scholarly journals A Review of the Unintentional Release of Feral Genetically Modified Rapeseed into the Environment

Biology ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1264
Author(s):  
Soo-In Sohn ◽  
Subramani Pandian ◽  
Young-Ju Oh ◽  
Hyeon-Jung Kang ◽  
Tae-Hun Ryu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Feral Populations ◽  
The Status

Globally, the cultivation area of genetically modified (GM) crops is increasing dramatically. Despite their well-known benefits, they may also pose many risks to agriculture and the environment. Among the various GM crops, GM rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) is widely cultivated, mainly for oil production. At the same time, B. napus possesses a number of characteristics, including the ability to form feral populations and act as small-seeded weeds, and has a high potential for hybridization with other species. In this review, we provide an overview of the commercialization, approval status, and cultivation of GM rapeseed, as well as the status of the feral rapeseed populations. In addition, we highlight the case studies on the unintentional environmental release of GM rapeseed during transportation in several countries. Previous studies suggest that the main reason for the unintentional release is seed spillage during transport/importing of rapeseed in both GM rapeseed-cultivating and -non-cultivating countries. Despite the fact that incidents of unintentional release have been recorded often, there have been no reports of serious detrimental consequences. However, since rapeseed has a high potential for hybridization, the possibilities of gene flow within the genus, especially with B. rapa, are relatively significant, and considering their weedy properties, effective management methods are needed. Hence, we recommend that specific programs be used for the effective monitoring of environmental releases of GM rapeseed as well as management to avoid environmental and agricultural perturbations.

Modeling gene flow from genetically modified plants.

2021 ◽  
pp. 103-117
Author(s):  
Wei Wei ◽  
Jun-Ming Wang ◽  
Xiang-Cheng Mi ◽  
Yan-Da Li ◽  
Yan-Ming Zhu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Predictive Ability ◽  
Crop Wild Relatives ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Wild Plants ◽  
Experimental Conditions ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
Gm Plants

Abstract Gene flow from genetically modified (GM) plants is concerning because of its ecological risks. In modeling studies, these risks may be reduced by altering crop management while taking environmental conditions into account. Gene flow modeling should consider many field aspects, both biological and physical. For example, empirical statistical models deduced from experimental data simulate gene flow well only under limited conditions (similar to experimental conditions). Mechanistic models, however, offer a potentially greater predictive ability. Gene flow models from GM crops to non-GM crops are used to simulate field conditions and minimize the adventitious presence of transgenes to meet certain threshold levels. These models can be adapted to simulate gene flow from GM crops to crop wild relatives using parameters of sexual compatibility and growth characteristics of the wild plants. Currently, modeling gene flow from herbicide-resistant weeds has become very important in light of the increased application of herbicides and widely evolved resistance in weeds.

scholarly journals Discrimination of Transgenic Canola (Brassica napus L.) and their Hybrids with B. rapa using Vis-NIR Spectroscopy and Machine Learning Methods

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 220
Author(s):  
Soo-In Sohn ◽  
Subramani Pandian ◽  
John-Lewis Zinia Zaukuu ◽  
Young-Ju Oh ◽  
Soo-Yun Park ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
F1 Hybrids ◽  
Support Vector ◽  
Composition Analysis ◽  
Least Squares Regression ◽  
Brassica Napus L

In recent years, the rapid development of genetically modified (GM) technology has raised concerns about the safety of GM crops and foods for human health and the ecological environment. Gene flow from GM crops to other crops, especially in the Brassicaceae family, might pose a threat to the environment due to their weediness. Hence, finding reliable, quick, and low-cost methods to detect and monitor the presence of GM crops and crop products is important. In this study, we used visible near-infrared (Vis-NIR) spectroscopy for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM Brassica napus, B. rapa, and F1 hybrids (B. rapa X GM B. napus). Initially, Vis-NIR spectra were collected from the plants, and the spectra were preprocessed. A combination of different preprocessing methods (four methods) and various modeling approaches (eight methods) was used for effective discrimination. Among the different combinations, the Savitzky-Golay and Support Vector Machine combination was found to be an optimal model in the discrimination of GM, non-GM, and hybrid plants with the highest accuracy rate (100%). The use of a Convolutional Neural Network with Normalization resulted in 98.9%. The same higher accuracy was found in the use of Gradient Boosted Trees and Fast Large Margin approaches. Later, phenolic acid concentration among the different plants was assessed using GC-MS analysis. Partial least squares regression analysis of Vis-NIR spectra and biochemical characteristics showed significant correlations in their respective changes. The results showed that handheld Vis-NIR spectroscopy combined with chemometric analyses could be used for the effective discrimination of GM and non-GM B. napus, B. rapa, and F1 hybrids. Biochemical composition analysis can also be combined with the Vis-NIR spectra for efficient discrimination.

The Biology of Canadian Weeds. 137. Brassica napus L. and B. rapa L.

