scholarly journals Volatile Constituents of Floral Scents from Encyclia cordigera (Kunth) Dressler and E. randii (Barb. Rodr.) Porto & Brade (Orchidaceae)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Franciléia de Vasconcelos ◽  
Eloisa Helena Andrade ◽  
Luiz Otávio Teixeira ◽  
José Guilherme Maia
Keyword(s):  
Central America ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Brazilian Amazon ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Tropical Region ◽  
Benzyl Benzoate ◽  
Orchid Species ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Pollinating Insects

Encyclia cordigera is native from Central America tropical region, and Encyclia randii occurs at Brazilian Amazon environment domains. Floral concentrates from both Encyclia species were extracted, analyzed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry, and identified compounds belong to terpenoids, phenylpropanoids, and fatty acid derivatives classes. Primary constituents of the E. cordigera floral scent were β-ionol (45.4%), terpinen-4-ol (12.4%), benzyl benzoate (5.6%), and indole (5.0%). (2E,6Z)-Farnesol (24.9%), heptanal (11.8%), (E)-nerolidol (9.4%), nonanal (6.4%), p-vinyl-guaiacol (6.0%), and phenylethyl benzoate (5.3%) have predominated in the floral scent of E. randii. From the olfactory standpoint, E. cordigera scent was previously characterized as a blend of ionone-floral and aromatic-floral notes. Very likely, E. randii scent presents the woody fragrance due to sesquiterpenes (2E,6Z)-farnesol and (E)-nerolidol and the fruity note from the aldehydes heptanal and nonanal. Floral perfume plays a fundamental role in attracting pollinating insects, whose symbiosis contributes to the appearance of chemical variations in orchid species.

scholarly journals Variation in Floral Scent Compositions of Different Lily Hybrid Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Kong ◽  
Jinrong Bai ◽  
Lixin Lang ◽  
Fang Bao ◽  
Xiaoying Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Asiatic Hybrids ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Hybrid Group

Lilium cultivars have a wide range of variation in floral scent phenotypes. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of volatile emissions during the night, the floral scent compositions of 35 lily cultivars from seven different hybrid groups were studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between volatile emission levels and scent intensities. Nonscented lily cultivars belonging to Asiatic hybrids hardly emitted volatiles, light-scented Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids emitted low levels of volatiles, and scented lily cultivars (belonging to Oriental, Trumpet, Longiflorum, Longiflorum × Oriental, and Oriental × Trumpet hybrids) emitted significantly high levels of volatiles. In general, the scent compositions of lily cultivars were similar within the same hybrid group, and the differences among hybrid groups reflect their pedigree. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids dominated the floral scents of most volatile-emitting lily cultivars, whereas monoterpenoids alone dominated the floral scents of some volatile-emitting lilies. Although various scent compounds were released from volatile-emitting lily cultivars, the dominant scent compounds were focused on three monoterpenoids [1.8-cineole, linalool, and (E)-β-ocimene] and one benzenoid (methyl benzoate). The scent traits of lily cultivars could be traced back to their parents.

scholarly journals Floral Scents in Pachira aquatica (Malvaceae): A Species with Diverse Floral Visitors in a Mexican Lowland Forests

2018 ◽  
Vol 13 (10) ◽  
pp. 1934578X1801301
Author(s):  
Iván Pale-Ezquivel ◽  
Armando Aguirre-Jaimes ◽  
Javier Hernández ◽  
Rosamond Coates ◽  
Zaira Domínguez
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Dynamic Headspace ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Lowland Forests ◽  
Floral Visitors ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectroscopy ◽  
Nitrogen Containing Compounds

The chemical composition of the floral scent released by Pachira aquatica was analyzed in situ using standard dynamic headspace and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectroscopy. A total of 34 compounds were found in the scent, 31 of which were identified and classified as terpenoids, benzenoids, fatty acid derivatives or nitrogen containing compounds. The predominant compounds emitted are trans-β-ocimene (51.74 %), ( Z)-3-hexenyl acetate (7.96 %), one of the unknown compounds (7.44 %), pentyl butanoate (7.02 %), trans-caryophyllene (4.49 %), methyl salicylate (3.49 %) and methyl benzoate (2.26 %).

