scholarly journals The Role of Branch Cell Symmetry and Other Critical Nanoscale Design Parameters in the Determination of Dendrimer Encapsulation Properties

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 642 ◽  
Author(s):  
Donald A. Tomalia ◽  
Linda S. Nixon ◽  
David M. Hedstrand
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Metal Cluster ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Void Space ◽  
The Past ◽  
Cell Symmetry ◽  
Family Types ◽  
Approved Drugs

This article reviews progress over the past three decades related to the role of dendrimer-based, branch cell symmetry in the development of advanced drug delivery systems, aqueous based compatibilizers/solubilizers/excipients and nano-metal cluster catalysts. Historically, it begins with early unreported work by the Tomalia Group (i.e., The Dow Chemical Co.) revealing that all known dendrimer family types may be divided into two major symmetry categories; namely: Category I: symmetrical branch cell dendrimers (e.g., Tomalia, Vögtle, Newkome-type dendrimers) possessing interior hollowness/porosity and Category II: asymmetrical branch cell dendrimers (e.g., Denkewalter-type) possessing no interior void space. These two branch cell symmetry features were shown to be pivotal in directing internal packing modes; thereby, differentiating key dendrimer properties such as densities, refractive indices and interior porosities. Furthermore, this discovery provided an explanation for unimolecular micelle encapsulation (UME) behavior observed exclusively for Category I, but not for Category II. This account surveys early experiments confirming the inextricable influence of dendrimer branch cell symmetry on interior packing properties, first examples of Category (I) based UME behavior, nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) protocols for systematic encapsulation characterization, application of these principles to the solubilization of active approved drugs, engineering dendrimer critical nanoscale design parameters (CNDPs) for optimized properties and concluding with high optimism for the anticipated role of dendrimer-based solubilization principles in emerging new life science, drug delivery and nanomedical applications.

In situobservation of morphological changes of γ′ precipitates in a pre-deformed single-crystal Ni-base superalloy

2011 ◽  
Vol 44 (5) ◽  
pp. 935-944 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pavel Strunz ◽  
Gerhard Schumacher ◽  
Hellmuth Klingelhöffer ◽  
Albrecht Wiedenmann ◽  
Jan Šaroun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
External Load ◽  
Morphological Changes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Subsequent Heating ◽  
Detailed Evaluation ◽  
The Matrix ◽  
Base Superalloy

Exposure of a superalloy to an external load results in anisotropic coarsening of the γ′ precipitates, so-called rafting. It was reported in the past that γ′ rafting can also occur as a result of purely thermal treatment, without the simultaneous presence of an external load, if the specimen has been pre-deformed at relatively low temperature. The evolution of γ′ morphology in pre-deformed specimens of SCA425 Ni-base superalloy was examined in the present study. Unlike in the previous experiments, the compressive stress was used for pre-straining.In situsmall-angle neutron scattering (SANS) was employed, which enabled the determination of the morphology directly at high temperature. Both for strong and for weak pre-straining, rounding of the originally cuboidal precipitates towards an ellipsoidal shape on heating was observed. Weak pre-straining (0.1, 0.5%) does not cause rafting on subsequent heating. On the other hand, the detailed evaluation of SANS data provides some indication of rafting during the subsequent heating after severe compressive pre-straining (2%). The experiment indicates the role of dislocation rearrangement at the matrix/precipitate interface during pre-straining.

scholarly journals The Future of Analytical and Interpretative Toxicology: Where are We Going and How Do We Get There?

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarah M R Wille ◽  
Simon Elliott
Keyword(s):  
Metabolic Profile ◽  
Forensic Toxicology ◽  
Technological Innovations ◽  
Analytical Toxicology ◽  
Analytical Strategy ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Right

Abstract (Forensic) toxicology has faced many challenges, both analytically and interpretatively, especially in relation to an increase in potential drugs of interest. Analytical toxicology and its application to medicine and forensic science have progressed rapidly within the past centuries. Technological innovations have enabled detection of more substances with increasing sensitivity in a variety of matrices. Our understanding of the effects (both intended and unintended) have also increased along with determination and degree of toxicity. However, it is clear there is even more to understand and consider. The analytical focus has been on typical matrices such as blood and urine but other matrices could further increase our understanding, especially in postmortem (PM) situations. Within this context, the role of PM changes and potential redistribution of drugs requires further research and identification of markers of its occurrence and extent. Whilst instrumentation has improved, in the future, nanotechnology may play a role in selective and sensitive analysis as well as bioassays. Toxicologists often only have an advisory impact on pre-analytical and pre-interpretative considerations. The collection of appropriate samples at the right time in an appropriate way as well as obtaining sufficient circumstance background is paramount in ensuring an effective analytical strategy to provide useful results that can be interpreted within context. Nevertheless, key interpretative considerations such as pharmacogenomics and drug–drug interactions as well as determination of tolerance remain and in the future, analytical confirmation of an individual’s metabolic profile may support a personalized medicine and judicial approach. This should be supported by the compilation and appropriate application of drug data pursuant to the situation. Specifically, in PM circumstances, data pertaining to where a drug was not/may have been/was contributory will be beneficial with associated pathological considerations. This article describes the challenges faced within toxicology and discusses progress to a future where they are being addressed.

