environment and unfamiliar environment. We then compared the resulting computed muscle synergies with those observed in 10 moderate-stroke survivors throughout an 11-week motor recovery period. Our results revealed that computed muscle synergy characteristics changed after healthy participants were introduced to the unfamiliar environment, compared with those initially observed in the familiar environment, and exhibited an increased neural response to unpredictable inputs. The altered neural activities dramatically adjusted through behavior training to suit the unfamiliar environment requirements. Interestingly, we observed similar neuromuscular behaviors in patients with moderate stroke during the follow-up period of their motor recovery. This similarity suggests that the underlying neuromuscular strategies for adapting to an unfamiliar environment are comparable to those used for the recovery of motor function after stroke. Both mechanisms can be considered as a recall of neural pathways derived from preexisting muscle synergies, already encoded by the brain’s internal model. Our results provide further insight on the fundamental principles of motor control and thus can guide the future development of poststroke therapies.

scholarly journals Small Satellite Operational Phase Thermal Analysis and Design: A Comparative Study

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 59-74
Author(s):  
Ahmed ELWETEEDY ◽  
Ali ELMAIHY ◽  
Ahmed ELHEFNAWY
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Heat Dissipation ◽  
Internal Heat ◽  
Thermal Control ◽  
Radiative Heat Exchange ◽  
Analysis And Design ◽  
European Student ◽  
Radiation Exchange ◽  
Thermal Control System ◽  
Operational Phase

This paper is about the modeling and design of the passive thermal control system for the European Student Earth Orbiter (ESEO) satellite. A detailed thermal model was created in Thermal Desktop software. The model was running for the operative phase which includes cycles of 28 orbits. During these 28 orbits, there are several modes (10 modes). Each mode has a specific duration, attitude (Sun-nadir), and certain internal heat dissipation. The design of the passive thermal control system was based on controlling the conductive and radiative heat exchange between the internal components and the mounting panels, between panels themselves, and controlling external radiation exchange to achieve the desired components temperature ranges. The temperature results from simulations were presented to show the expected component temperatures and to demonstrate that the passive thermal control system met the requirements of the temperature limits. The final passive thermal control design shows that the satellite components temperatures were always maintained within their required limits during the operational phase

Development, validation, and demonstration of the VTUF-3D v1.0 urban micro-climate model to support assessments of urban vegetation influences on human thermal comfort

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kerry Nice
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Comfort ◽  
Urban Environment ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Climate Model ◽  
Canopy Cover ◽  
Individual Tree ◽  
New Model ◽  
Human Thermal Comfort ◽  
Physiological Processes ◽  
The Impact

With urban areas facing future longer duration heat-waves and temperature extremes from climate change and growing urban development, adaptation strategies are needed. Examining the role that increased tree cover and water availability can have on human thermal comfort (HTC) in urban areas as part of these strategies has been done using observations, but further work requires a modelling tool suited for this task. Sufficient model resolution is needed to resolve variables used to calculate HTC, as well as the ability to model the physiological processes of vegetation and their interaction with water and with the rest of the urban environment. The lack of such a model has been identified as a research gap in the urban climate area and has impaired the ability to fully examine the use of urban greenery and water for improved human thermal comfort. A new model, VTUF-3D (Vegetated Temperatures Of Urban Facets), addresses this gap by embedding the functionality of the MAESPA tree process model (Duursma & Medlyn 2012), that can model individual trees, vegetation, and soil components, within the TUF-3D (Krayenhoff & Voogt 2007) urban micro-climate model. An innovative tiling approach, allows the new model to account for important vegetative physiological processes and shading effects using configurable templates to allow representation of any type of vegetation or water sensitive design feature. The high resolution of VTUF-3D is sufficient to examine the processes that drive human thermal comfort (HTC). This allows detailed calculations of surface temperatures, mean radiant temperature (Tmrt), and a HTC index, the universal thermal climate index (UTCI), across an urban canyon. An extensive validation process, using three different observation data sets to validate a number of different and key aspects of the VTUF-3D model, has shown it performs well and is suitable for use to examine critical questions relating to the role of vegetation and water in the urban environment. A demonstration of the model using modelling scenarios of varying canopy cover shows that average peak daytime HTC improvements of 1◦C UTCI (and 2.3◦C UTCI) are possible in doubling (and quadrupling) existing street cover canopies, with localised effects under canopy cover approaching 5◦C UTCI. These scenarios also show the value of the existing canopy cover, as reductions and elimination of existing cover can create reductions in HTC of 2◦C UTCI. In addition, reductions in average air temperature (Ta) across urban canyons can differ by 1◦C between streets with differing canopy cover. After the development, validation, and demonstration of this new model, it is now possible to conduct further analysis to quantify the impact each individual tree can have on temperatures in urban canyons. Further, the model can help inform the optimal arrangement and quantity of trees to maximise temperature moderation effects and be used to generate best practices guidelines for urban greening.

Automation of the cooling system for an internal combustion engine by programming a controller and using a thermal state control system

2020 ◽  
pp. 160-164
Keyword(s):  
Control System ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Thermal State ◽  
Cooling System ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
State Control ◽  
Control Automation ◽  
Engine Coolant ◽  
Liquid Pump

The issues of cooling control automation for an internal combustion engine (ICE) of cars and trucks are considered. An algorithm for controlling the number of revolutions of the electric motors for the liquid pump and the radiator fan, depending on the temperature of the internal combustion engine coolant is proposed. This algorithm is stir up by the Arduino MEGA 2500 microcontroller in conjunction with the motor driver. The automatic control system for the thermal state of the internal combustion engine will reduce fuel consumption, wear of the cylinderpiston group, as well as the emission of harmful substances into the atmosphere.

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