scholarly journals Open BIM Standards: A Review of the Processes for Managing Existing Structures in the Pre- and Post-Earthquake Phases

CivilEng ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 291-309
Author(s):  
Christian Musella ◽  
Milena Serra ◽  
Antonio Salzano ◽  
Costantino Menna ◽  
Domenico Asprone
Keyword(s):  
Information Delivery ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Process Map ◽  
Industry Foundation Classes ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Before And After

The problem of managing existing structures before and after seismic events has led to the development of many different strategies across the globe. These aim to mitigate the catastrophic effects of earthquakes on the occupants of a building, as well as improve the management of the emergency that inevitably ensues. This paper explores the use of an openBIM approach to resolve the issues referred to above, which is possible because of two new standards: Industry Foundation Classes and Information Delivery Manuals. A review of the most popular strategies adopted in both the pre- and post-earthquake phases is conducted using a process map. This organizes the relevant steps and processes into tasks, and additionally identifies the points at which information is produced and exchanged and the party responsible for doing so. Also described is how BIM models can be utilized in essential pre- and post-earthquake activities, as well as current benefits and ongoing developments intended to improve the processes themselves.

scholarly journals EXCHANGE REQUIREMENT-BASED DELIVERY METHOD OF STRUCTURAL DESIGN INFORMATION FOR COLLABORATIVE DESIGN USING INDUSTRY FOUNDATION CLASSES

2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (6) ◽  
pp. 559-573
Author(s):  
Huahui Lai ◽  
Cheng Zhou ◽  
Xueyuan Deng
Keyword(s):  
Structural Design ◽  
Collaborative Design ◽  
Structural Engineering ◽  
Structural Model ◽  
Structural Information ◽  
Information Delivery ◽  
Delivery Method ◽  
Process Map ◽  
Design Information ◽  
Industry Foundation Classes

In Architecture, engineering, and construction (AEC) collaboration, exchange requirements (ERs) vary in different projects with different platforms. In order to ensure the completeness and accuracy of data sharing and exchange for structural engineering in collaborative design, an ER-based delivery method was proposed to improve the delivery of structural design information. First, a process map of structural design was developed based on Information Delivery Manual (IDM). Within this process map, an ER Matrix of structural design was proposed to define information required by other disciplines at different stages. This matrix was composed of a set of required structural objects and their attributes, which were mapped to related Industry Foundation Classes (IFC) data. The mapping between the ER Matrix and IFC-based structural model data was implemented by an exchange model generation algorithm. Furthermore, a delivery tool was developed to define the ER Matrix in two ways, including user interface and XML-based language. A practical project was used to illustrate the utility of the proposed method. The results show that the proposed method using IFC is beneficial for structural information delivery.

scholarly journals Assessment of Timber Roof Structures before and after Earthquakes

Buildings ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (11) ◽  
pp. 528
Author(s):  
Nikola Perković ◽  
Mislav Stepinac ◽  
Vlatka Rajčić ◽  
Jure Barbalić
Keyword(s):  
Test Methods ◽  
Timber Structures ◽  
Destructive Testing ◽  
Policy Makers ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Roof Structure ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Timber Roof Structures ◽  
Non Destructive

The global objective of sustainable development has been greatly directed toward the preservation of existing structures. Therefore, condition assessment and reconstruction of existing timber structures have been gaining importance in recent times. This is particularly evident on timber roofs whose elements are exposed to degradation, either because of rheological effects or due to the direct influence of moisture and biological factors. In case of accidental events, such as an earthquake, the question of the structure’s condition is essential for the condition of the entire building. In order to prove the load-bearing capacity and serviceability of existing structures, as well as to check the need for reconstruction, it is necessary to define crucial parameters that are influencing the condition of materials, elements, and systems. Although there are many non destructive testing methods, the frequency and scope of their use, as well as the decision-making approach, have not been defined. In the paper, non-destructive and semi-destructive methods frequently used for timber structures are explained. A systematic review of criteria to be used in the assessment of load-bearing timber structures in a seismic active area was the main objective of this paper as well as the illustration of non-destructive and semi-destructive test methods through a case study involving roof construction of a hundred-year-old building in Zagreb, Croatia. Pre- and post-earthquake inspection was made. The overall condition of the roof structure after two significant earthquakes can be assessed as satisfactory given that the observed system is a large-span and massive roof structure. The presented results and identification of typical damages after the earthquake are presented in order to facilitate policy makers and for the future implementation of development strategies in the renovation of the city.