THE ROLE OF CINEMATOGRAPHY IN FORMATION PROCESS OF THE IMAGE HISTORICAL FIGURE AS NATIONAL HERO ON THE EXAMPLE OF WINSTON CHURCHILL’S PERSONALITY

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 118-123
Author(s):  
OLGA YUTSCHENKO ◽  
◽  
YULIA GAMALEEVA
Keyword(s):  
Formation Process ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Figure ◽  
Media Space ◽  
The Media ◽  
National Hero ◽  
New Vision ◽  
Historical Past

The purpose of research. The article deals with the general tendencies of the formation process of a historical figure as a national hero in media space. Winston Churchill’s cinematography imagery is analyzed and the features of interpretation of his role in history are defined. The purpose of research is determination of specificities in the formation process of imagery’s historical figure as national hero in cinematography. Results. Nowadays the way of representing historical space through the media sphere is one of the most popular for auditory and at the same time, it represents the new vision of the historical past. The tendency of connecting historical past and historical figure together drifts the angle from the whole epoch to «historical faces». That's the reason why historical epochs are translated through imagery of figures from the past. In this case historical space is gradually tapered to the person’s story and becomes more individual.

Role of size of drug delivery carriers for pulmonary and intravenous administration with emphasis on cancer therapeutics and lung-targeted drug delivery

RSC Advances ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 4 (62) ◽  
pp. 32673-32689 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chetna Dhand ◽  
Molamma P. Prabhakaran ◽  
Roger W. Beuerman ◽  
R. Lakshminarayanan ◽  
Neeraj Dwivedi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Delivery System ◽  
Delivery System ◽  
Intravenous Administration ◽  
Targeted Drug Delivery ◽  
Cancer Therapeutics ◽  
Drug Carriers ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Targeted Drug

The design of a drug delivery system and the fabrication of efficient, successful, and targeted drug carriers are two separate issues that require slightly different design parameters.

The Role of the Blobs in Determining the Perception of Drifting Plaids and Their Motion Aftereffects

Perception ◽  
1994 ◽  
Vol 23 (10) ◽  
pp. 1163-1169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Wenderoth ◽  
David Alais ◽  
Darren Burke ◽  
Rick van der Zwan
Keyword(s):  
Low Level ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Motion Aftereffects ◽  
Blob Tracking ◽  
Drift Direction

Motion aftereffects (MAEs) can be induced by adaptation to a pair of differently oriented drifting gratings whether the gratings are presented simultaneously, as a coherent plaid, or in alternation. The fact that the former MAEs were generally larger than the latter led to the suggestion that simultaneous adaptation involved higher-level extrastriate processes not involved in the alternating effects. In the past few years evidence has accumulated that the difference is in fact due to a low-level monocular process which can be termed the ‘blob-tracking mechanism’. A review is presented of the evidence on MAEs induced by simultaneous and alternating adaptation, the evidence for the monocularity of the blob-tracking mechanism, the data which implicate the blob mechanism in the determination of MAE magnitude, perceived plaid drift direction, and in perceived plaid coherence.

scholarly journals National identity of the Serbs in the 19th century and at the beginning of the 20th century

2006 ◽  
pp. 235-252
Author(s):  
Sasa Markovic
Keyword(s):  
National Identity ◽  
19Th Century ◽  
Interdisciplinary Research ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Specific Form ◽  
Orthodox Church ◽  
The Past ◽  
The 19Th Century

An attempt to establish a specific form of global uniformity by the dominant world powers, even if it is to a certain degree flexible and economically acceptable, proved to be imprudent and controversial. Autochthonous development of specific nations in all its traditional, religious and historical entirety is inaccessible and very sensitive to the form of the dominant ideological concept. Even if multiculturalism, multinationalism and multiconfessionalism belong to civilization heritage, it turned out that their declarative respect and haughty globalization was a risky experiment. European Union, supporting the project "Structuring of Europe", intends to prove its multinational (as well as any other multi determination) in the authentic interdisciplinary research work in the study of the past of each European nation. The idea of this project is based on the creative integrative link of the national identity of European nations and European super-national identity which stems from the mosaic of their existence. Attitude to the formation of national identity among the Serbs should be based on the research about the determination of national identity from the beginning of the formation of the Serbian state till today. During the 19th century and till the 1920s, I believe that one should - when determining the national identity among the Serbs - focus on the research about the role of education and culture in the national identification and on the attitude to the Yugoslav idea. The complexity of the problem also includes the specific interrelations between the idea of national identity and the standpoint of The Serbian Orthodox Church, as well as the enthusiasm of romanticism liberal ideas, party programmes, dominant elite and intelligentsia contemporary ideological influences and so on.

