scholarly journals Effects of Forage Rice Cultivation on Carbon and Greenhouse Gas Balances in a Rice Paddy Field

Atmosphere ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 504 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fumiaki Takakai ◽  
Masahiro Kobayashi ◽  
Takashi Sato ◽  
Kentaro Yasuda ◽  
Yoshihiro Kaneta
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Bare Soil ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Forage Rice ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

The effects of conversion from staple rice to forage rice on carbon and greenhouse gas (GHG) balances in a paddy field were evaluated. A staple rice plot without the application of livestock manure compost (LMC, S − M plot) and forage rice plots with and without the application of LMC, derived mainly from cattle (2 kg−FW m−2, F + M and F − M plots, respectively), were established. CH4 and N2O fluxes and CO2 flux from a bare soil plot for organic matter decomposition (OMD) were measured. The carbon budget was calculated by subtracting the OMD, CH4 emission, and harvested grain and straw (forage rice only) from the net primary production and LMC. The net GHG balance was calculated by integrating them as CO2 equivalents. There were no significant differences in GHG flux among the plots. Compared to the carbon loss in the S − M plot, the loss increased by harvesting straw and was mitigated by LMC application. The net GHG emission in the F + M plot was significantly lower than that in other plots (1.78 and 2.63−2.77 kg CO2-eq m−2 year−1, respectively). There is a possibility that GHG emissions could be suppressed by forage rice cultivation with the application of LMC.

Contribution of natural and drained wetland systems to carbon stocks, CO2, N2O, and CH4 fluxes: an Australian perspective

Soil Research ◽  
2011 ◽  
Vol 49 (5) ◽  
pp. 377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. L. Page ◽  
R. C. Dalal
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Carbon Sources ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
Carbon Stocks ◽  
Carbon Accounting ◽  
Natural State ◽  
Climatic Zones ◽  
Forest Wetlands ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Greenhouse gas (GHG) flux from wetland systems, both in their natural state and following drainage, has not been well accounted for in the carbon accounting process. We review GHG production from both natural and drained wetlands, and estimate the likely GHG emissions from these systems in Australia. Only a small number of studies have quantified GHG emissions from undisturbed Australian wetland environments. Consequently, in order to estimate GHG flux for Australia, it was necessary to collate data collected overseas from similar climatic zones. Using this approach, it appears that undisturbed, vegetated wetlands in Australia are likely to be net GHG sinks, with the greatest rates of sequestration occurring in mangrove ecosystems (–2669 g CO2-e/m2.year) where biomass production is high but CH4 emissions are limited by salinity. The uncertainty surrounding these values is high, however, due to (a) the low number of measurements from Australia, (b) the low number of measurements for CO2 flux, and (c) the low number of studies where all GHGs have been measured concurrently. It was estimated that the drainage of melaleuca and mangrove forest wetlands in Australia would turn them from carbon sinks into carbon sources, and that in the first 50 years since drainage, this has increased global warming potential by 1149 Tg CO2-e or 23 Tg CO2-e/year. This is significant given that GHG emissions due to land-use change in 2007 totalled 77.1 Tg CO2-e. However, data surrounding the area of wetlands drained, carbon stocks in drained wetlands, and the effect of drainage on CH4 and N2O flux are limited, making the uncertainty surrounding these estimates high. Further study is clearly required if Australia wishes to accurately incorporate wetland systems into national carbon and greenhouse gas accounting budgets.

scholarly journals Greenhouse gas balance of cropland conversion to bioenergy poplar short-rotation coppice

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 95-113 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sabbatini ◽  
N. Arriga ◽  
T. Bertolini ◽  
S. Castaldi ◽  
T. Chiti ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Arable Land ◽  
Hybrid Poplar ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Net Ecosystem Exchange ◽  
Short Rotation Coppice ◽  
Co2 Uptake ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Balance ◽  
Short Rotation ◽  
Ch4 And N2o

