scholarly journals Effective Connectivity during an Avoidance-Based Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Task

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 1472
Author(s):  
Daniel J. Petrie ◽  
Sy-Miin Chow ◽  
Charles F. Geier
Keyword(s):  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Hemodynamic Response Function ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Psychological Phenomena

Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) refers to a phenomenon whereby a classically conditioned stimulus (CS) impacts the motivational salience of instrumental behavior. We examined behavioral response patterns and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based effective connectivity during an avoidance-based PIT task. Eleven participants (8 females; Mage = 28.2, SD = 2.8, range = 25–32 years) completed the task. Effective connectivity between a priori brain regions engaged during the task was determined using hemodynamic response function group iterative multiple model estimation (HRF-GIMME). Participants exhibited behavior that was suggestive of specific PIT, a CS previously associated with a reinforcing outcome increased instrumental responding directed at the same outcome. We did not find evidence for general PIT; a CS did not significantly increase instrumental responding towards a different but related outcome. Using HRF-GIMME, we recovered effective connectivity maps among corticostriatal circuits engaged during the task. Group-level paths revealed directional effects from left putamen to right insula and from right putamen to right cingulate. Importantly, a direct effect of specific PIT stimuli on blood–oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity in the left putamen was found. Results provide initial evidence of effective connectivity in key brain regions in an avoidance-based PIT task network. This study adds to the literature studying PIT effects in humans and employing GIMME models to understand how psychological phenomena are supported in the brain.

Effective Connectivity During an Avoidance-Based Pavlovian-to-Instrumental Transfer Task

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel Petrie ◽  
Sy-Miin Chow ◽  
Charles Geier
Keyword(s):  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Transfer Task ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Multiple Model ◽  
Hemodynamic Response Function ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Psychological Phenomena

Pavlovian-to-instrumental transfer (PIT) refers to a phenomenon whereby a classically conditioned stimulus (CS) impacts the motivational salience of instrumental behavior. We examined behavioral response patterns and functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) based effective connectivity during an avoidance-based PIT task. Eleven participants (8 females; Mage = 28.2, SD = 2.8, range = 25-32 years) completed the task. Effective connectivity between a priori brain regions engaged during the task was determined using hemodynamic response function group iterative multiple model estimation (HRF-GIMME). Behaviorally, participants exhibited specific PIT, a CS previously associated with a reinforcing outcome increased instrumental responding directed at the same outcome. We did not find evidence for general PIT; a CS did not significantly increase instrumental responding towards a different but related outcome. Using HRF-GIMME, we recovered effective connectivity maps among corticostriatal circuits engaged during the task. Group-level paths revealed directional effects from left putamen to right insula and from right putamen to right cingulate. Importantly, a direct effect of specific PIT stimuli on blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) activity in the left putamen was found. Results provide initial evidence of effective connectivity in key brain regions in an avoidance-based PIT task network. This study adds to the literature studying PIT effects in humans and employing GIMME models to understand how psychological phenomena are supported in the brain.

scholarly journals A Theoretical Investigation of the Relationship between Structural Equation Modeling and Partial Correlation in Functional MRI Effective Connectivity

2009 ◽  
Vol 2009 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guillaume Marrelec ◽  
Habib Benali
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation Modeling ◽  
Structural Equation ◽  
Partial Correlation ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
Real Data ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Partial Correlations

An important field of blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) is the investigation of effective connectivity, that is, the actions that a given set of regions exert on one another. We recently proposed a data-driven method based on the partial correlation matrix that could provide some insight regarding the pattern of functional interaction between brain regions as represented by structural equation modeling (SEM). So far, the efficiency of this approach was mostly based on empirical evidence. In this paper, we provide theoretical fundaments explaining why and in what measure structural equation modeling and partial correlations are related. This gives better insight regarding what parts of SEM can be retrieved by partial correlation analysis and what remains inaccessible. We illustrate the different results with real data.

scholarly journals Training conquers multitasking costs by dividing task representations in the frontoparietal-subcortical system

2015 ◽  
Vol 112 (46) ◽  
pp. 14372-14377 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. G. Garner ◽  
Paul E. Dux
Keyword(s):  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Response Patterns ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Training Outcomes ◽  
Multiple Tasks ◽  
Task Representations