scholarly journals The variation of volatile compounds emitted from aromatic orchid (Phalaenopsis bellina) at different timing and flowering stages

Plant Omics ◽  
2020 ◽  
pp. 78-85
Author(s):  
Ahmad Asnawi Mus ◽  
Jualang Azlan Gansau ◽  
Vijay Subbiah Kumar ◽  
Nor Azizun Rusdi
Keyword(s):  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Volatile Compound ◽  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gene Isolation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Full Bloom ◽  
Flower Bud ◽  
Orchid Species

Phalaenopsis bellina, is an orchid widely known for their distinctive fragrance. Of late, fragrant orchids are getting more attention from Orchid breeders for their horticultural market value. Although volatile compounds have been identified in several orchid species, the floral scent emission of P. bellina is far from understood. Therefore, this study was carried out to investigate the influence of different timing and floral development stages on the volatile emissions from P. bellina flowers using Solid Phase Micro Extraction (SPME) and Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). The volatile compound was extracted during morning and afternoon sessions from three different floral developmental stages. The volatile compounds emitted from flowers from two different sessions were trapped with SPME fiber for 30 minutes before directly injected into GC-MS for identification. Results showed that approximately 79 volatile compounds were identified, with the terpenoid presented as the major compound class. P. bellina had the highest number of volatiles during the morning and full bloom (41), with 29.82% monoterpene and 23.33% sesquiterpenes accounted in total. α-farnesene (19.56%) was abundance during morning emission and remains as the highest volatile in afternoon emission (44.08%), even higher when compared to morning emission. However, a decrease in the volatile compound was observed in afternoon emission, in which only 34 volatile compounds detected. Meanwhile, partial bloom developmental stage revealed linalool as the major terpenoid volatile compounds (25.89%), with only 20 volatile compounds recorded. On the other hand, no volatile compounds were recorded and profiled from flower bud stage. The establishment of a floral scent study provides a brief overview of the regulation of fragrance in P. bellina, which can be continued through gene isolation or fragrance-related enzymes study. This information will provide necessary information on orchid floral scent research that useful in boosting horticultural trade of the scented orchids and their function in pollination ecology study

scholarly journals Composition and Emission Rhythm of Floral Scent Volatiles from Eight Lily Cut Flowers

2012 ◽  
Vol 137 (6) ◽  
pp. 376-382 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Kong ◽  
Ming Sun ◽  
Hui-tang Pan ◽  
Qi-xiang Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Neutral Red ◽  
Ethyl Benzoate ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Volatiles ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Direct Thermal Desorption

Floral scents emitted from eight cultivars of cut lily flowers (Lilium) were analyzed. Floral volatiles were collected by headspace adsorption on sorbent tubes and analyzed by gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) using a direct thermal desorption. Fifty volatile compounds were identified. Nine compounds were detected in all lilies, whereas 20 compounds were detected in all scented lilies. The results revealed that non-scented lilies emitted trace amounts of volatile compounds, whereas scented lilies emitted high levels of volatile compounds. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids were the dominant compound classes of volatiles emitted from scented lilies. Myrcene, (E)-β-ocimene, linalool, methyl benzoate, and ethyl benzoate were the major compounds of the aroma of scented lilies; 1,8-cineole was also a major compound in the two scented oriental × trumpet hybrid lilies. Scent emissions occurred in a circadian rhythm with higher levels of volatiles emitted during the night. Lilium ‘Siberia’ was selected as a model to investigate the source of the emissions. GC/MS analysis of four flower parts and neutral red staining revealed that tepals were the source of floral scent.

scholarly journals Floral Scent and Pollinators of Cypripedium calceolus L. at Different Latitudes

