Queens of Bombus diversus tersatus (Hymenoptera: Apidae) are innately attracted to floral scents emitted by Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae)

2017 ◽  
Vol 149 (3) ◽  
pp. 372-376
Author(s):  
Ryohei Kubo ◽  
Masato Ono
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Bumble Bee ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Solvent Control ◽  
Cremastra Appendiculata ◽  
Methyl Dodecanoate ◽  
Methyl Decanoate ◽  
Antennal Responses

AbstractThe rewarding orchid, Cremastra appendiculata (Orchidaceae), has a strong floral scent and is pollinated by long-tongued bumble bee queens (Bombus diversus tersatus Smith; Hymenoptera: Apidae). The response of queens of B. diversus tersatus to the scent of C. appendiculata was investigated using a gas chromatography–electroantennographic detector system and Y-tube olfactometer. Gas chromatography–electroantennographic detector analysis of flower extracts showed that seven compounds (nerol, methyl decanoate, methyl dodecanoate, methyl tetradecanoate, methyl hexadecanoate, ethyl dodecanoate, and ethyl tetradecanoate) elicited antennal responses from B. diversus tersatus queens. Further, Y-tube olfactometer test results showed that queens significantly preferred both the flower extracts and synthetic mixture of seven EAD active compounds compared with pentane (a solvent control). These results suggest that floral scents play an important role in attracting queens and promote successful pollination.

scholarly journals Variation in Floral Scent Compositions of Different Lily Hybrid Groups

2017 ◽  
Vol 142 (3) ◽  
pp. 175-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ying Kong ◽  
Jinrong Bai ◽  
Lixin Lang ◽  
Fang Bao ◽  
Xiaoying Dou ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Asiatic Hybrids ◽  
Low Levels ◽  
Range Of Variation ◽  
Hybrid Group

Lilium cultivars have a wide range of variation in floral scent phenotypes. Using gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) analyses of volatile emissions during the night, the floral scent compositions of 35 lily cultivars from seven different hybrid groups were studied. The results showed that there was a positive correlation between volatile emission levels and scent intensities. Nonscented lily cultivars belonging to Asiatic hybrids hardly emitted volatiles, light-scented Longiflorum × Asiatic hybrids emitted low levels of volatiles, and scented lily cultivars (belonging to Oriental, Trumpet, Longiflorum, Longiflorum × Oriental, and Oriental × Trumpet hybrids) emitted significantly high levels of volatiles. In general, the scent compositions of lily cultivars were similar within the same hybrid group, and the differences among hybrid groups reflect their pedigree. Monoterpenoids and benzenoids dominated the floral scents of most volatile-emitting lily cultivars, whereas monoterpenoids alone dominated the floral scents of some volatile-emitting lilies. Although various scent compounds were released from volatile-emitting lily cultivars, the dominant scent compounds were focused on three monoterpenoids [1.8-cineole, linalool, and (E)-β-ocimene] and one benzenoid (methyl benzoate). The scent traits of lily cultivars could be traced back to their parents.

scholarly journals Floral Scent and Pollinators of Cypripedium calceolus L. at Different Latitudes

Diversity ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 5
Author(s):  
Herbert Braunschmid ◽  
Robin Guilhot ◽  
Stefan Dötterl
Keyword(s):  
Floral Scent ◽  
Latitudinal Gradients ◽  
Isolated Populations ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Selective Pressures ◽  
Octyl Acetate ◽  
Important Trait ◽  
Cypripedium Calceolus ◽  
Negative Frequency Dependent Selection ◽  
Plant Pollinator

Floral scent is an important trait in plant–pollinator interactions. It not only varies among plant species but also among populations within species. Such variability might be caused by various non–selective factors, or, as has been shown in some instances, might be the result of divergent selective pressures exerted by variable pollinator climates. Cypripedium calceolus is a Eurasian deceptive orchid pollinated mainly by bees, which spans wide altitudinal and latitudinal gradients in mainly quite isolated populations. In the present study, we investigated whether pollinators and floral scents vary among different latitudes. Floral scents of three C. calceolus populations in the Southern Alps were collected by dynamic headspace and analyzed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). These data were completed by previously published scent data of the Northern Alps and Scandinavia. The scent characteristics were compared with information on pollinators recorded for present study or available in the literature. More than 80 scent compounds were overall recorded from plants of the three regions, mainly aliphatics, terpenoids, and aromatics. Seven compounds were found in all samples, and most samples were dominated by linalool and octyl acetate. Although scents differed among regions and populations, the main compounds were similar among regions. Andrena and Lasioglossum species were the main pollinators in all three regions, with Andrena being relatively more abundant than Lasioglossum in Scandinavia. We discuss natural selection mediated by pollinators and negative frequency–dependent selection as possible reasons for the identified variation of floral scent within and among populations and regions.