Negotiating the information-rich sensory world often requires the concurrent management of multiple tasks. Despite this requirement, humans are thought to be poor at multitasking because of the processing limitations of frontoparietal and subcortical (FP-SC) brain regions. Although training is known to improve multitasking performance, it is unknown how the FP-SC system functionally changes to support improved multitasking. To address this question, we characterized the FP-SC changes that predict training outcomes using an individual differences approach. Participants (n = 100) performed single and multiple tasks in pre- and posttraining magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) sessions interspersed by either a multitasking or an active-control training regimen. Multivoxel pattern analyses (MVPA) revealed that training induced multitasking improvements were predicted by divergence in the FP-SC blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) response patterns to the trained tasks. Importantly, this finding was only observed for participants who completed training on the component (single) tasks and their combination (multitask) and not for the control group. Therefore, the FP-SC system supports multitasking behavior by segregating constituent task representations.

scholarly journals Altered Task-Evoked Corticolimbic Responsivity in Generalized Anxiety Disorder

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (7) ◽  
pp. 3630
Author(s):  
Nayoung Kim ◽  
M. Justin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Generalized Anxiety Disorder ◽  
Functional Neuroimaging ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Anterior Cingulate ◽  
Generalized Anxiety ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Size Limits

Generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) is marked by uncontrollable, persistent worry and exaggerated response to uncertainty. Here, we review and summarize the findings from the GAD literature that employs functional neuroimaging methods. In particular, the present review focuses on task-based blood oxygen level-dependent (BOLD) functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies. We find that select brain regions often regarded as a part of a corticolimbic circuit (e.g., amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, prefrontal cortex) are consistently targeted for a priori hypothesis-driven analyses, which, in turn, shows varying degrees of abnormal BOLD responsivity in GAD. Data-driven whole-brain analyses show the insula and the hippocampus, among other regions, to be affected by GAD, depending on the task used in each individual study. Overall, while the heterogeneity of the tasks and sample size limits the generalizability of the findings thus far, some promising convergence can be observed in the form of the altered BOLD responsivity of the corticolimbic circuitry in GAD.

scholarly journals Brain reactivity using fMRI to insomnia stimuli in insomnia patients with discrepancy between subjective and objective sleep

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Young-Bo Kim ◽  
Nambeom Kim ◽  
Jae Jun Lee ◽  
Seo-Eun Cho ◽  
Kyoung-Sae Na ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Brain Activity ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Cognitive Distortion ◽  
Sleep Diary ◽  
Bold Signal ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
General Anxiety ◽  
Sleep Deficit ◽  
Perception Of Sleep

AbstractSubjective–objective discrepancy of sleep (SODS) might be related to the distorted perception of sleep deficit and hypersensitivity to insomnia-related stimuli. We investigated differences in brain activation to insomnia-related stimuli among insomnia patients with SODS (SODS group), insomnia patients without SODS (NOSODS group), and healthy controls (HC). Participants were evaluated for subjective and objective sleep using sleep diary and polysomnography. Functional magnetic resonance imaging was conducted during the presentation of insomnia-related (Ins), general anxiety-inducing (Gen), and neutral (Neu) stimuli. Brain reactivity to the contrast of Ins vs. Neu and Gen vs. Neu was compared among the SODS (n = 13), NOSODS (n = 15), and HC (n = 16) groups. In the SODS group compared to other groups, brain areas including the left fusiform, bilateral precuneus, right superior frontal gyrus, genu of corpus callosum, and bilateral anterior corona radiata showed significantly increased blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) signal in the contrast of Ins vs. Neu. There was no brain region with significantly increased BOLD signal in the Gen vs. Neu contrast in the group comparisons. Increased brain activity to insomnia-related stimuli in several brain regions of the SODS group is likely due to these individuals being more sensitive to sleep-related threat and negative cognitive distortion toward insomnia.

scholarly journals The effect of self- vs. externally generated actions on timing, duration and amplitude of BOLD response for visual feedback processing

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eleftherios Kavroulakis ◽  
Bianca M van Kemenade ◽  
Ezgi B Arikan ◽  
Tilo Kircher ◽  
Benjamin Straube
Keyword(s):  
Hemodynamic Response ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Neural Processing ◽  
Hemodynamic Response Function ◽  
Subcortical Structures ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Feedback Processing ◽  
Variable Delays ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Predictive Mechanisms

It has been widely assumed that internal forward models use efference copies to create predictions about the sensory consequences of our own actions. While these predictions had been frequently associated with reduced neural processing in sensory cortices, the timing and duration of the hemodynamic response of self-generated as opposed to externally generated movements is poorly investigated. In the present study we tested the hypothesis that predictive mechanisms for self-generated actions lead to early and shorter neural processing compared with externally generated movements. Using a first and second-order Taylor approximation in terms of the temporal (TD) and dispersion (DD) derivatives of a canonical hemodynamic response function, we investigated the timing and duration of activation for self-generated and externally generated movements using a custom-made fMRI-compatible movement device. Visual video feedback of the active and passive hand movements were presented in real time or with variable delays (0 - 417 ms). Participants had to judge, whether the feedback was delayed. We found earlier feedback processing for self-generated compared to externally generated movements in several regions including the supplementary motor area, cerebellum, subcortical structures such as the putamen and visual cortices. Shorter processing was found in areas, which show also lower blood oxygen level dependent (BOLD) amplitudes, such as the SMA, occipital and parietal cortex. Specifically, earlier activation in the putamen, of self-generated movements was associated with worse performance in detecting delays. These findings support our hypothesis, that efference copy based predictive mechanisms enable earlier processing of action feedback, as potential source for behavioral effects.

