scholarly journals Time-Adaptive Statistical Test for Random Number Generators

Entropy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 22 (6) ◽  
pp. 630 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris Ryabko
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Asymptotic Properties ◽  
Test Sequence ◽  
P Value ◽  
Specific Test ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
P Values ◽  
Small Deviations ◽  
The One

The problem of constructing effective statistical tests for random number generators (RNG) is considered. Currently, there are hundreds of RNG statistical tests that are often combined into so-called batteries, each containing from a dozen to more than one hundred tests. When a battery test is used, it is applied to a sequence generated by the RNG, and the calculation time is determined by the length of the sequence and the number of tests. Generally speaking, the longer is the sequence, the smaller are the deviations from randomness that can be found by a specific test. Thus, when a battery is applied, on the one hand, the “better” are the tests in the battery, the more chances there are to reject a “bad” RNG. On the other hand, the larger is the battery, the less time it can spend on each test and, therefore, the shorter is the test sequence. In turn, this reduces the ability to find small deviations from randomness. To reduce this trade-off, we propose an adaptive way to use batteries (and other sets) of tests, which requires less time but, in a certain sense, preserves the power of the original battery. We call this method time-adaptive battery of tests. The suggested method is based on the theorem which describes asymptotic properties of the so-called p-values of tests. Namely, the theorem claims that, if the RNG can be modeled by a stationary ergodic source, the value − l o g π ( x 1 x 2 … x n ) / n goes to 1 − h when n grows, where x 1 x 2 … is the sequence, π ( ) is the p-value of the most powerful test, and h is the limit Shannon entropy of the source.

scholarly journals A New Statistical Test for PRNG Based on the Attendance’s Law

2021 ◽  
pp. 37-46
Author(s):  
Babacar Alasane Ndaw ◽  
Ousmane Ndiaye ◽  
Mamadou Sanghar´e ◽  
Cheikh Thi´ecoumba Gueye
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Deterministic Algorithm ◽  
Statistical Test ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cryptographic Primitives ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The One

One family of the cryptographic primitives is random Number Generators (RNG) which have several applications in cryptography such that password generation, nonce generation, Initialisation vector for Stream Cipher, keystream. Recently they are also used to randomise encryption and signature schemes. A pseudo-random number generator (PRNG) or a pseudo-random bit generator (PRBG) is a deterministic algorithm that produces numbers whose distribution is on the one hand indistinguishable from uniform ie. that the probabilities of appearance of the different symbols are equal and that these appearances are all independent. On the other hand, the next output of a PRNG must be unpredictable from all its previous outputs. Indeed, A set of statistical tests for randomness has been proposed in the literature and by NIST to evaluate the security of random(pseudo) bit or block. Unfortunately there are non-random binary streams that pass these standardized tests. In this pap er, as outcome, we intro duce on the one hand a new statistical test in a static contextcalled attendance’s law and on the other hand a distinguisher based on this new attendance’s law.    

scholarly journals True-Randomness and Pseudo-Randomness in Ring Oscillator-Based True Random Number Generators

2010 ◽  
Vol 2010 ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Bochard ◽  
Florent Bernard ◽  
Viktor Fischer ◽  
Boyan Valtchanov
Keyword(s):  
Simulation Model ◽  
Mathematical Analysis ◽  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
System Security ◽  
Ring Oscillator ◽  
Post Processing ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Entropy Reduction ◽  
The One

The paper deals with true random number generators employing oscillator rings, namely, with the one proposed by Sunar et al. in 2007 and enhanced by Wold and Tan in 2009. Our mathematical analysis shows that both architectures behave identically when composed of the same number of rings and ideal logic components. However, the reduction of the number of rings, as proposed by Wold and Tan, would inevitably cause the loss of entropy. Unfortunately, this entropy insufficiency is masked by the pseudo-randomness caused by XOR-ing clock signals having different frequencies. Our simulation model shows that the generator, using more than 18 ideal jitter-free rings having slightly different frequencies and producing only pseudo-randomness, will let the statistical tests pass. We conclude that a smaller number of rings reduce the security if the entropy reduction is not taken into account in post-processing. Moreover, the designer cannot avoid that some of rings will have the same frequency, which will cause another loss of entropy. In order to confirm this, we show how the attacker can reach a state where over 25% of the rings are locked and thus completely dependent. This effect can have disastrous consequences on the system security.

scholarly journals An overview of hybrid random number generators

2020 ◽  
Vol XXIII (1) ◽  
pp. 248-252
Author(s):  
Veronica Cornaciu
Keyword(s):  
Detailed Analysis ◽  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Pseudo Random Number ◽  
First Category ◽  
Mouse Movement ◽  
The One ◽  
Special Category

The generation of random numbers is a important topic in cryptography. Random number generators are bradly divided into two categories: random number generators(RNGs) and pseudo-random number generators(PRNGs). If the PRNGs werw intensively studied in the specialized literature, many such generators being built and analyzed, the topic of RNGs did not capture the researchers atention so much. Candidates in this first category generate nondeterministic sequences and are often based on physical reactions, such as radioactive degradation or mouse movement. A special category of generators is the one that combines the two categories, namely, the category of hybrid generators (HRGs). The purpose of this paper is to study in detail the category of hybrid generators and to provide a detailed analysis of the results of statistical tests, security , portability and how to improve some of the generators of this category.