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Stefan Dötterl
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Octyl Acetate ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Floral scent is an important trait in plant–pollinator interactions. It not only varies among plant species but also among populations within species. Such variability might be caused by various non–selective factors, or, as has been shown in some instances, might be the result of divergent selective pressures exerted by variable pollinator climates. Cypripedium calceolus is a Eurasian deceptive orchid pollinated mainly by bees, which spans wide altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in mainly quite isolated populations. In the present study, we investigated whether pollinators and floral scents vary among different latitudes. Floral scents of three C. calceolus populations in the Southern Alps were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These data were completed by previously published scent data of the Northern Alps and Scandinavia. The scent characteristics were compared with information on pollinators recorded for present study or available in the literature. More than 80 scent compounds were overall recorded from plants of the three regions, mainly aliphatics, terpenoids, and aromatics. Seven compounds were found in all samples, and most samples were dominated by linalool and octyl acetate. Although scents differed among regions and populations, the main compounds were similar among regions. Andrena and Lasioglossum species were the main pollinators in all three regions, with Andrena being relatively more abundant than Lasioglossum in Scandinavia. We discuss natural selection mediated by pollinators and negative frequency–dependent selection as possible reasons for the identified variation of floral scent within and among populations and regions.

scholarly journals The volatiles of pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria and related bacteria

2012 ◽  
Vol 8 ◽  
pp. 290-299 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thorben Nawrath ◽  
Georgies F Mgode ◽  
Bart Weetjens ◽  
Stefan H E Kaufmann ◽  
Stefan Schulz
Keyword(s):  
Rational Design ◽  
Closed Loop ◽  
Growth Curves ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Absolute Amount ◽  
Liquid Media ◽  
Diagnostic Measures ◽  
Fatty Acid Derivatives ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Volatile Production

Volatiles released by pathogenic and nonpathogenic mycobacteria, as well as by mycobacteria-relatedNocardiaspp., were analyzed. Bacteria were cultivated on solid and in liquid media, and headspace samples were collected at various times during the bacterial lifecycle to elucidate the conditions giving optimal volatile emission. Emitted volatiles were collected by using closed-loop stripping analysis (CLSA) and were analyzed by gas-chromatography–mass-spectrometry. A wide range of compounds was produced, although the absolute amount was small. Nevertheless, characteristic bouquets of compounds could be identified. Predominantly aromatic compounds and fatty-acid derivatives were released by pathogenic/nonpathogenic mycobacteria, while the twoNocardiaspp. (N. asteroidesandN. africana) emitted the sesquiterpene aciphyllene. PathogenicMycobacterium tuberculosisstrains grown on agar plates produced a distinct bouquet with different volatiles, while liquid cultures produce less compounds but sometimes an earlier onset of volatile production because of their steeper growth curves under this conditions. This behavior differentiatesM. tuberculosisfrom other mycobacteria, which generally produced fewer compounds in seemingly lower amounts. Knowledge of the production of volatiles byM. tuberculosiscan facilitate the rational design of alternative and faster diagnostic measures for tuberculosis.

Genome-wide investigation of WRKY transcription factors in sweet osmanthus and their potential regulation of aroma synthesis

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 557-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenjie Ding ◽  
Qixia Ouyang ◽  
Yuli Li ◽  
Tingting Shi ◽  
Ling Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Transcription Factors ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Wrky Transcription Factors ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Zinc Cluster ◽  
Terpene Synthesis

