scholarly journals Seeding Resilient Restoration: An Indicator System for the Analysis of Tree Seed Systems

Diversity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (8) ◽  
pp. 367
Author(s):  
Rachel J. Atkinson ◽  
Evert Thomas ◽  
Federico Roscioli ◽  
Jonathan P. Cornelius ◽  
Rene Zamora-Cristales ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Seed Selection ◽  
Seed Systems ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Forest Reproductive Material

Achieving multi-million-hectare commitments from countries around the world to restore degraded lands in resilient and sustainable ways requires, among other things, huge volumes of tree planting material. Seed systems encompassing all forest reproductive material (e.g., seeds, cuttings, stakes, and wildings), are key to ensuring that sufficient planting material with a diverse range of suitable species, adapted to local conditions and capable of persisting under a changing climate, is available for restoration projects. The ideal structure of a seed system integrates five components: seed selection and innovation, seed harvesting and production, market access, supply and demand, quality control, and an enabling environment. We propose 15 indicators to evaluate these key components and trial them by assessing national seed systems in 7 Latin American countries. We conclude that the indicators enable a straightforward assessment of the strengths and weaknesses of national seed systems, thus assisting governments to identify key areas for improvement and opportunities for horizontal learning.

scholarly journals Adapting Santiago Method to Determine Appropriate and Resource Efficient Sanitation Systems for an Urban Settlement in Lima Peru

Water ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 1197
Author(s):  
Ainul Firdatun Nisaa ◽  
Manuel Krauss ◽  
Dorothee Spuhler
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Informal Settlement ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Appropriateness Criteria ◽  
Nitrogen And Phosphorus ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Diverse Range ◽  
Novel Technologies ◽  
Sanitation Systems

The pre-selection of locally appropriate sanitation technologies and systems is crucial for strategic sanitation planning as any decision is only as good as the options presented. One approach that allows us to systematically consider the local conditions and a diverse range of conventional and novel technologies and systems is the Santiago method. In this paper, we discuss whether the Santiago method can be applied to the case of Latin America and what we would gain from this application. We do so by expanding the Santiago technology library with technologies that have been shown to be promising in metropolitan areas of Latin America, such as condominial sewer, container-based sanitation, and activated sludge. We then apply Santiago to the semi-informal settlement Quebrada Verde (QV) in Lima, Peru. Using Santiago, we were able to generate 265,185 sanitation system options from 42 technologies and 18 appropriateness criteria. A set of 17 appropriate and divers are then selected. The diversity is defined by 17 system templates. To further evaluate these 17 systems, resource recovery and loss potentials are quantified. Higher nutrients (nitrogen and phosphorus) and total solids recovery are observed for systems that combine urine diversion and biofuel production. The case of QV shows that the Santiago method is applicable in the Latin American context.

The nexus between financial development and energy consumption: Estimating the role of foreign direct investment, economic growth and urbanization

2021 ◽  
pp. 0958305X2110453
Author(s):  
Jaleel Ahmed ◽  
Shuja ur Rehman ◽  
Zaid Zuhaira ◽  
Shoaib Nisar
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Foreign Direct Investment ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Financial Development ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Direct Investment ◽  
Negative Impact ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
The Impact

This study examines the impact of financial development on energy consumption for a wide array of countries. The estimators used for financial development are foreign direct investment, economic growth and urbanization. The study employed a panel data regression on 136 countries with time frame of years 1990 to 2019. The model in this study deploys system GMM technique to estimate the model. The results show that financial development has a significant negative impact on energy consumption overall. Foreign direct investment and urbanization has significant impact on energy consumption. Also, economic growth positive impact on energy consumption its mean that economic growth promotes energy consumption. When dividing further the sample into different groups of regions such as Asian, European, African, North/Latin American and Caribbean countries then mixed results related to the nexus between financial development and energy consumption with respect to economic growth, urbanization and foreign direct investment. The policymakers in these different groups of countries must balance the relationship between energy supply and demand to achieving the sustainable economic development.

scholarly journals OC 8566 THE UNIVERSIDADE EDUARDO MONDLANE AND UNIVERSITY OF CALIFORNIA SAN DIEGO PARTNERSHIP, A PARADIGM FOR INSTITUTIONAL AND HUMAN RESOURCES CAPACITY BUILDING

