scholarly journals A Membrane Reactor with Microchannels for Carbon Dioxide Reduction in Extraterrestrial Space

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 3
Author(s):  
Deqiang Feng ◽  
Wenjun Jiang ◽  
Ce Zhang ◽  
Long Li ◽  
Botao Hu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Membrane Reactor ◽  
Oxygen Supply ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Control Technique ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Carbon Efficiency ◽  
Electrochemical Membrane Reactor ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
The Cost

Long-term continuous oxygen supply is of vital importance during the process of space exploration. Considering the cost and feasibility, in situ resource utilization (ISRU) may be a promising solution. The conversion of CO2 to O2 is a key point for ISRU. In addition, the utilization of the abundant CO2 resources in the atmosphere of Mars is an important topic in the field of manned deep space exploration. The Sabatier reaction, Bosch reaction, and solid oxide electrolysis (SOE) are well-known techniques for the reduction of CO2. However, all the above techniques need great energy consumption. In this article, we designed an electrochemical membrane reactor at room temperature based on microfluidic control for the reduction of CO2 in extraterrestrial space. In this system, H2O was oxidized to O2 on the anode, while CO2 was reduced to C2H4 on the cathode. The highest Faraday efficiency (FE) for C2H4 was 72.7%, with a single-pass carbon efficiency toward C2H4 (SPCE-C2H4) of 4.64%. In addition, a microfluidic control technique was adopted to overcome the influence of the microgravity environment. The study may provide a solution for the long-term continuous oxygen supply during the process of space exploration.

Simulating Microgravity in a Large Animal Model

2013 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. C. Gadomski ◽  
K. C. McGilvray ◽  
J. T. Easley ◽  
R. H. Palmer ◽  
C. M. Puttlitz
Keyword(s):  
Bone Mass ◽  
Space Exploration ◽  
Microgravity Environment ◽  
Large Animal Model ◽  
Large Animal ◽  
Mechanical Unloading ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Future Space ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Skeletal Integrity

The microgravity environment encountered during spaceflight has numerous deleterious effects on the human body, with one of the most drastic being decreased bone mass due to mechanical unloading. These alterations in bone mass and skeletal strength are one of the foremost limitations of future space exploration. Due to the cost of long-duration space missions, it is critically important to develop ground-based models of the microgravity environment encountered during spaceflight to investigate possible countermeasures to maintain skeletal integrity.

Primary varicose veins

Phlebologie ◽  
2010 ◽  
Vol 39 (03) ◽  
pp. 133-137
Author(s):  
H. Partsch
Keyword(s):  
Varicose Veins ◽  
Compression Therapy ◽  
Daily Practice ◽  
Clinical Severity ◽  
Compression Stockings ◽  
Primary Varicose Veins ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Convincing Data ◽  
Long Term Studies

SummaryBackground: Compression stockings are widely used in patients with varicose veins. Methods: Based on published literature three main points are discussed: 1. the rationale of compression therapy in primary varicose veins, 2. the prescription of compression stockings in daily practice, 3. studies required in the future. Results: The main objective of prescribing compression stockings for patients with varicose veins is to improve subjective leg complaints and to prevent swelling after sitting and standing. No convincing data are available concerning prevention of progression or of complications. In daily practice varicose veins are the most common indication to prescribe compression stockings. The compliance depends on the severity of the disorder and is rather poor in less severe stages. Long-term studies are needed to proof the cost-effectiveness of compression stockings concerning subjective symptoms and objective signs of varicose veins adjusted to their clinical severity. Conclusion: Compression stockings in primary varicose veins are able to improve leg complaints and to prevent swelling.

An Evaluation of Provincial Macroeconomic Performance in Vietnam

2017 ◽  
pp. 34-47
Author(s):  
Hoi Le Quoc ◽  
Nam Pham Xuan ◽  
Tuan Nguyen Anh
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Institutional Transformation ◽  
Economic Indicators ◽  
Macroeconomic Performance ◽  
Economic Development Strategy ◽  
Socio Economic Development ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Development Objectives ◽  
First Time

The study was targeted at developing a methodology for constructing a macroeconomic performance index at a provincial level for the first time in Vietnam based on 4 groups of measurements: (i) Economic indicators; (ii) oriented economic indicators; (iii) socio-economic indicators; and (iv) economic - social – institutional indicators. Applying the methodology to the 2011 - 2015 empirical data of all provinces in Vietnam, the research shows that the socio-economic development strategy implemented by those provinces did not provide balanced outcomes between growth and social objectives, sustainability and inclusiveness. Many provinces focused on economic growth at the cost of structural change, equality and institutional transformation. In contrast, many provinces were successful in improving equality but not growth. Those facts threaten the long-term development objectives of the provinces.