Abstract. The production of bioenergy in Europe is one of the strategies conceived to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The suitability of the land use change from a cropland (REF site) to a short-rotation coppice plantation of hybrid poplar (SRC site) was investigated by comparing the GHG budgets of these two systems over 24 months in Viterbo, Italy. This period corresponded to a single rotation of the SRC site. The REF site was a crop rotation between grassland and winter wheat, i.e. the same management of the SRC site before the conversion to short-rotation coppice. Eddy covariance measurements were carried out to quantify the net ecosystem exchange of CO2 (FCO2), whereas chambers were used to measure N2O and CH4 emissions from soil. The measurements began 2 years after the conversion of arable land to SRC so that an older poplar plantation was used to estimate the soil organic carbon (SOC) loss due to SRC establishment and to estimate SOC recovery over time. Emissions from tractors and from production and transport of agricultural inputs (FMAN) were modelled. A GHG emission offset, due to the substitution of natural gas with SRC biomass, was credited to the GHG budget of the SRC site. Emissions generated by the use of biomass (FEXP) were also considered. Suitability was finally assessed by comparing the GHG budgets of the two sites. CO2 uptake was 3512 ± 224 g CO2 m−2 at the SRC site in 2 years, and 1838 ± 107 g CO2 m−2 at the REF site. FEXP was equal to 1858 ± 240 g CO2 m−2 at the REF site, thus basically compensating for FCO2, while it was 1118 ± 521 g CO2 m−2 at the SRC site. The SRC site could offset 379.7 ± 175.1 g CO2eq m−2 from fossil fuel displacement. Soil CH4 and N2O fluxes were negligible. FMAN made up 2 and 4 % in the GHG budgets of SRC and REF sites respectively, while the SOC loss was 455 ± 524 g CO2 m−2 in 2 years. Overall, the REF site was close to neutrality from a GHG perspective (156 ± 264 g CO2eq m−2), while the SRC site was a net sink of 2202 ± 792 g CO2eq m−2. In conclusion the experiment led to a positive evaluation from a GHG viewpoint of the conversion of cropland to bioenergy SRC.

scholarly journals Effects of Green Manure Application and Prolonging Mid-Season Drainage on Greenhouse Gas Emission from Paddy Fields in Ehime, Southwestern Japan

Agriculture ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 29 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yo Toma ◽  
Nukhak Nufita Sari ◽  
Koh Akamatsu ◽  
Shingo Oomori ◽  
Osamu Nagata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Green Manure ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emission ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Paddy Fields ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Gas Emission ◽  
Manure Application ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Rice Paddy Fields

Green manure application helps maintain soil fertility, reduce chemical fertilizer use, and carbon sequestration in the soil. Nevertheless, the application of organic matter in paddy fields induces CH4 and N2O emissions. Prolonging mid-season drainage reduces CH4 emissions in paddy fields. Therefore, the combined effects of green manure application and mid-season drainage prolongation on net greenhouse gas emission (NGHGE) were investigated. Four experimental treatments were set up over a 2-year period: conventional mid-season drainage with (CMG) and without (CM) green manure and prolonged (4 or 7 days) mid-season drainage with (PMG) and without (PM) green manure. Astragalus sinicus L. seeds were sown in autumn and incorporated before rice cultivation. No significant difference in annual CH4 and N2O emissions, heterotrophic respiration, and NGHGE between treatments were observed, indicating that green manure application and mid-season drainage prolongation did not influence NGHGE. CH4 flux decreased drastically in PM and PMG during mid-season drainage under the hot and dry weather conditions. However, increasing applied carbon increases NGHGE because of increased CH4 and Rh. Consequently, combination practice of mid-season drainage prolongation and green manure utilization can be acceptable without changing NGHGE while maintaining grain yield in rice paddy fields under organically managed rice paddy fields.

scholarly journals Effects of Three Types of Organic Fertilizers on Greenhouse Gas Emissions in a Grassland on Andosol in Southern Hokkaido, Japan

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryosuke Kitamura ◽  
Chiho Sugiyama ◽  
Kaho Yasuda ◽  
Arata Nagatake ◽  
Yiran Yuan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Net Primary Production ◽  
Organic Fertilizer ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Reduction Rate ◽  
Chemical Fertilizer ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Chemical Fertilizers ◽  
Carbon Loss ◽  
Digestive Fluid