Toward a Philosophy for Seismic Retrofit: The Seattle Experience

1989 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 557-569
Author(s):  
T. W. Perbix ◽  
P. Burke
Keyword(s):  
Social Policy ◽  
Seismic Retrofit ◽  
Economic Consequences ◽  
Life Safety ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Safety Aspects ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Everyday Design ◽  
Retrofit Design

By examining seismic retrofit experience with three buildings in Seattle, important practical issues regarding the underlying economic, political, and social conflicts are explored. The philosophy of seismic retrofit and its resulting consequences for life safety, building usefulness both before and after seismic events, and the economic consequences of retrofit are examined in light of the professional and regulatory atmosphere. While a great deal of information is generated nationally in the field of seismic retrofit, its assimilation by the practising professional and regulatory official is incomplete and uncoordinated. The work proposes, therefore, a seismic retrofit design philosophy for discussion and possible use as a premise for development of codes. The proposed philosophy coordinates the economic, social, and life safety aspects of seismic retrofit in a way that meets the needs of designers and regulators who are currently forced to make social policy in their everyday design interactions.

Pleasure, disaffection, ‘conversion’ or rejection? The (limited) role of prefiguration in shaping audience engagement and response

2016 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-82 ◽  
Author(s):  
Carolyn Michelle ◽  
Charles H. Davis ◽  
Ann L. Hardy ◽  
Craig Hight
Keyword(s):  
Audience Engagement ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Limited Role ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Impact

This article examines the extent to which prefigurative ‘horizons of expectations’ shaped audience engagements with Peter Jackson’s 2012 film The Hobbit: An Unexpected Journey ( AUJ). Whereas previous research often focuses on examining prefigurative materials, discussions and debates themselves, this article draws on audience surveys conducted before and after the film’s release to illustrate the impact of prior hopes and expectations on post-viewing responses. While Hobbit pre-viewers were often deeply familiar with various prefigurative materials and intertextual resources, AUJ nonetheless retained the capacity to delight, confound, impress and distress viewers in ways that superseded pre-existing structures of meaning. Thus, while our findings illustrate that processes of reception potentially begin prior to and continue beyond initial moments of viewing, they also affirm the need to engage – theoretically and empirically – with the complex specificity and fluidity of actual reception experiences.

scholarly journals Analysis of VLF/LF transmitter signals during the minimum of solar activity in the year 2018

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammed Y. Boudjada ◽  
Vanessa Weingril ◽  
Hans Ulrich Eichelberger ◽  
Pier Francesco Biagi ◽  
XueMin Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solar Activity ◽  
Geomagnetic Activity ◽  
Solar Flares ◽  
Seasonal Effect ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Frequency Range ◽  
External Effects ◽  
Demeter Satellite ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Almost All

<p>We report on VLF/LF transmitter signals observed in the year 2018 during the minimum of solar activity. Those signals were recorded in Graz (Austria) using INFREP (Biagi et al., Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2011) and UltraMSK (Schwingenschuh et al., Nat. Hazards Earth Syst. Sci., 11, 2011) systems. This leads us to record fourteen transmitter signals in the frequency range between 19 kHz and up to 270 kHz. Six transmitter channels are common to both systems and are localized in Great-Britain (Anthorn, GBZ, 19.58kHz), Italy (Tavolara, ICV, 20.27kHz), Germany (Rhauderfehn, 23.4kHz,) and Island (Keflavik, NRK, 37.5kHz). Others are mainly LF broadcasting transmitters from Romania (Brasov, 153kHz), Luxembourg (Felsberg-Berus, 183kHz), Algeria (Berkaoui, 198kHz), Monte-Carlo (Roumoules, 216kHz) and Tchecki (Lualualei, 270kHz). In the year 2018, the solar activity decreased reaching its minimum in the end of 2019. We emphasize in this work on three aspects: (a) C-flares related to the solar activity, (b) Kp-index linked to the geomagnetic activity, and (c) seismic events in the southern part of Europe, i.e. Greece and Italy.  The dominant patterns observed on almost all transmitters are due to the solar flares. Geomagnetic activity is found to depend on the seasonal effect and mainly observed few weeks before and after the summer solstice in the northern hemisphere.  Few earthquakes occurred in the southern part of Europe, in Greece (6 events) and in Italy (2 events) with a magnitude of 5.5 Mw and depths less than 10 km. We discuss the disturbances of VLF/LF transmitter signals prior to EQs occurrences, and their links to external effects. Our results are compared to recent investigations of Zhang et al. (Radio Sci., 52, 2017) and Rozhnoi et al. (Ann. Geophys., 37, 2019) concerning, respectively, the spatial distribution of VLF transmitter signals recorded by Demeter satellite, and the solar X-flare effects on VLF/LF transmitter signals.</p>