Features of socialization і individual expectation features

2021 ◽  
pp. 78-84
Author(s):  
Natalia Zavatska ◽  
Alina Bilianska ◽  
Lilia Ryndina ◽  
Valentina Shona
Keyword(s):  
Interpersonal Relationships ◽  
Psychological Adaptation ◽  
Social Adaptation ◽  
Self Assessment ◽  
The Past ◽  
Active Life ◽  
Opposite Pole ◽  
The Individual

The article considers the features of socialization and individual expectations of the individual as components of its spheres of life. It is shown that the peculiarities of the subject's self-attitude determine the attitudes to life. Transforming, creative activity is one pole. The opposite pole - passivity, expectations, dependence. The result of psychological "tightness" is a feeling of failure. To solve the corrective tasks of forming an active life position, it is important that this transformative, corrective process begins with the analysis and work with self-assessment judgments. Individuals who have, in general, a fairly positive experience of social adaptation and self-realization will tend to form positive, flexible, realistic and concrete expectations. At the same time, individuals who have experienced numerous disappointments and conflicts in the past will be more likely to have negative, rigid, unrealistic and diffuse expectations in their respective fields of activity. Accordingly, the selected indicators are expressed in the features of the expectations of the individual in such areas as significant interpersonal relationships, ideas about their own potential and prediction of the future. The role of individual expectations (as components of cognitive development), as well as their relationship with the process of self-determination of the individual, which provides an opportunity to develop new, more effective programs of socio-psychological adaptation of the younger generation. Key words: specialty, socialization, examination, life.

scholarly journals Role of Mathematical Modeling in Controlled Drug Delivery

2009 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 539-550 ◽  
Author(s):  
Moharram A. Khan ◽  
Shafeeq. T
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Modeling ◽  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Drug Release ◽  
Drug Transport ◽  
Release Kinetics ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Controlled Drug Delivery ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Mass Transport Mechanisms

Controlled drug delivery occurs when a polymer or lipid (natural or synthetic) is judiciously combined with a drug or other active agent in such a way that the active agent is released from the material in a pre-designed manner. The aim of controlling the drug delivery is to achieve more effective therapies while eliminating potential for both under- and overdosing. Controlled delivery systems includes the maintenance of drug levels within a desired range, the need for fewer administrations, optimal use of the drug in question, and increased patient compliance. Mathematical modeling of controlled drug delivery can help to provide a scientific knowledge base concerning the mass transport mechanisms that are involved in the control of drug release. Mathematically, it is identified for designing a particular pharmaceutical system and it can be used to simulate the effect of the device design parameters (viz., geometry and composition) on the resulting drug release kinetics. The objective of this review outlines the application of mathematical modeling to the controlled drug delivery mechanisms, focusing particular attention on drug transport in human breast cancer, treated with the drug Doxorubicin. Keywords: Controlled drug delivery; Diffusion; Doxorubicin; Mathematical Modeling; Release Kinetics.© 2009 JSR Publications. ISSN: 2070-0237 (Print); 2070-0245 (Online). All rights reserved.DOI: 10.3329/jsr.v1i3.2581              J. Sci. Res. 1 (3), 539-550 (2009) 

scholarly journals Carrageenan Based Bionanocomposites as Drug Delivery Tool with Special Emphasis on the Influence of Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Abida Kalsoom Khan ◽  
Ain Us Saba ◽  
Shamyla Nawazish ◽  
Fahad Akhtar ◽  
Rehana Rashid ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Drug Delivery ◽  
Short Review ◽  
Ferromagnetic Nanoparticles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Different Types

Over the past few years, considerable attention has been focused on carrageenan based bionanocomposites due to their multifaceted properties like biodegradability, biocompatibility, and nontoxicity. Moreover, these composites can be tailored according to the desired purpose by using different nanofillers. The role of ferromagnetic nanoparticles in drug delivery is also discussed here in detail. Moreover, this article also presents a short review of recent research on the different types of the carrageenan based bionanocomposites and applications.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document