Retinotopic variations of the negative blood-oxygen-level dependent hemodynamic response function in human primary visual cortex

2021 ◽  
Vol 125 (4) ◽  
pp. 1045-1057 ◽  
Author(s):  
Natasha de la Rosa ◽  
David Ress ◽  
Amanda J. Taylor ◽  
Jung Hwan Kim
Keyword(s):  
Visual Cortex ◽  
Response Function ◽  
Complex Dynamics ◽  
Hemodynamic Response ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Blood Oxygen ◽  
Oxygen Level ◽  
Hemodynamic Response Function ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Early Visual Cortex

We investigate dynamics of the negative hemodynamic response function (nHRF), the negative blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) response (NBR) evoked by a brief stimulus, in human early visual cortex. Here, we show that the nHRFs are not inverted versions of the corresponding pHRFs. The nHRF has complex dynamics that varied significantly with eccentricity. The results also show shift-invariant temporal linearity does not hold for the NBR.

Altered effective connectivity during performance of an information processing speed task in multiple sclerosis

2011 ◽  
Vol 18 (4) ◽  
pp. 409-417 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victoria M Leavitt ◽  
Glenn Wylie ◽  
Helen M Genova ◽  
Nancy D Chiaravalloti ◽  
John DeLuca
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Processing Speed ◽  
Effective Connectivity ◽  
A Priori ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Healthy Controls ◽  
Causality Analysis ◽  
Information Processing Speed ◽  
Neural Connections ◽  
Speed Task

Background: Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) studies of persons with multiple sclerosis (MS) reveal distinct patterns of activation during task performance. We were interested in determining whether distinct patterns of effective connectivity would be revealed with Granger causality analysis (GCA). Objective: To characterize directed neural connections in persons with MS during a processing speed task between brain regions known to be activated in healthy controls. Methods: fMRI and GCA were used to examine effective connectivity underlying performance of a processing speed task in persons with MS. In total, 16 individuals with MS and 17 healthy controls (HC) performed a modified version of the Symbol Digit Modality Task (mSDMT) in the MRI scanner. Eight seed regions were selected on the basis of a priori data showing areas involved in mSDMT performance of HC. Results: Behaviorally, the MS group attained a level of accuracy equivalent to the HC group, although they were significantly slower. While there was a great deal of overlap in the connections relied upon by both groups, the MS group showed significant differences in connectivity between critical brain regions. Specifically, the MS group had more connections from multiple regions to frontal cortices bilaterally relative to HCs. Conclusions: Greater neural recruitment by the MS group relative to HC is consistent with the neural efficiency hypothesis, and lends further support to the notion that more connections must be recruited to maintain performance in the presence of brain pathology.

scholarly journals Finger representations in primary somatosensory cortex are modulated during vibrotactile working memory

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finn Rabe ◽  
Sanne Kikkert ◽  
Nicole Wenderoth
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Pattern Analysis ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level Dependent ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Blood Oxygen Level ◽  
Secondary Somatosensory Cortex ◽  
Analysis Technique ◽  
Hand Area

It is well-established that vibrotactile stimulations elicit Blood-oxygen-level-dependent (BOLD) responses in somatotopically organized brain regions. Whether these somatotopic maps are modulated by working memory (WM) is still unknown. In our WM experiment, participants had to compare frequencies that were separated by a delay period. Vibrotactile stimuli were sequentially applied to either their right index or little finger. Using functional MRI, we investigated whether vibrotactile WM modulated neural activity in primary somatosensory (S1), an area that is known to contain individual finger representations. Our mass-univariate results revealed the well-described network of brain regions involved in WM. Interestingly, our mass-univariate results did not demonstrate S1 to be part of this network. However, when we parametrically modulated the time-binned regressors in our GLM we found that the delay activity in S1 and secondary somatosensory cortex (S2) was reflected in a U-shaped manner. Using multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA), an analysis technique that is more sensitive to subtle activity differences, we found finger-specific patterns of activation in the S1 hand area during the WM delay period. These results indicate that processes underlying WM modulate finger-specific representations during our discrimination task.

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