Seismic risk management for existing structures

1994 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-185 ◽  
Author(s):  
Robert G. Sexsmith
Keyword(s):  
Seismic Risk ◽  
Decision Model ◽  
Seismic Retrofit ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Safety Level ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Single Structure ◽  
Risk Cost ◽  
Seismic Risk Management

Recent changes in seismic criteria have resulted in a perceived increase in seismic risk for many existing structures. Difficult seismic retrofit decisions may be required, involving considerations of risk, initial costs, and long-term consequences. This paper illustrates the application of an expected value decision model to seismic retrofit policies. The paper outlines the features of a logical model for choice of safety level, for alternative retrofits to a single structure, and for establishing priorities among a set of retrofit actions for one or a group of structures.Codes and standards constrain the range of possible actions; however, they are not well developed for retrofit of existing structures. It is therefore important to consider investments in safety through retrofits on the basis of present expected values, in a manner similar to insurance purchases. Consideration of the factors involved in such decisions, including seismic risk, cost of retrofit, and consequences of seismic events with and without the retrofit, will lead to improved information and better allocation of scarce retrofit funds. Key words: seismic risk, decision analysis, seismic retrofit.

scholarly journals The Influence of CFRP Sheets on the Load-Bearing Capacity of the Glued Laminated Timber Beams under Bending Test

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (14) ◽  
pp. 4019
Author(s):  
Klaudia Śliwa-Wieczorek ◽  
Krzysztof Adam Ostrowski ◽  
Justyna Jaskowska-Lemańska ◽  
Anna Karolak
Keyword(s):  
Bearing Capacity ◽  
Standard Procedure ◽  
Bending Test ◽  
Load Bearing Capacity ◽  
Load Bearing ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Reinforced Beams ◽  
Glued Laminated Timber ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Timber Beams

Composite materials are increasingly used to strengthen existing structures or new load-bearing elements, also made of timber. In this paper, the effect of the number of layers of Carbon Fiber Reinforced Polymer (CFRP) on the load-bearing capacity and stiffness of Glued Laminated Timber beams was determined. Experimental research was performed on 32 elements—a series of eight unreinforced beams, and three series of eight reinforced beams: with one, three and five layers of laminate each. The beams with a cross-section of 38 mm × 80 mm and a length of 750 mm were subjected to the four-point bending test according to standard procedure. For each series, destructive force, deflection, mode of failure, and equivalent stiffness were determined. In addition, for the selected samples, X-ray computed tomography was performed before and after their destruction to define the quality of the interface between wood and composite. The results of the conducted tests and analyses showed that there was no clear relationship between the number of reinforcement layers and the load-bearing capacity of the beams and their stiffness. Unreinforced beams failed due to tension, while reinforced CFRP beams failed due to shear. Despite this, a higher energy of failure of composite-reinforced elements was demonstrated in relation to the reference beams.

scholarly journals Variations of the parameters of internal gravity waves in the atmosphere of Central Asia before earthquakes

2019 ◽  
Vol 487 (3) ◽  
pp. 299-303
Author(s):  
V. V. Adushkin ◽  
V. I. Nifadiev ◽  
B. B. Chen ◽  
S. I. Popel ◽  
G. A. Kogai ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Central Asia ◽  
Gravity Waves ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Gravity Waves ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Wave Disturbances ◽  
Term Prediction ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Short Term Prediction

