A Review: Carbon Additives in LiMnPO4- and LiCoO2-Based Cathode Composites for Lithium Ion Batteries

Carbon plays a critical role in improving the electronic conductivity of cathodes in lithium ion batteries. Particularly, the characteristics of carbon and its composite with electrode material strongly affect battery properties, governed by electron as well as Li+ ion transport. We have reviewed here various types of carbon materials and organic carbon sources in the production of conductive composites of nano-LiMnPO4 and LiCoO2. Various processes of making these composites with carbon or organic carbon sources and their characterization have been reviewed. Finally, the type and amount of carbon and the preparation methods of composites are summarized along with their battery performances and cathode materials. Among the different processes of making a composite, ball milling provided the benefit of dense and homogeneous nanostructured composites, leading to higher tap-density and thus increasing the volumetric energy densities of cathodes.

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Effect on the Characteristic and Properties of Carbon Coated LiFePO4/C Composite

Materials Science Forum ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/msf.689.367 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 689 ◽

pp. 367-371

Author(s):

Yu Li Zhang ◽

Zhi Jian Liu ◽

Jian Hua Xia ◽

Xi Lin ◽

Lu Xing Chen

Keyword(s):

Carbon Source ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Thermal Reduction ◽

Reduction Technique ◽

High Rate ◽

Tap Density ◽

Organic Carbon Sources ◽

Different Types ◽

Carbon Coated

LiFePO4/C composite with different types of organic carbon sources has been synthesized by carbon thermal reduction technique. The physical characteristics and electrochemical properties of LiFePO4/C composite have been studied compared with commercial products. It is shown that good carbon-coated LiFePO4/C composite can be obtained with 13wt.% glucose as carbon source, which has effected on the good processing performance due to its suitable specific surface area of 26.3m2/g and high tap density of 1.3g/cm3. Furthermore, it has contributed to the high-rate electrochemical property with discharge capacity of 128mAh/g at 1C (1C=170 mAh/g).

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Effects of Different Organic Carbon Sources on Properties of LiFePO4/C Synthesized by Spray-Drying

Applied Mechanics and Materials ◽

10.4028/www.scientific.net/amm.535.725 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 535 ◽

pp. 725-728 ◽

Cited By ~ 3

Author(s):

Cheng Lu ◽

Lin Chen ◽

Yun Bo Chen ◽

Yi Jie Gu ◽

Meng Wang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Carbon Source ◽

Organic Carbon ◽

Specific Surface ◽

Surface Area ◽

Spray Drying ◽

Specific Surface Area ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Tap Density ◽

Organic Carbon Sources

LiFePO4/C materials were synthesized by spray-drying using FePO4·2H2O, LiOH·H2O as raw materials, with three kinds of organic carbon sources: soluble starch, crystal sugar and glucose. The particle size, tap density, specific surface area, morphology, structure and electrochemical properties of the LiFePO4/C were tested and analyzed. The results indicate that the organic carbon source has no effect on the phase of LiFePO4, but has a remarkable influence on the tap density and specific surface area of LiFePO4. The LiFePO4/C synthesized with crystal sugar and glucose has higher tap density, smaller particle size and specific surface area. The LiFePO4/C synthesized with the glucose as the carbon source exhibited the most excellent electrochemical performance. The discharge capacities are 160.6, 148.5 and 114.1mAh/g respectively at 0.1C, 1C and 5C. Under low temperature 253K, the discharge capacity is 56.2% of that at 298K with 0.2C.

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Assimilation of various organic carbon sources by Haematococcus strains

Acta Agronomica Hungarica ◽

10.1556/aagr.57.2009.2.14 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 57 (2) ◽

pp. 231-237

Author(s):

M. Zych ◽

A. Stolarczyk ◽

K. Maca ◽

A. Banaś ◽

K. Termińska-Pabis ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Organic Carbon ◽

Organic Compounds ◽

Present Experiment ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Growth Conditions ◽

Mixotrophic Growth ◽

Naturally Occurring ◽

Organic Carbon Sources ◽

Secondary Carotenoids ◽

Colour Changes

Differences in the assimilation of individual organic compounds (5 mM sugars and L-asparagine) under mixotrophic growth conditions were described for three naturally occurring Haematococcus strains.The effects of assimilation were measured by the growth intensity and size of algal cells, and the effect of colour changes in the cultures was observed. Some compounds caused the cell colouration to change from green to yellow, being the result of chlorophyll disappearance and the accumulation of yellow secondary carotenoids. In the present experiment none of the cultures turned red, thus excluding the intense accumulation of the commercially interesting carotenoid, astaxanthin.

