scholarly journals Ice Crystal Coarsening in Ice Cream during Cooling: A Comparison of Theory and Experiment

Crystals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 321 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jingyi Mo ◽  
Robert D. Groot ◽  
Graham McCartney ◽  
Enyu Guo ◽  
Julian Bent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Crystal Diameter ◽  
Multi Phase ◽  
The Relationship

Ice cream is a complex multi-phase structure and its perceived quality is closely related to the small size of ice crystals in the product. Understanding the quantitative coarsening behaviour of ice crystals will help manufacturers optimise ice cream formulations and processing. Using synchrotron X-ray tomography, we measured the time-dependent coarsening (Ostwald ripening) of ice crystals in ice cream during cooling at 0.05 °C/min. The results show ice crystal coarsening is highly temperature dependent, being rapid from ca. −6 to −12 °C but significantly slower at lower temperatures. We developed a numerical model, based on established coarsening theory, to calculate the relationship between crystal diameter, cooling rate and the weight fraction of sucrose in solution. The ice crystal diameters predicted by the model are found to agree well with the measured values if matrix diffusion is assumed to be slowed by a factor of 1.2 due to the presence of stabilizers or high molecular weight sugars in the ice cream formulation.

scholarly journals Inland Ice Crystal Measurements at Eqe, West Greenland

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 324-330
Author(s):  
M. Boyé ◽  
A. Cailleux
Keyword(s):  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Crystal Diameter ◽  
Ice Velocity ◽  
Inland Ice

AbstractAt Eqe, on the western border of the Greenland Ice Cap, measurements of the crystals by Seligman’s method give a mean crystal diameter of 2.16 cm. at a place where the ice velocity is ceto m.fday. The “heterometry index” measured from granulometric curves by Cailleux’s method shows that melting, active ice crystals have reasonably homogeneous dimensions, with a mean diameter from 2 to 2.4 cm.

scholarly journals Complete determination of ice crystal orientation using Laue X-ray diffraction method

2011 ◽  
Vol 57 (201) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Atsushi Miyamoto ◽  
Ilka Weikusat ◽  
Takeo Hondoh
Keyword(s):  
Crystal Orientation ◽  
Ice Core ◽  
Ice Sheets ◽  
Diffraction Method ◽  
Ice Cores ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Axis Orientation ◽  
X Ray

AbstractIce crystal orientation fabric data from ice cores contain important information concerning the internal structure and the flow behaviour of ice sheets. When ice cores are recovered from the Antarctic and Greenland ice sheets, crystal orientation measurements are performed immediately to obtain fundamental physical property information. In the past, we have measured the c-axis orientation of ice crystals by a manual optical method using a universal stage. This method is very time-consuming, involving tedious work in a cold laboratory. Recently, automated systems have been developed that enable measurement of c-axis orientation, grain size and other microstructures. However, in order to detect the full crystal orientation of an ice crystal, we also need information on its a-axis orientation. A variety of other crystal orientation measurement methods have previously been discussed, but some shortcomings for ice-core studies cannot be neglected. We have developed a crystal-orientation analysing device using the Laue X-ray diffraction method. As this device can measure the orientations of all crystal axes with high accuracy, it is possible to obtain new microstructure information on natural ice crystals. For the first time, we are able to quantify very low subgrain misorientation angles in polar ice-core samples, allowing us to investigate micro-deformation features of individual crystals. Here we discuss the analysis process, which is customized to measure standard ice thin sections, and show preliminary results.

Influence of Ice Crystal Aspect Ratio on the Evolution of Ice Size Spectra during Vapor Depositional Growth

2009 ◽  
Vol 66 (12) ◽  
pp. 3732-3743 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lindsay M. Sheridan ◽  
Jerry Y. Harrington ◽  
Dennis Lamb ◽  
Kara Sulia
Keyword(s):  
Aspect Ratio ◽  
Vapor Deposition ◽  
Crystal Size ◽  
Crystal Surface ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Size Spectrum ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Initial Size ◽  
Size Spectra ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract The relationship among aspect ratio, initial size, and the evolution of the size spectrum is explored for ice crystals growing by vapor deposition. Ice crystal evolution is modeled based on the growth of spheroids, and the ice size spectrum is predicted using a model that is Lagrangian in crystal size and aspect ratio. A dependence of crystal aspect ratio on initial size is discerned: more exaggerated shapes are shown to result when the initial crystals are small, whereas more isometric shapes are found to result from initially large crystals. This result is due to the nature of the vapor gradients in the vicinity of the crystal surface. The more rapid growth of the smaller crystals is shown to produce a period during which the size distribution narrows, followed by a broadening led by the initially smallest crystals. The degree of broadening is shown to depend strongly on the primary habit and hence temperature.

scholarly journals Inland Ice Crystal Measurements at Eqe, West Greenland

1954 ◽  
Vol 2 (15) ◽  
pp. 324-330 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Boyé ◽  
A. Cailleux
Keyword(s):  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
West Greenland ◽  
Ice Cap ◽  
Mean Diameter ◽  
Western Border ◽  
Crystal Diameter ◽  
Ice Velocity ◽  
Inland Ice

Abstract At Eqe, on the western border of the Greenland Ice Cap, measurements of the crystals by Seligman’s method give a mean crystal diameter of 2.16 cm. at a place where the ice velocity is ceto m.fday. The “heterometry index” measured from granulometric curves by Cailleux’s method shows that melting, active ice crystals have reasonably homogeneous dimensions, with a mean diameter from 2 to 2.4 cm.