scholarly journals Flowers of Deceptive Aristolochia microstoma Are Pollinated by Phorid Flies and Emit Volatiles Known From Invertebrate Carrion

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas Rupp ◽  
Birgit Oelschlägel ◽  
Katharina Rabitsch ◽  
Hafez Mahfoud ◽  
Torsten Wenke ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Ground Level ◽  
Food Sources ◽  
Dynamic Headspace ◽  
Sexual Deception ◽  
Flower Visitor ◽  
Experimental Approaches ◽  
Phorid Flies

Deceptive flowers decoy pollinators by advertising a reward, which finally is not provided. Numerous deceptive plants are pollinated by Diptera, but the attractive cues and deceptive strategies are only identified in a few cases. A typical fly-deceptive plant genus is Aristolochia, which evolved sophisticated trap flowers to temporarily capture pollinators. Though rarely demonstrated by experimental approaches, Aristolochia species are believed to chemically mimic brood sites, food sources for adult flies, or utilize sexual deception. Indeed, for most species, studies on scent composition and attractive signals are lacking. In this study, we focused on Aristolochia microstoma, a peculiar Greek endemic with flowers that are presented at ground level in the leaf litter or between rocks and are characterized by a unique morphology. We analyzed flower visitor and pollinator spectra and identified the floral scent composition using dynamic headspace and gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry (GC/MS). Female and male phorid flies (Phoridae) are the exclusive pollinators, although the flowers are also frequently visited by Sciaridae, as well as typical ground-dwelling arthropods, such as Collembola and arachnids. The carrion-like floral scent mainly consists of the oligosulphide dimethyldisulfide and the nitrogen-bearing compound 2,5-dimethylpyrazine. These compounds together are known to be released from decomposing insects, and thus, we conclude that pollinators are likely deceived by chemical imitation of invertebrate carrion, a deceptive strategy not described from another plant species so far.

scholarly journals Floral Scent Evaluation of Three Cut Flowers Through Sensorial and Gas Chromatography Analysis

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 131 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danilo Aros ◽  
Nicole Garrido ◽  
Constanza Rivas ◽  
Marcela Medel ◽  
Carsten Müller ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Volatile Compounds ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Vase Life ◽  
Quality Trait ◽  
Main Function ◽  
Cut Flowers ◽  
Sensorial Analysis

The main function of floral scent is to attract and guide pollinators, but it is also an important character in the ornamental plant industry. Several studies have considered the chemical evaluation of floral scent during vase life, but only a few have considered sensorial analysis of this character, which is a very important quality trait for the marketing of ornamental plants. This study focused on assessing the floral scent of three fragrant cut flowers of high economic importance: Lilium, chrysanthemum, and freesia. Eighty individuals were included in a sensorial analysis where the attributes of floral scent liking and intensity were evaluated. The composition of the floral scent was analyzed through the collection of headspace followed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The floral scents of oriental lily and freesia were perceived as more intense, compared to chrysanthemum. A total of 28 volatile compounds were detected and the monoterpenes β-pinene (40.7 ± 1.8 μg·L−1), β-cis-ocimene (5552 ± 990 μg·L−1), and linalool (11,800 ± 220 μg·L−1) were the major volatile organic compounds (VOCs) present in chrysanthemum, lilium, and freesia, respectively. The results presented in this study confirm that the concentration and abundance of volatile compounds is not directly related to the human perception of floral scent.

scholarly journals Optimization of SPME-GC-MS and Characterization of Floral Scents from Aquilegia Japonica and A. Amurensis Flowers

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hua-Ying Wang ◽  
Wei Zhang ◽  
Jian-Hua Dong ◽  
Hao Wu ◽  
Yuan-Hong Wang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Rapid Evolution ◽  
Model Species ◽  
Floral Scents ◽  
Future Studies ◽  
Volatile Organic ◽  
New Ideas

Abstract The floral scent of plants plays a key role in plant reproduction through the communication between plants and pollinators. Aquilegia as a model species for studying evolution, however, there have been few studies on the floral scents and relationships between floral scents and pollination for Aquilegia taxa. In this study, three types of solid-phase micro-extraction (SPME) fiber coatings (DVB/PDMS, CAR/PDMS, DVB/CAR/PDMS) were evaluated for their performance in extracting volatile organic compounds (VOCs) from flowers of Aquilegia amurensis, which can to contribute to the future studies of elucidating the role of floral scents in the pollination process. In total, 55 VOCs were identified, and among them, 50, 47 and 45 VOCs were extracted by the DVB/CAR/PDMS fiber, CAR/PDMS fiber and DVB/PDMS fibers, respectively. Only 30 VOCs were detected in A. japonica taxa. Furthermore, the relative contents of 8 VOCs were significant different (VIP > 1 and p < 0.05) between the A. amurensis and A. japonica. Therefore, the results can be applied in new studies of the relationships between the chemical composition of floral scents and the processes of attraction of pollinator. It may provide new ideas for rapid evolution and frequent interspecific hybridization of Aquilegia

scholarly journals The influence of the cultivation environment on the fragrance of cyclamens