The Effectiveness of Durante Hemodialysis Packed Red Cells (PRC) Transfusion on Hemoglobin Levels

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 013-018
Author(s):  
Pria Wahyu Romadhon Girianto ◽  
Mega Wahyu Mulyasari
Keyword(s):  
Renal Disease ◽  
Chronic Renal Disease ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
P Value ◽  
Test Design ◽  
Significance Level ◽  
Study Results ◽  
Post Test ◽  
The One

Renal Disease was a chronic disease that the most attacking people in Indonesia. Damage to this vital organ in the human body greatly affected a person's health condition, one of which was anemia. This study aimed to determine the effectiveness of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusions on hemoglobin levels. The method used was Pre-experimental design, with the One group pre-post test design approach. With a sample of 49 patients who underwent regular hemodialysis at RSUD dr. Iskak Tulungagung. Data were obtained by direct observation. Processed by computerized methods with a statistical t-test, the significance level (α) was 0.05. The study results showed that the hemoglobin levels of the pre-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 4-5 mg/dl (53.06%), and the hemoglobin levels of the post-Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion patients were 6.1-7 mg/dl (34.69%). The results of statistical tests showed that there was an increase in hemoglobin levels in patients who received Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion by 1.22 mg/dl because p-value = 0.000 < 0.05 (α) means that there was an effect. It could be concluded that the delivery of Durante hemodialysis PRC transfusion could help increase hemoglobin levels. This finding was very helpful for chronic Renal Disease patients undergoing hemodialysis, who have been using erythropoietin preparations because PRC transfusions were cheaper and more effective when compared to using erythropoietin preparations

scholarly journals Not p-Values, Said a Little Bit Differently

Econometrics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Startz
Keyword(s):  
P Value ◽  
P Values ◽  
Numerical Examples ◽  
Practical Matter ◽  
The One

As a contribution toward the ongoing discussion about the use and mis-use of p-values, numerical examples are presented demonstrating that a p-value can, as a practical matter, give you a really different answer than the one that you want.

scholarly journals Enhancing the operational efficiency of quantum random number generators

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 10-18
Author(s):  
Botond L. Márton ◽  
Dóra Istenes ◽  
László Bacsárdi
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Practical Implementation ◽  
Random Numbers ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Original Source ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Quantum Phenomena ◽  
The Right

Random numbers are of vital importance in today’s world and used for example in many cryptographical protocols to secure the communication over the internet. The generators producing these numbers are Pseudo Random Number Generators (PRNGs) or True Random Number Generators (TRNGs). A subclass of TRNGs are the Quantum based Random Number Generators (QRNGs) whose generation processes are based on quantum phenomena. However, the achievable quality of the numbers generated from a practical implementation can differ from the theoretically possible. To ease this negative effect post-processing can be used, which contains the use of extractors. They extract as much entropy as possible from the original source and produce a new output with better properties. The quality and the different properties of a given output can be measured with the help of statistical tests. In our work we examined the effect of different extractors on two QRNG outputs and found that witg the right extractor we can improve their quality.

SRAM Based Random Number Generator for Non-Repeating Pattern Generation

2014 ◽  
Vol 573 ◽  
pp. 181-186 ◽  
Author(s):  
G.P. Ramesh ◽  
A. Rajan
Keyword(s):  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Random Number Generator ◽  
Random Number Generation ◽  
Pattern Generation ◽  
Storage Device ◽  
Number Generator ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Field Programmable ◽  
The Look

—Field-programmable gate array (FPGA) optimized random number generators (RNGs) are more resource-efficient than software-optimized RNGs because they can take advantage of bitwise operations and FPGA-specific features. A random number generator (RNG) is a computational or physical device designed to generate a sequence of numbers or symbols that lack any pattern, i.e. appear random. The many applications of randomness have led to the development of several different methods for generating random data. Several computational methods for random number generation exist, but often fall short of the goal of true randomness though they may meet, with varying success, some of the statistical tests for randomness intended to measure how unpredictable their results are (that is, to what degree their patterns are discernible).LUT-SR Family of Uniform Random Number Generators are able to handle randomness only based on seeds that is loaded in the look up table. To make random generation efficient, we propose new approach based on SRAM storage device.Keywords: RNG, LFSR, SRAM

scholarly journals ANALYSIS OF RANDOM NUMBER GENERATORS USING MONTE CARLO SIMULATION