Empowering and Directive Leadership: The Cost of Changing Styles

2021 ◽  
pp. 227853372110083
Author(s):  
Smita Mukherjee ◽  
Zubin R. Mulla
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Leadership Styles ◽  
Leadership Style ◽  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Team Outcomes ◽  
History Of ◽  
Satisfaction With The Leader ◽  
The Cost ◽  
First Time

We examine the cost of leaders changing between empowering and directive leadership styles on team outcomes. In a laboratory experiment, we collected data from 240 participants in 80 teams. Confederates enacted different leadership styles and led teams of participants in performing a series of tasks. When leaders changed their style from directive to empowering, teams took time to respond in terms of higher satisfaction with leader and affective commitment. However, when leaders changed their style from empowering to directive, the deterioration of satisfaction with leader and reduction in affective commitment were immediate. Moreover, teams of leaders who had been consistently directive showed higher affective commitment as compared to teams of leaders who had a history of being empowering but later shifted to being directive. First time managers can get inputs on how they should enact their leadership style and be aware that switching between styles may impose long-term costs on the team’s affective commitment and satisfaction with the leader.

scholarly journals Domain Adaptation for Semantic Segmentation of Historical Panchromatic Orthomosaics in Central Africa

2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (8) ◽  
pp. 523
Author(s):  
Nicholus Mboga ◽  
Stefano D’Aronco ◽  
Tais Grippa ◽  
Charlotte Pelletier ◽  
Stefanos Georganos ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Land Cover ◽  
Domain Adaptation ◽  
Central Africa ◽  
Semantic Segmentation ◽  
Target Domain ◽  
Convolutional Networks ◽  
Fully Convolutional Networks ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Performance Gains

Multitemporal environmental and urban studies are essential to guide policy making to ultimately improve human wellbeing in the Global South. Land-cover products derived from historical aerial orthomosaics acquired decades ago can provide important evidence to inform long-term studies. To reduce the manual labelling effort by human experts and to scale to large, meaningful regions, we investigate in this study how domain adaptation techniques and deep learning can help to efficiently map land cover in Central Africa. We propose and evaluate a methodology that is based on unsupervised adaptation to reduce the cost of generating reference data for several cities and across different dates. We present the first application of domain adaptation based on fully convolutional networks for semantic segmentation of a dataset of historical panchromatic orthomosaics for land-cover generation for two focus cities Goma-Gisenyi and Bukavu. Our experimental evaluation shows that the domain adaptation methods can reach an overall accuracy between 60% and 70% for different regions. If we add a small amount of labelled data from the target domain, too, further performance gains can be achieved.

scholarly journals Highly CO Selective Trimetallic Metal-Organic Framework Electrocatalyst for the Electrochemical Reduction of CO2

Catalysts ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (5) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Tran-Van Phuc ◽  
Jin-Suk Chung ◽  
Seung-Hyun Hur
Keyword(s):  
High Current Density ◽  
Metal Organic Framework ◽  
Faradaic Efficiency ◽  
Onset Potential ◽  
Long Term Stability ◽  
Metal Organic ◽  
Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Electrocatalytic Reduction Of Co2 ◽  
Organic Framework

Pd, Cu, and Zn trimetallic metal-organic framework electrocatalysts (PCZs) based on benzene-1,3,5-tricarboxylic were synthesized using a simple solvothermal synthesis. The as-synthesized PCZ catalysts exhibited as much as 95% faradaic efficiency towards CO, with a high current density, low onset potential, and excellent long-term stability during the electrocatalytic reduction of CO2.

scholarly journals Why Do Some Firms Spend So Much on Medical Care? Accounting for Variation

2000 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Eichner ◽  
Mark McClellan ◽  
David A. Wise
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Care Cost ◽  
Health Care Expenditures ◽  
Cost Of Treatment ◽  
Consistent Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Cost Differences ◽  
Average Expenditure

We are engaged in a long-term project to analyze the determinants of health care cost differences across firms. An important first step is to summarize the nature of expenditure differences across plans. The goal of this article is to develop methods for identifying and quantifying those factors that account for the wide differences in health care expenditures observed across plans.We consider eight plans that vary in average expenditure for individuals filing claims, from a low of $1,645 to a high of $2,484. We present a statistically consistent method for decomposing the cost differences across plans into component parts based on demographic characteristics of plan participants, the mix of diagnoses for which participants are treated, and the cost of treatment for particular diagnoses. The goal is to quantify the contribution of each of these components to the difference between average cost and the cost in a given firm. The demographic mix of plan enrollees accounts for wide differnces in cost ($649). Perhaps the most noticeable feature of the results is that, after adjusting for demographic mix, the difference in expenditures accounted for by the treatment costs given diagnosis ($807) is almost as wide as the unadjusted range in expenditures ($838). Differences in cost due to the different illnesses that are treated, after adjusting for demographic mix, also accounts for large differences in cost ($626). These components of cost do not move together; for example, demographic mix may decrease expenditure under a particular plan while the diagnosis mix may increase costs.Our hope is that understanding the reasons for cost differences across plans will direct more focused attention to controlling costs. Indeed, this work is intended as an important first step toward that goal.

Factors affecting the future of the Scottish hydrometric network

1987 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 269-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Poodle
Keyword(s):  
Data Acquisition ◽  
Computer Systems ◽  
Economic Recession ◽  
Data Standards ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Economic Climate ◽  
A Minor ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Minor Extent

ABSTRACTThe Scottish Hydrometric Network consists of a number of river gauging stations which have been located at sites considered suitable to provide long term flow records. Economic recession has placed some stress on the gauging programme, and has given rise to extensive closures of gauging stations in England and, to a minor extent so far, in Scotland. The way in which the network became established provides a mixture of strengths and weaknesses which could have unpredictable consequences in an adverse economic climate. Changing technology provides some opportunity to reduce the cost of data acquisition and improve the deployment of manpower, while maintaining data standards. In these changing circumstances, particularly with extensive use of computer systems, it is important that standards are established for data returned to the Water Archive and that the network is not allowed to degenerate by default.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document