Abstract WRKY transcription factors, one of the largest transcription factor families, play important roles in regulating the synthesis of secondary metabolites. In sweet osmanthus (Osmanthus fragrans), the monoterpenes have been demonstrated as the most important volatile compounds, and the W-box, which is the cognate binding site of WRKY transcription factors, could be identified in most of the terpene-synthesis-related genes’ promoters. However, the role of the WRKY family in terpene synthesis in sweet osmanthus has rarely been examined. In this study, 154 WRKY genes with conserved WRKY domain were identified and classified into three groups. The group II was further divided into five subgroups, and almost all members of IId contained a plant zinc cluster domain. Eight OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/38/42/84/95/139) were screened from 20 OfWRKYs for their flower-specific expression patterns in different tissues. Simultaneously, the expression patterns of OfWRKYs and emission patterns of volatile compounds during the flowering process were determined and gas chromatography-mass spectrometry results showed that monoterpenes, such as linalool and ocimene, accounted for the highest proportion, contributing to the floral scent of sweet osmanthus in two cultivars. In addition, correlation analysis revealed the expression patterns of OfWRKYs (OfWRKY7/19/36/139) were each correlated with distinct monoterpenes (linalool, linalool derivatives, ocimene and ocimene derivatives). Subcellular localization analysis showed that p35S::GFP–OfWRKY7/38/95/139 were localized in the nucleus and OfWRKY139 had very strong transactivation activity. Collectively, the results indicated potential roles of OfWRKY139 and OfWRKYs with plant zinc cluster domain in regulating synthesis of aromatic compounds in sweet osmanthus, laying the foundation for use of OfWRKYs to improve the aroma of ornamental plants.

scholarly journals Identification of Floral Scent Profiles in Bearded Irises

Molecules ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (9) ◽  
pp. 1773 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yuan Yuan ◽  
Ye Sun ◽  
Yanchun Zhao ◽  
Chungui Liu ◽  
Xiulan Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Ornamental Plants ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Hierarchical Cluster ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Methyl Cinnamate ◽  
Citronellyl Acetate ◽  
Iris Germanica ◽  
Scent Profile

Bearded irises are ornamental plants with distinctive floral fragrance grown worldwide. To identify the floral scent profiles, twenty-seven accessions derived from three bearded iris, including Iris. germanica, I. pumila and I. pallida were used to investigate the composition and relative contents of floral scent components by headspace solid-phase microextraction (HS-SPME) and gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC-MS). A total of 219 floral scent components were detected in blooming flowers. The scent profile varied significantly among and within the three investigated species. Principal component analysis (PCA) indicated that terpenes, alcohols and esters contributed the most to the floral scent components and 1-caryophyllene, linalool, citronellol, methyl cinnamate, β-cedrene, thujopsene, methyl myristate, linalyl acetate, isosafrole, nerol, geraniol were identified as the major components. In a hierarchical cluster analysis, twenty-seven accessions could be clustered into six different groups, most of which had representative scent components such as linalool, citronellyl acetate, thujopsene, citronellol, methyl cinnamate and 1-caryophyllene. Our findings provide a theoretical reference for floral scent evaluation and breeding of bearded irises.

scholarly journals Floral Scent Evaluation of Three Cut Flowers Through Sensorial and Gas Chromatography Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Aros ◽  
Nicole Garrido ◽  
Constanza Rivas ◽  
Marcela Medel ◽  
Carsten Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Sensorial Analysis

The main function of floral scent is to attract and guide pollinators, but it is also an important character in the ornamental plant industry. Several studies have considered the chemical evaluation of floral scent during vase life, but only a few have considered sensorial analysis of this character, which is a very important quality trait for the marketing of ornamental plants. This study focused on assessing the floral scent of three fragrant cut flowers of high economic importance: Lilium, chrysanthemum, and freesia. Eighty individuals were included in a sensorial analysis where the attributes of floral scent liking and intensity were evaluated. The composition of the floral scent was analyzed through the collection of headspace followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The floral scents of oriental lily and freesia were perceived as more intense, compared to chrysanthemum. A total of 28 volatile compounds were detected and the monoterpenes β-pinene (40.7 ± 1.8 μg·L−1), β-cis-ocimene (5552 ± 990 μg·L−1), and linalool (11,800 ± 220 μg·L−1) were the major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in chrysanthemum, lilium, and freesia, respectively. The results presented in this study confirm that the concentration and abundance of volatile compounds is not directly related to the human perception of floral scent.

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