2008 ◽  
Vol 88 (5) ◽  
pp. 951-996 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. H. Gulden ◽  
S. I. Warwick ◽  
A. G. Thomas
Keyword(s):  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Herbicide Resistance ◽  
Eastern Canada ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Weed Biology ◽  
Herbicide Resistant ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transgene Escape ◽  
Feral Populations ◽  
Resistant Genotypes

Brassica napus and B. rapa are native to Eurasia. In Canada, these species are commonly referred to as volunteer canola, while feral populations of B. rapa are referred to as birdrape. Brassica napus and B. rapa have been grown commercially for their seed oil content in western Canada since the middle of the last century and volunteer populations are common in fields. Escaped populations of both species are also found along roadways, railways and in waste areas; however, only B. rapa is known to have naturalized, self-sustaining feral populations in these habitats in eastern Canada. Despite these escaped and feral populations, B. napus and B. rapa are mainly a concern in agricultural fields where their combined relative abundance has increased over the past few decades. In the mid 1990s, herbicide-resistant genotypes of B. napus were released for commercial production. Herbicide-resistance and the stacking of genes in volunteer populations conferring resistance to multiple herbicides have contributed to increased difficulties in controlling volunteer B. napus in some crops. However, yield loss resulting from volunteer populations is not well documented in Canada. Key words: Brassica napus, Brassica rapa, herbicide resistance, transgene escape, volunteer canola, weed biology

Water stress, temperature regimes and light control induction, and loss of secondary dormancy in Brassica napus L. seeds

2017 ◽  
Vol 27 (3) ◽  
pp. 217-230 ◽  
Author(s):  
Elias Soltani ◽  
Sabine Gruber ◽  
Mostafa Oveisi ◽  
Nader Salehi ◽  
Iraj Alahdadi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
High Potential ◽  
Brassica Napus L ◽  
Genetic Potential ◽  
Secondary Dormancy ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Depth Of Burial ◽  
Dormancy Induction ◽  
Medium Potential

AbstractThis study investigated the induction and loss of dormancy in oilseed rape (Brassica napus). Twenty genotypes were preliminary screened; from these, two genotypes, RGS003 and Hayola 308, which possess high potential for dormancy induction (HSD) and medium potential to induce secondary dormancy (MSD), were selected. The stratification of seeds at alternating temperatures of 5–30°C (in dark) significantly relieved secondary dormancy, but dormancy was not fully released. The ψb(50) values were −1.05 and −1.06 MPa for the MSD and the HSD before dormancy induction. After inducing dormancy, the ψb(50) values for the MSD and the HSD were increased to −0.59 and −0.01 on day 0 stratification at 20°C. The hydrothermal time (θHT) value was low for one-day stratification for HSD in comparison with other stratification treatments. Water stress can induce dormancy (if the seeds have the genetic potential for secondary dormancy) and warm stratification (in dark) can only reduce the intensity of dormancy. The seeds with a high potential of dormancy induction can overcome dormancy at alternating temperatures and in the presence of light. It can, therefore, be concluded that a portion of seeds can enter the cycle of dormancy ↔ non-dormancy. The secondary dormant seeds of B. napus cannot become non-dormant in darkness, but the level of dormancy may change from maximum (after water stress) to minimum (after warm stratification). It seems that the dormancy imposed by the conditions of deep burial (darkness in combination with water stress and more constant temperatures) might be more important to seed persistence than secondary dormancy induction and release. The dormancy cycle is an important pre-requisite in order to sense the depth of burial and the best time for seed germination.

scholarly journals Using a zero-inflated model to assess gene flow risk and coexistence of Brassica napus L. and Brassica rapa L. on a field scale in Taiwan

2020 ◽  
Vol 61 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan-Chih Su ◽  
Po-Shung Wang ◽  
Jhih-Ling Yang ◽  
Hong Hong ◽  
Tzu-Kai Lin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Brassica Napus ◽  
Brassica Rapa ◽  
Field Scale ◽  
Brassica Napus L

Monitoring gene flow from genetically modified soybean to cultivated soybean and wild soybean in China.

2021 ◽  
pp. 71-85
Author(s):  
Lai-Pan Liu ◽  
Kun Xue ◽  
Biao Liu
Keyword(s):  
Gene Flow ◽  
Field Experiments ◽  
Genetically Modified ◽  
Plant Genetic Resources ◽  
Wild Soybean ◽  
Wild Relatives ◽  
Gm Crops ◽  
Genetically Modified Soybean ◽  
Cultivated Soybean ◽  
Gm Soybean

Abstract With the large-scale commercial planting of genetically modified (GM) crops in the world, the gene flow from GM crops to their wild relatives and its environmental risks have become a hot topic in the field of biosafety of GM organisms (GMOs). Wild soybean is one of the important plant genetic resources in China. China has not only imported a large amount of GM soybeans every year, but also started to carry out field experiments of GM soybeans with intellectual property rights; therefore, the gene flow of GM soybean to wild relatives and its influence on natural resources should be assessed before the commercial planting of GM soybean in China. In this chapter, the research progress of gene flow from GM soybean to cultivated soybean and wild soybean and the fitness of hybrid offspring are reviewed. This chapter reviews the current studies on gene flow from GM soybean and its consequences and also proposes further research topics.

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