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V2O3/C composite fabricated by carboxylic acid-assisted sol–gel synthesis as anode material for lithium-ion batteries

Journal of Sol-Gel Science and Technology ◽

10.1007/s10971-021-05523-z ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

G. S. Zakharova ◽

E. Thauer ◽

A. N. Enyashin ◽

L. F. Deeg ◽

Q. Zhu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Electrochemical Performance ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Sol Gel ◽

Carbon Sources ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

X Ray Diffraction ◽

Electron Microscopies ◽

Transmission Electron ◽

Battery Electrode ◽

Sol Gel Synthesis

AbstractThe potential battery electrode material V2O3/C has been prepared using a sol–gel thermolysis technique, employing vanadyl hydroxide as precursor and different organic acids as both chelating agents and carbon sources. Composition and morphology of resultant materials were characterized by X-ray diffraction, Raman spectroscopy, scanning and transmission electron microscopies, physical sorption, and elemental analysis. Stability and electronic properties of model composites with chemically and physically integrated carbon were studied by means of quantum-chemical calculations. All fabricated composites are hierarchically structured and consist of carbon-covered microparticles assembled of polyhedral V2O3 nanograins with intrusions of amorphous carbon at the grain boundaries. Such V2O3/C phase separation is thermodynamically favored while formation of vanadium (oxy)carbides or heavily doped V2O3 is highly unlikely. When used as anode for lithium-ion batteries, the nanocomposite V2O3/C fabricated with citric acid exhibits superior electrochemical performance with an excellent cycle stability and a specific charge capacity of 335 mAh g−1 in cycle 95 at 100 mA g−1. We also find that the used carbon source has only minor effects on the materials’ electrochemical performance.

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Surface Modifications of Positive-Electrode Materials for Lithium Ion Batteries

CHIMIA International Journal for Chemistry ◽

10.2533/chimia.2019.880 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 73 (11) ◽

pp. 880-893 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Nam Hee Kwon ◽

Joanna Conder ◽

Mohammed Srout ◽

Katharina M. Fromm

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Electrode Materials ◽

Electronic Conductivity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

Surface Modifications ◽

Positive Electrode ◽

Layered Oxides ◽

Spinel Type ◽

Surface Modified ◽

Positive Electrode Materials

Lithium ion batteries are typically based on one of three positive-electrode materials, namely layered oxides, olivine- and spinel-type materials. The structure of any of them is 'resistant' to electrochemical cycling, and thus, often requires modification/post-treatment to improve a certain property, for example, structural stability, ionic and/or electronic conductivity. This review provides an overview of different examples of coatings and surface modifications used for the positive-electrode materials as well as various characterization techniques often chosen to confirm/detect the introduced changes. It also assesses the electrochemical success of the surface-modified positive-electrode materials, thereby highlighting remaining challenges and pitfalls.

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Facile One-Step Hydrothermal Synthesis of the rGO@Ni3V2O8 Interconnected Hollow Microspheres Composite for Lithium-Ion Batteries

Nanomaterials ◽

10.3390/nano10122389 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (12) ◽

pp. 2389

Author(s):

Faizan Ghani ◽

In Wook Nah ◽

Hyung-Seok Kim ◽

JongChoo Lim ◽

Afifa Marium ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Hydrothermal Synthesis ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

High Surface ◽

Electronic Conductivity ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Energy ◽

Hollow Microspheres ◽

High Energy Density ◽

Layered Crystal ◽

One Step

Low-cost, vanadium-based mixed metal oxides mostly have a layered crystal structure with excellent kinetics for lithium-ion batteries, providing high energy density. The existence of multiple oxidation states and the coordination chemistry of vanadium require cost-effective, robust techniques to synthesize the scaling up of their morphology and surface properties. Hydrothermal synthesis is one of the most suitable techniques to achieve pure phase and multiple morphologies under various conditions of temperature and pressure. We attained a simple one-step hydrothermal approach to synthesize the reduced graphene oxide coated Nickel Vanadate (rGO@Ni3V2O8) composite with interconnected hollow microspheres. The self-assembly route produced microspheres, which were interconnected under hydrothermal treatment. Cyclic performance determined the initial discharge/charge capacities of 1209.76/839.85 mAh g−1 at the current density of 200 mA g−1 with a columbic efficiency of 69.42%, which improved to 99.64% after 100 cycles. High electrochemical performance was observed due to high surface area, the porous nature of the interconnected hollow microspheres, and rGO induction. These properties increased the contact area between electrode and electrolyte, the active surface of the electrodes, and enhanced electrolyte penetration, which improved Li-ion diffusivity and electronic conductivity.

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The critical role of carbon in marrying silicon and graphite anodes for high‐energy lithium‐ion batteries

Carbon Energy ◽

10.1002/cey2.2 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

pp. 57-76 ◽

Cited By ~ 64

Author(s):

Jingxing Wu ◽

Yinliang Cao ◽

Haimin Zhao ◽

Jianfeng Mao ◽

Zaiping Guo

Keyword(s):

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Critical Role ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Energy ◽

Graphite Anodes

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Hierarchical Li-rich oxide microspheres assembled from {010} exposed primary grains for high-rate lithium-ion batteries

New Journal of Chemistry ◽

10.1039/d0nj00274g ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 44 (20) ◽

pp. 8486-8493 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Zhongyue Zi ◽

Yantao Zhang ◽

Yangqian Meng ◽

Ge Gao ◽

Peiyu Hou

Keyword(s):

Particle Size ◽

Particle Size Distribution ◽

Lithium Ion Batteries ◽

Size Distribution ◽

Lithium Ion ◽

High Rate ◽

Tap Density ◽

Wide Particle Size Distribution

The wide particle size distribution of LLO microspheres assembled from {010} exposed primary grains is proposed to improve their Li+ kinetics and tap-density.

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