2018 ◽  
Vol 45 (No. 3) ◽  
pp. 145-155
Author(s):  
Naoe Shibusawa ◽  
Shigeru Matsuyama ◽  
Ryo Ohsawa
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Light Intensity ◽  
Sensory Analysis ◽  
Floral Scent ◽  
Rank Correlation ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Indoor Plants ◽  
Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Cultivation Environment

The scent of scented cyclamen flowers weakens when the plants are displayed for long periods, and this phenomenon is affected by the environment in which the plants are displayed. Counteracting environmental effects on scent intensity requires an understanding of floral scent emission during display. Here, we used gas chromatography-mass spectrometry and sensory analysis to evaluate the influence of light intensity on floral scent emission from scented cyclamens kept indoors and in a greenhouse. For the greenhouse cyclamen, odour intensity was nearly constant throughout the study period. In contrast, the odour intensity of the indoor plants had decreased by 13 days after flowering, and the odour intensities of the indoor and greenhouse cyclamen differed significantly. Rank correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between odour intensity as determined by sensory analysis and the total amount of volatile compounds released as determined by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry. That is, the sensory analysis results could be explained in terms of the emission amounts of odour compounds.

Evaluation of a Human On-site Urine Multidrug Test for Emergency Use With Dogs

2009 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 59-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joan B. Teitler
Keyword(s):  
Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Illicit Drugs ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Professional Judgment ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Clinical Consideration ◽  
Drug Classes ◽  
Test Kit ◽  
Site Test

A rapid, human on-site urine multidrug test was used to screen canine urine samples for the presence of five illegal drugs and drugs from three commonly abused drug classes. Each sample was sent to a toxicology laboratory for gas chromatography/mass spectrometry (GC/MS) validation. On-site test results and GC/MS assays confirmed that the human on-site test kit did identify barbiturates, opiates, benzodiazepines, and amphetamines/methamphetamines in urine from dogs that had received these common illicit drugs/drug classes either intravenously and/or orally. However, neither the on-site test kit nor the GC/MS individual assays for marijuana or methadone, a synthetic opiate, were effective in identifying marijuana and methadone in urine from dogs with suspected or known exposure. No index of suspicion was seen for exposure to phencyclidines or cocaine during the study period, and no exposures were indicated by the on-site test results. Overall, the test is a rapid, readily available, affordable, and useful complement to the veterinarian’s clinical consideration and professional judgment.

BIOSYSTEMATICS OF THE GENUS EUXOA (LEPIDOPTERA: NOCTUIDAE) XVI. (Z)-5-DECENYL ACETATE A SEX ATTRACTANT FOR THREE CLOSELY RELATED SPECIES, EUXOA DECLARATA, EUXOA CAMPESTRIS, AND EUXOA ROCKBURNEI

1981 ◽  
Vol 113 (3) ◽  
pp. 245-249 ◽  
Author(s):  
E. W. Underhill ◽  
W. F. Steck ◽  
J. R. Byers ◽  
M. D. Chisholm
Keyword(s):  
Gas Chromatography ◽  
Related Species ◽  
Active Component ◽  
Sex Attractant ◽  
Field Trials ◽  
Active Fraction ◽  
Capillary Gc ◽  
Closely Related Species ◽  
Lepidoptera Noctuidae ◽  
Antennal Responses

AbstractThe three closely related species of Euxoa cutworm moths comprising the declarata group gave identical male antennal responses to synthetic C10 to C18 alkenyl derivatives. An extract and a solution of the volatile emissions from E. campestris females when fractionated by gas chromatography yielded a single EAG-active fraction whose elution corresponded to a C10 acetate. The active component was assigned (Z)-5-decenyl acetate based on its mass spectrum and capillary GC retention time and the EAG responses of campestris males to isomeric decenyl acetates. Field trials demonstrated (Z)-5-decenyl acetate attracted males of all three species although it was not as attractive as live females. Attraction was suppressed by (Z)-5-dodecenyl actate, (Z)-7-dodecenyl alcohol, and (Z)-7-dodecenyl acetate.

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