Evidence of Ostwald ripening related recrystallization of diagenetic chlorites from reservoir rocks offshore Norway

Clay Minerals ◽  
1991 ◽  
Vol 26 (2) ◽  
pp. 169-178 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. S. Jahren
Keyword(s):  
Ostwald Ripening ◽  
Size Distributions ◽  
Particle Size Distributions ◽  
Temperature Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Reservoir Rocks ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Crystal Core ◽  
Higher Temperature ◽  
Scanning Electron

AbstractChemical variations in individual chlorite crystals of diagenetic origin delineated by energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS) in a transmission electron microscope (TEM) indicate a temperature dependent chemical zonation in each grain. Silicon decreases and Al increases with higher temperature resulting in a decreasing Si/Al ratio away from the crystal core reflecting the time and rate of the crystal growth. Chlorite particle-size distributions obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) give steady state profiles which suggests that the chlorite growth is controlled by a grain coarsening process related to Ostwald ripening.

scholarly journals Synchrotron X-ray tomographic quantification of microstructural evolution in ice cream – a multi-phase soft solid

RSC Advances ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 7 (25) ◽  
pp. 15561-15573 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enyu Guo ◽  
Guang Zeng ◽  
Daniil Kazantsev ◽  
Peter Rockett ◽  
Julian Bent ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Microstructural Evolution ◽  
Ice Cream ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Internal Morphology ◽  
Multi Phase

Synchrotron X-ray tomography reveals the evolving internal morphology of a multi-phase soft solid, ice cream, enabling time dependent quantitation.

X-ray microanalysis of thin specimens in the transmission electron microscope at voltages up to 1000 Kv.

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 540-541
Author(s):  
G. Cliff ◽  
M.J. Nasir ◽  
G.W. Lorimer ◽  
N. Ridley
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscope ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscope ◽  
Weight Fraction ◽  
Present Series ◽  
Constant Independent ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Series Of Experiments ◽  
Image Position ◽  
X Ray Absorption

In a specimen which is transmission thin to 100 kV electrons - a sample in which X-ray absorption is so insignificant that it can be neglected and where fluorescence effects can generally be ignored (1,2) - a ratio of characteristic X-ray intensities, I1/I2 can be converted into a weight fraction ratio, C1/C2, using the equationwhere k12 is, at a given voltage, a constant independent of composition or thickness, k12 values can be determined experimentally from thin standards (3) or calculated (4,6). Both experimental and calculated k12 values have been obtained for K(11<Z>19),kα(Z>19) and some Lα radiation (3,6) at 100 kV. The object of the present series of experiments was to experimentally determine k12 values at voltages between 200 and 1000 kV and to compare these with calculated values.The experiments were carried out on an AEI-EM7 HVEM fitted with an energy dispersive X-ray detector.

The “KIMWIPE” Effect in Ultra-Thin Cryosections

1985 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 458-459
Author(s):  
I. Taylor ◽  
P. Ingram ◽  
J.R. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Skeletal Muscle ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Muscle Fibers ◽  
Ice Crystals ◽  
Crystal Formation ◽  
Ice Crystal ◽  
Thin Sections ◽  
Skeletal Muscle Fibers ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Ice Crystal Formation

In studying quick-frozen single intact skeletal muscle fibers for structural and microchemical alterations that occur milliseconds, and fractions thereof, after electrical stimulation, we have developed a method to compare, directly, ice crystal formation in freeze-substituted thin sections adjacent to all, and beneath the last, freeze-dried cryosections. We have observed images in the cryosections that to our knowledge have not been published heretofore (Figs.1-4). The main features are that isolated, sometimes large regions of the sections appear hazy and have much less contrast than adjacent regions. Sometimes within the hazy regions there are smaller areas that appear crinkled and have much more contrast. We have also observed that while the hazy areas remain still, the regions of higher contrast visibly contract in the beam, often causing tears in the sections that are clearly not caused by ice crystals (Fig.3, arrows).

Hubungan antara Luas Lesi pada Foto Toraks Penderita TB Paru Dewasa yang Memiliki Riwayat Diabetes Melitus dengan Indeks Massa Tubuh di Rumah Sakit Hasan Sadikin Bandung

2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (3) ◽  
pp. 138-144
Author(s):  
Ina Edwina ◽  
Rista D Soetikno ◽  
Irma H Hikmat
Keyword(s):  
Chest Radiograph ◽  
Chi Square ◽  
Pulmonary Tb ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Consecutive Sampling ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Chi Square Test ◽  
Chest X Ray ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Diabetes Melitus

Background: Tuberculosis (TB) and diabetes mellitus (DM) prevalence rates are increasing rapidly, especially in developing countries like Indonesia. There is a relationship between TB and DM that are very prominent, which is the prevalence of pulmonary TB with DM increased by 20 times compared with pulmonary TB without diabetes. Chest X-ray picture of TB patients with DM is atypical lesion. However, there are contradictories of pulmonary TB lesion on chest radiograph of DM patients. Nutritional status has a close relationship with the morbidity of DM, as well as TB.Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine the relationship between the lesions of TB on the chest radiograph of patients who su?er from DM with their Body Mass Index (BMI) in Hasan Sadikin Hospital Bandung.Material and Methods: The study was conducted in Department of Radiology RSHS Bandung between October 2014 - February 2015. We did a consecutive sampling of chest radiograph and IMT of DM patients with clinical diagnosis of TB, then the data was analysed by Chi Square test to determine the relationship between degree of lesions on chest radiograph of pulmonary TB on patients who have DM with their BMI.Results: The results showed that adult patients with active pulmonary TB with DM mostly in the range of age 51-70 years old, equal to 62.22%, with the highest gender in men, equal to 60%. Chest radiograph of TB in patients with DM are mostly seen in people who are obese, which is 40% and the vast majority of lesions are minimal lesions that is equal to 40%.Conclusions: There is a signifcant association between pulmonary TB lesion degree with BMI, with p = 0.03

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