Reduction of chemical fertilizers and effective use of livestock excrement are required for the realization of sustainable agriculture and reduction of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. The purpose of this study was to estimate the reduction rate of GHG emissions represented by comparing global warming potential (GWP) using organic fertilizers instead of chemical fertilizers. The study was conducted in a managed grassland on Andosol in southern Hokkaido for 3 years from May 2017 to April 2020. There were five treatment plots: no fertilizer, chemical fertilizer, manure, slurry, and digestive fluid. Organic fertilizers were applied such that the amount of NPK did not exceed the recommended application rate, and the shortage was supplemented with chemical fertilizers. Fluxes in CO2 caused by heterotrophic respiration (RH), CH4, and N2O were measured using the closed chamber method. Net ecosystem carbon balance (NECB) was obtained as net primary production + organic fertilizer application—RH—harvest. The GWP was estimated by CO2 equivalent NECB and CH4 and N2O emissions in each treatment. Chemical fertilizer nitrogen application rates in the organic fertilizer treatments were reduced by 10% for manure, 19.7% for slurry and 29.7% for digestive fluid compared to chemical fertilizer only, but the grass yields were not significantly different among the fertilizer treatments. The 3-year NECB showed significantly smallest carbon loss in manure treatment, and smaller carbon loss in the organic fertilizer treatments than in the chemical fertilizer only. The reduction rate in the GWP with use of organic fertilizers relative to that of chemical fertilizer was 16.5% for slurry, 27.0% for digestive fluid, and 36.2% for manure. The NECB accounted for more than 90% of the GWP in all treatments. CH4 emissions were < 0.1% of the GWP. On the other hand, N2O emissions accounted for more than 5% of the GWP, and was larger in the order of slurry > chemical fertilizer only > digestive fluid > manure. As a conclusion, these organic fertilizers can be used without no reduction of crop yield instead of chemical fertilizer, however, manure is the best way to increase soil carbon and to decrease GWP, followed by digestive fluid.

scholarly journals Risk Factors of Leptospirosis in Rice Cultivators as Compared to non Rice Cultivators in Punjab, Pakistan

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 536-539
Author(s):  
Muhammad Athar Khan ◽  
Muhammad Zahid Latif ◽  
Syed Amir Gilani ◽  
Ifrah Bukhari
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Strong Association ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Rice Cultivation ◽  
Ethical Review ◽  
Body Parts ◽  
Rice Paddy Field ◽  
Paddy Water ◽  
Union Council

Leptospirosis is a global zoonotic infectious disease having alarming public health concerns. Generally this is an occupation related disease and the victims belong to animal slaughtering, owners of pet shops, farm workers, handlers of meat, sewerage and agriculture workers. Leptospirosis affect multiple organs in human body and may lead to myocarditis, renal failure, respiratory distress and hypotension. This disease is an emerging infectious problem in many developing countries like Pakistan. A total of 250 subjects were selected from five different rice growing districts of Punjab, Pakistan after the approval of institutional ethical review board (IERB), 250 subjects were selected for this comparative cross sectional study. Multiple stage probability technique was used for sampling. In the first stage one union council was selected from each district randomly. In the second stage, 25 subjects involved in rice cultivation from the last 10 years wereselected from each union council. Similarly 25 subjects who never worked in the rice paddy field were also randomly selected from each union council as controls. The serum sample of each subject was tested against each of the five antigens against the serovars. A total of 250 subjects were included in the study. Out of these, 125 subjects were exposed to the rice paddy water where as 125 were not exposed to rice paddy water. The cumulative seropositivity among the exposed is (83.2%) as compared to (42%) among the non exposed to rice paddy field water. The calculated cumulative odds ratio is 6.7 which represent a strong association of the risk for the development of disease among the exposed than the non exposed subjects. Leptospirosis is a public health zoonotic disease which is widely present in tropical and sub tropical areas. This study concludes that there is a strong association of rice cultivation with Leptospirosis. It is recommended that rice cultivators should protect their body parts with gloves or boots as prevention is the most appropriate way to control any disease.

scholarly journals A closed-chamber method to measure greenhouse gas fluxes from dry aquatic sediments

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 2377-2382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lukas Lesmeister ◽  
Matthias Koschorreck
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
No Production ◽  
Co2 Fluxes ◽  
Aquatic Sediments ◽  
Closed Chamber ◽  
Sealing Material ◽  
Gas Fluxes

Abstract. Recent research indicates that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions from dry aquatic sediments are a relevant process in the freshwater carbon cycle. However, fluxes are difficult to measure because of the often rocky substrate and the dynamic nature of the habitat. Here we tested the performance of different materials to seal a closed chamber to stony ground both in laboratory and field experiments. Using on-site material consistently resulted in elevated fluxes. The artefact was caused both by outgassing of the material and production of gas. The magnitude of the artefact was site dependent – the measured CO2 flux increased between 10 and 208 %. Errors due to incomplete sealing proved to be more severe than errors due to non-inert sealing material.Pottery clay as sealing material provided a tight seal between the chamber and the ground and no production of gases was detected. With this approach it is possible to get reliable gas fluxes from hard-substrate sites without using a permanent collar. Our test experiments confirmed that CO2 fluxes from dry aquatic sediments are similar to CO2 fluxes from terrestrial soils.