1994 ◽  
Vol 05 (03) ◽  
pp. 547-560 ◽  
Author(s):  
P.D. CODDINGTON
Keyword(s):  
Monte Carlo Simulation ◽  
Monte Carlo ◽  
Ising Model ◽  
High Precision ◽  
Random Number ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Exact Results ◽  
Random Number Generators ◽  
Monte Carlo Algorithms

Monte Carlo simulation is one of the main applications involving the use of random number generators. It is also one of the best methods of testing the randomness properties of such generators, by comparing results of simulations using different generators with each other, or with analytic results. Here we compare the performance of some popular random number generators by high precision Monte Carlo simulation of the 2-d Ising model, for which exact results are known, using the Metropolis, Swendsen-Wang, and Wolff Monte Carlo algorithms. Many widely used generators that perform well in standard statistical tests are shown to fail these Monte Carlo tests.

scholarly journals PENGARUH YOGA ANTENATAL TERHADAP TINGKAT KECEMASAN PADA IBU HAMIL TW III DALAM MENGHADAPI PROSES PERSALINAN DI KLINIK YAYASAN BUMI SEHAT

2017 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ni Gusti Ayu Pramita Aswitami
Keyword(s):  
Pregnant Women ◽  
Statistical Tests ◽  
Labor Process ◽  
P Value ◽  
Birth Process ◽  
Match Pair ◽  
Optimal Health ◽  
The Face ◽  
The One ◽  
Wilcoxon Match Pair

<p>ABSTRAK<br />Kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan dapat terjadi pada masa kehamilan yang dapat menyebabkan syok, perdarahan dan berujung pada kematian. Adanya pelayanan kesehatan yang optimal, diharapkan dapat mengurangi tingkat kecemasan ibu hamil dalam menghadapi proses persalinan. Berdasarkan studi pendahuluan di Klinik Yayasan Bumi Sehat, terlihat dari 10 orang ibu hamil, terdapat 7 orang mengalami kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan dan 3 orang tidak mengalami kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan. Kecemasan pada ibu hamil terjadi karena ibu banyak mendengar cerita yang mengatakan melahirkan itu menyakitkan dan juga karena trauma ibu dengan persalinan yang lalu. Yoga antenatal merupakan salah satu cara yang dapat dilakukan oleh ibu hamil untuk mengurangi kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk mengetahui pengaruh yoga antenatal terhadap tingkat kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan.Pada penelitian ini menggunakan desain pre eksperimental dengan rancangan One-Group Pretest-Posttest design. Penelitian ini dilaksanakan di Klinik Yayasan Bumi Sehat, pada bulan Agustus-September 2016. Analisis data menggunakan uji statistik Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test.Hasil penelitian menggunakan uji statistik Wilcoxon Match Pair diperoleh p value sebesar 0,000 lebih kecil dari α 0,05 maka H0 ditolak atau hipotesis dalam penelitian ini diterima yaitu ada pengaruh pemberian yoga antenatal terhadap tingkat kecemasan pada ibu hamil TW III dalam menghadapi proses persalinan. Yoga antenatal yang diberikan pada ibu hamil memiliki pengaruh yang cukup signifikan untuk mengurangi kecemasan dalam menghadapi proses persalinan.<br />Kata Kunci : yoga antenatal, tingkat kecemasan, ibu hamil<br />ABSTRACT Anxiety in the labor process can occur during pregnancy which can cause shock, bleeding and lead to death. The existence of optimal health services, is expected to reduce the level of anxiety pregnant women in the process of childbirth. Based on preliminary studies in Clinical Yayasan Bumi Sehat, that of 10 pregnant women 7 women experience anxiety in labor and three people who did not experience anxiety in the face of labor, because the mother heard many stories - stories of the others say giving birth is painful and there mothers also traumatized by childbirth lalu.salah a way that can be done by pregnant women to reduce anxiety in the face of the delivery process is to conduct antenatal yoga. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of antenatal yoga with the level of anxiety in the face of the delivery process. This study design is a pre-experimental research design with the design of the One-group pretest-posttest design. This research was conducted at the Yayasan Bumi Sehat Clinic, in August-September 2016. Data were analyzed using statistical tests Wilcoxon Match Pairs Test. The results using statistical test of Wilcoxon Match Pair obtained p value of 0.000 is smaller than α 0.05 then Ho is rejected or accepted the hypothesis in this study that there is the effect of antenatal yoga with anxiety levels in pregnant women TW III facing the birth process. Yoga antenatal given to pregnant women to have a significant effect on reducing anxiety in the face of the delivery process. The results of this research is also expected to be further developed by other research<br />Keyword : Antenatal Yoga, Level Anxiety, Pregnancy</p>

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document