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (Suppl 3) ◽  
pp. A14.1-A14
Author(s):  
Emilia Noormahomed ◽  
Robert Scooley
Keyword(s):  
Capacity Building ◽  
Latin American ◽  
San Diego ◽  
Evaluation Process ◽  
Monitoring And Evaluation ◽  
Lessons Learned ◽  
University Of California ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Fourfold Increase ◽  
Administrative Capacity

BackgroundCollaborations between lower- and middle-income countries (LMICs) and high-income countries (HICs) are often scientifically and structurally driven by the HICs. Here we aim to describe a paradigm shift in collaboration, exemplified by the collaboration between the Universidade Eduardo Mondlane and University of California, San Diego through the Medical Education Partnership Initiative (MEPI), in which the formulation of priorities and administrative infrastructure reside in the LMICs.MethodsWe outline critical features of the MEPI partnership and compare with traditional models of collaboration, key features of success, lessons learned and the way forward.ResultsLMIC programme partners translate broad programme goals and define metrics into priorities tailored to local conditions. Programme funds flow to a LMIC-based leadership group that contracts with HIC-based peers to provide technical and scientific advice and consultation in a reverse funds flow model. Emphasis is placed on strengthening administrative capacity within LMIC institutions and on creating communities of practice with common goals that resulted in expanded collaboration with European, Latin American, and African institutions. A rigorous monitoring and evaluation process modify programme priorities based on evolving opportunities to maximise programme impact.Over five years, more than 63 research projects were designed, 19 of which received external funding and more than 40 manuscripts were published. Mozambican first-authored publications rose from 29% in 2001–2010% to 38% in 2011–2013.Eighteen (18) residents completed internal medicine specialty training between 2010 and 2014. This represents a fourfold increase from over 1991 to 2000. Three (3) Master’s programmes were created at Lurio University and 50 students successfully finished dissertations.ConclusionVesting LMIC partners with the responsibility for programme leadership and building administrative capacity in LMIC institutions substantially enhances programme relevance, impact and sustainability, and facilitates continuing acquisition of research and training funds to support professional development and institutional capacity building.

scholarly journals An Empirical Study of the Measurement of Spatial-Temporal Patterns and Obstacles in the Green Development of Northeast China

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 10190
Author(s):  
Yongsheng Sun ◽  
Lianjun Tong ◽  
Daqian Liu
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
Northeast China ◽  
Temporal Patterns ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Level Indicator ◽  
Development Level ◽  
Green Development ◽  
Resource Endowment ◽  
Development Levels

Green development is not only important for realizing a sustainable development strategy, but also a key approach for constructing an ecological civilization and transforming economic development. On the basis the development concept of a coordinated human–earth relationship and the paradigm of the process–pattern mechanism, this research adopted the drivers, pressures, state, impact, and response (DPSIR) model to build a green development level indicator system. The established indicator system is then applied to explore the spatial-temporal patterns and obstacles in the green development of 34 prefectural cities in Northeast China from 2008 to 2017 by the use of the entropy weight TOPSIS model, the obstacle model and the GIS spatial visualization method. There are three main findings. First, during the research period, the spatial evolution of the green development level of cities in Northeast China has gradually shifted from a small gap at an overall low level to a large gap at an overall high level; the spatial pattern of the green development level in these cities is characterized by a decrease from north to south and obvious spatial agglomeration effects. Second, specific findings in this research fail to indicate that the correlation between the economic development level and green development level of cities in Northeast China is entirely positive. That is, cities with higher economic development levels do not necessarily have higher green development levels, while some cities with lower economic development levels did present higher green development levels, which may be related to each region’s resources and environmental carrying capacity. Third, the mechanisms influencing spatial-temporal variation in the green development level of cities in Northeast China are not identical. Among them, resource endowment conditions, economic development status and government investment scale are playing a vital role in changes in the regional green development level, and they are also behind the diverse evolutionary characteristics presented in the different stages of regional green development. For the cities in Northeast China, in the process of promoting green development and to consolidate their existing green development level, efforts should be made to overcome inefficiencies in socioeconomic growth and to continuously enhance ecological protection and environmental governance. Moreover, it is essential to promote incremental increases in the green development level on the basis of the local conditions through the ingestion, absorption and combination of each city’s own characteristics with lessons from the successful experience of different types of cities. In the future, our research should fully consider the role of urbanization, industrial structure, population density, institutional mechanisms, environmental protection supervision, scientific and technological progress and other factors on the green development level in Northeast China and seek an important entry point to achieve regional human–earth coordination.