Based on the data of experimental studies of wave disturbances in the Earth’s atmosphere before and after the earthquakes in Uzbekistan (May 26, 2013) and Kyrgyzstan (January 8, 2007), earlier unknown changes in the parameters of internal gravity waves are revealed. These changes were manifested during the period of five days before the earthquake and in certain cases can be used for short-term prediction of the time when seismic events are to occur.

scholarly journals Seismic retrofit of buildings

2005 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 165-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephanos E. Dritsos
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Practical Application ◽  
Existing Structures ◽  
Before And After ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Three Stages ◽  
Energy Absorbing ◽  
Wing Walls ◽  
Technological Methods ◽  
Existing Structure

Some important aspects of the subject of the repair to and the strengthening of buildings, before and after an earthquake, are investigated in this paper. It has to be noted that, far more than that of recent constructions, many older buildings are susceptible to earthquake damage. It is certain that, from the techno-scientific side of problem alone, the subject is incomparably more difficult and complex than that of designing new structures. The structure of the building has to be dealt with as a whole and the process of redesign includes the following three stages: The assessment of the capacity of the existing structure during seismic activity, the process of decision making and the design of a solution for a pre-selected performance level. The method that will be selected for the intervention will have to be included in the plan of the strategy. This will depend on the required levels of strength, stiffness and deformation of the structure. Practical aspects for six main categories of methods of intervention are discussed in this paper. The six main categories are listed as follows: The addition of infilled walls, the addition of new external walls, the addition of bracing systems, the construction of wing walls, the strengthening of weak elements and the incorporation of energy absorbing systems. In particular, recent results from ongoing experimental research programs concerning the retrofitting of existing structures are presented. Finally, certain important aspects of practical application are pointed out that may often puzzle the engineer or may be solved in an erroneous way. These concern either the choice of the most suitable solution for the intervention or the application of technological methods of intervention.

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF THE GEOMETRY OF SURFACE DEFORMATIONS CAUSED BY INDUCED TREMORS IN THE AREA OF UNDERGROUND COPPER MINING

2020 ◽  
Vol V-3-2020 ◽  
pp. 149-156
Author(s):  
K. Owczarz ◽  
J. Blachowski
Keyword(s):  
Ground Deformation ◽  
Vertical Displacement ◽  
Radar Data ◽  
Seismic Events ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Temporal Intervals ◽  
Vertical Displacements ◽  
Sw Poland ◽  
Satellite Radar ◽  
Continuous Field

Abstract. Induced seismicity by human operations such as mining is usually unpredictable due to the sudden and unexpected character of this phenomenon. The effects of seismic events on the surface, i.e. ground deformation had been difficult to measure with traditional geodetic methods, which are based on discrete point observations and are carried out at temporal intervals and in fixed locations (e.g. levelling lines). Development of radar remote sensing (InSAR) techniques and proliferation of open satellite radar data such as Sentinel- 1 mission provides means that can now be successfully applied to investigate areas and ground movements affected by seismicity induced by mining. In this paper four induced seismic events with magnitudes from 4.5 to 4.8 that occurred between 16 December 2016 and 15 September 2018 in the Rudna underground copper mine area in SW Poland have been investigated with differential satellite radar interferometry (DInSAR). Based on the results of processing of 37 pairs of Sentinel-1 data captured before and after each of these events, deformation areas have been spatially localised and vertical displacement and extent of deformation have been calculated. The mean maximum vertical displacements range from −70 mm for the 4.5 magnitude tremor to −94 mm for the 4.8 magnitude event. Whereas, mean extent ranges from 1.5 km to 1.9 km in the W-E direction and from 1.8 km to 2.1 km in the N-S direction. A linear relation between magnitude of induced tremor and increase in vertical displacement and extent of the ground deformation has been established. Moreover, the results of this study indicate that InSAR is adequately accurate technique to analyse ground displacements caused by mining induced tremors and provides continuous field data on the geometry of the resulting deformation areas.

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