scholarly journals Mitigation of Greenhouse Gas Emissions (GHGs) by Water Management Methods in Rice Paddy Field

2015 ◽  
Vol 48 (5) ◽  
pp. 477-484
Author(s):  
Gun-Yeob Kim ◽  
Woo-Kyun Park ◽  
Sun-Il Lee ◽  
Jong-Sik Lee ◽  
Eun-Jung Choi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Management ◽  
Greenhouse Gas Emissions ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Paddy Field ◽  
Rice Paddy ◽  
Gas Emissions ◽  
Rice Paddy Field

scholarly journals Animal nutrition strategies to reduce greenhouse gas emissions in dairy cattle

2018 ◽  
Vol 28 (5) ◽  
pp. 34-41
Author(s):  
Juan Antonio Rendon-Huerta ◽  
Juan Manuel Pinos-Rodríguez ◽  
Ermias Kebreab
Keyword(s):  
Dairy Cattle ◽  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Dietary Protein ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
N2o Emission ◽  
Nitrogen Excretion ◽  
Animal Nutrition ◽  
Intergovernmental Panel ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Forage:Concentrate Ratio

The objective of this study was to analyze different animal nutrition strategies from published papers to reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, particularly methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) in dairy cattle. Ration data used (n = 32 diets) was obtained from 15 published papers selected according to differences between forage:concentrate ratio and crude protein (CP) content. An empirical model was used to estimate enteric methane emissions based on fiber and CP content in the diets. The N2O emission was calculated according to Intergovernmental Panel of Climate Change (IPCC) recommendations. Differences between CH4 and N2O affected by FC or CP content were analyzed through a variance analysis. Furthermore, a correlation analysis was carried out to compare CP content and nitrogen excretion in feces, urine and milk. Estimations of enteric CH4 were not significantly different between diets with various forage content levels. Diets with high concentrate content had lower GHG intensity. Nitrogen excretion in feces and urine increased linearly as dietary protein level was increased from the lowest to the highest concentrations, but conversion of nitrogen intake to nitrogen excreted in milk was not affected by increasing dietary protein. In conclusion, dietary manipulation could decrease GHG emissions by unit of produced milk. 

scholarly journals Estimating greenhouse gas fluxes from an agriculture-dominated landscape using multiple planetary boundary layer methods

2014 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 3231-3267 ◽  
Author(s):  
X. Zhang ◽  
X. Lee ◽  
T. J. Griffis ◽  
J. M. Baker ◽  
W. Xiao
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Eddy Covariance ◽  
Co2 Flux ◽  
N2o Emissions ◽  
Top Down ◽  
Equilibrium Method ◽  
Flux Aggregation ◽  
Ch4 And N2o ◽  
Ghg Fluxes ◽  
Tall Tower

Abstract. Quantification of regional greenhouse gas (GHG) fluxes is essential for establishing mitigation strategies and evaluating their effectiveness. Here, we used multiple top-down approaches and multiple trace gas observations at a tall tower to estimate GHG regional fluxes and evaluate the GHG fluxes derived from bottom-up approaches. We first applied the eddy covariance, equilibrium, inverse modeling (CarbonTracker), and flux aggregation methods using three years of carbon dioxide (CO2) measurements on a 244 m tall tower in the Upper Midwest, USA. We then applied the equilibrium method for estimating methane (CH4) and nitrous oxide (N2O) fluxes with one-month high-frequency CH4 and N2O gradient measurements on the tall tower and one-year concentration measurements on a nearby tall tower, and evaluated the uncertainties of this application. The results indicate that: (1) the flux aggregation, eddy covariance, the equilibrium method, and the CarbonTracker product all gave similar seasonal patterns of the regional CO2 flux (105–106 km2), but that the equilibrium method underestimated the July CO2 flux by 52–69%. (2) The annual budget varied among these methods from 74 to −131 g C-CO2 m−2 yr−1, indicating a large uncertainty in the annual CO2 flux estimation. (3) The regional CH4 and N2O emissions according to a top-down method were at least six and two times higher than the emissions from a bottom-up inventory (Emission Database for Global Atmospheric Research), respectively. (4) The global warming potentials of the CH4 and N2O emissions were equal in magnitude to the cooling benefit of the regional CO2 uptake. The regional GHG budget, including both biological and anthropogenic origins, is estimated at 7 ± 160 g CO2 eq m−2 yr−1.

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