scholarly journals Analysis of the expansion of supply and demand of Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology courses in Brazil between 1994 and 2014

Revista CEFAC ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (4) ◽  
pp. 484-492
Author(s):  
Keiner Oliveira Moraes ◽  
Urssula Aparecida Santos Leal Ribeiro ◽  
Renata Maria Moraes Moreira Furlan ◽  
Raphael Augusto Teixeira de Aguiar
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Progressive Increase ◽  
Indicator System ◽  
First Year ◽  
Private Institutions ◽  
Speech Language Pathology ◽  
The Public ◽  
Historical Series ◽  
Legal Nature ◽  
Language Pathology

ABSTRACT Objective: to analyze the offer of courses, vacancies, number of first year and final year students in Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology in Brazil between 1994 and 2014, as well as the number of applicants per vacancy and the ratio of final year students to million inhabitants. Methods: search on the platform of the Sistema de Indicadores das Graduações em Saúde (SIGRAS - Health Under-graduation Indicator System) to obtain the number of courses, vacancies and first and final year students. From these data, the ratios of applicants to vacancy and of final-year students to million inhabitants were calculated, considering the demographic census. The data were analyzed according to the region of Brazil and to the legal nature of the institution. Results: the number of courses, vacancies, first and final year students was higher in the Southeast region and in private institutions in all historical series. Since 2008, there has been a decrease in the number of courses and vacancies in the Southeast and a progressive increase in the Northeast and in the South of the country. The Northeast presented the largest ratio of applicants to vacancy in the historical series. There was an increase in the number of final year students per million inhabitants in the first decade analyzed, followed by a decrease. Conclusion: regional inequality in the distribution of Speech-Language Pathology/Audiology courses in Brazil, greater participation of the private sector and a progressive increase of the public sector are verified.

scholarly journals Pasture Management And Winter Feed

1995 ◽  
Vol 4 ◽  
pp. 23-25
Author(s):  
A. Anon
Keyword(s):  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Pasture Management ◽  
Diverse Range

One of the main objectives of pasture management is to meet the annual feed demand of stock by manipulating the annual feed supply from pasture. This challenge is probably greatest for high country runholders because long cold winters and often dry summers severely disrupt the continuity of pasture growth and create a mismatch between supply and demand. Within each high country run there is generally a diverse range of landscapes environments whose integration with planning, and an appropriate choice of pasture species, and selective management, can help overcome this mismatch.

scholarly journals The one hundred tree species prioritized for planting in the tropics and subtropics as indicated by database mining

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Roeland Kindt ◽  
◽  
Ian K Dawson ◽  
Jens-Peter B Lillesø ◽  
Alice Muchugi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Tree Species ◽  
Global Analysis ◽  
Tree Planting ◽  
Data Sources ◽  
Primary Concern ◽  
Tropical Regions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Forest Reproductive Material ◽  
Vote Count ◽  
The One

A systematic approach to tree planting and management globally is hindered by the limited synthesis of information sources on tree uses and species priorities. To help address this, the authors ‘mined’ information from 23 online global and regional databases to assemble a list of the most frequent tree species deemed useful for planting according to database mentions, with a focus on tropical regions. Using a simple vote count approach for ranking species, we obtained a shortlist of 100 trees mentioned in at least 10 of our data sources (the ‘top-100’ species). A longer list of 830 trees that were mentioned at least five times was also compiled. Our ‘top-100’ list indicated that the family Fabaceae (syn. Leguminosae) was most common. The information associated with our mined data sources indicated that the ‘top-100’ list consisted of a complementary group of species of differing uses. These included the following: for wood (mostly for timber) and fuel production, human nutrition, animal fodder supply, and environmental service provision (varied services). Of these uses, wood was most frequently specified, with fuel and food use also highly important. Many of the ‘top-100’ species were assigned multiple uses. The majority of the ‘top-100’ species had weediness characteristics according to ‘attribute’ invasiveness databases that were also reviewed, thereby demonstrating potential environmental concerns associated with tree planting that need to be balanced against environmental and livelihood benefits. Less than half of the ‘top-100’ species were included in the OECD Scheme for the Certification of Forest Reproductive Material, thus supporting a view that lack of germplasm access is a common concern for trees. A comparison of the ‘top-100’ species with regionally-defined tree inventories indicated their diverse continental origins, as would be anticipated from a global analysis. However, compared to baseline expectations, some geographic regions were better represented than others. Our analysis assists in priority-setting for research and serves as a guide to practical tree planting initiatives. We stress that this ‘top-100’ list does not necessarily represent tree priorities for the future, but provides a starting point for also addressing representation gaps. Indeed, our primary concern going forward is with the latter.

scholarly journals Latin America's Economic Chances in a Post-Covid-19 World

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (5) ◽  
pp. 5-13
Author(s):  
P. Yakovlev
Keyword(s):  
Latin American ◽  
Supply And Demand ◽  
Business Community ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
Positive Order ◽  
American States ◽  
Technological Structure ◽  
Main Thing ◽  
Restrictive Measures

Received 01.12.2020. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic have hit Latin America’s economy and social sphere more than any other crisis in the last hundred years. Coexistence with the virus caused a wave of restrictive measures, destroyed normal mechanisms of supply and demand, collapsed production and foreign trade, dramatically worsened the financial situation of the majority of Latin Americans, exacerbated domestic political problems. The article shows that the extreme severity of the corona crisis was caused not only by its specific features but also by the pairing with other social ills inherent in Latin America: fatal miscalculations of ruling populist regimes, deep-rooted corruption, a huge informal sector of the economy. At the same time, the author attempts to understand the reality of the countries of the region in the post-COVID‑19 period, what can be done to mitigate the negative effects of the epidemic. And the main thing is whether Latin American states have the resources and opportunities to get out of the crisis with a more advanced technological structure of the regional economy. As a matter of fact, in international business and expert circles it is recognized that in recent years new and extremely important economic and social phenomena of the positive order have been born in the leading Latin American states: the modernization of the business community and the strengthening of the role of tecnolatinas, the improvement of the educational level of young people and, on this basis, the qualitative improvement of human capital, the deployment of modernization processes and technological renewal of the production apparatus. The consolidation and development of these trends create unique chances to overcome the extremely unfavourable situation in which the region found itself as a result of the epidemic of coronavirus.

scholarly journals Optimizing the micropropagation protocol for Rosa canina L. elite genotype propagation in the Belgrade area

2021 ◽  
pp. 87-96
Author(s):  
Marija Markovic ◽  
Danijela Djunisijevic-Bojovic ◽  
Dragana Skocajic ◽  
Marijana Milutinovic ◽  
Katarina Buvac
Keyword(s):  
Optimal Time ◽  
Contamination Rate ◽  
Local Conditions ◽  
Iron Chelate ◽  
Rosa Canina ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Mine Lands ◽  
Dog Rose ◽  
Number Of Shoots

Rosa canina L. (dog rose) is an important ornamental, edible and medicinal plant. It has been used as a rootstock for ornamental roses, grown in plantations for fruit harvesting and it is suitable for revegetation of abandoned mine lands. The propagation of native genotypes that are well adapted to local conditions can provide planting material for both revegetation and plantation purpose. Micropropagation is the most suitable method for a rapid vegatative propagation of selected wild genotypes, but an increased presence of pathogens as well as higher contamination rate during culture establishment were expected. An occurrence of a specific Fe-chlorosis during in vitro propagation of roses is also possible. Therefore, the optimal period and disinfection protocol for establishing sterile in vitro culture of selected genotypes of dog rose was investigated, as well as an effect of increasing the FeEDTA concentration in the MS medium during multiplication phase. The obtained results showed that the optimal time for taking initial explants corresponds to optimal time for taking green cuttings in traditional vegetative propagation by softwood cuttings, and the best results were achieved using shoots collected in the first week of May, when the flowers were open. The iron chelate concentration in the medium affected the mean number of shoots, and doubling of its concentration resulted in a considerably higher number of shoots per explant.

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