scholarly journals Fusion Chain: A Decentralized Lightweight Blockchain for IoT Security and Privacy

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 391
Author(s):  
Dongjun Na ◽  
Sejin Park
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Public Key ◽  
Byzantine Fault Tolerance ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Iot Devices

As the use of internet of things (IoT) devices increases, the importance of security has increased, because personal and private data such as biometrics, images, photos, and voices can be collected. However, there is a possibility of data leakage or manipulation by monopolizing the authority of the data, since such data are stored in a central server by the centralized structure of IoT devices. Furthermore, such a structure has a potential security problem, caused by an attack on the server due to single point vulnerability. Blockchain’s, through their decentralized structure, effectively solve the single point vulnerability, and their consensus algorithm allows network participants to verify data without any monopolizing. Therefore, blockchain technology becomes an effective solution for solving the security problem of the IoT’s centralized method. However, current blockchain technology is not suitable for IoT devices. Blockchain technology requires large storage space for the endless append-only block storing, and high CPU processing power for performing consensus algorithms, while its opened block access policy exposes private data to the public. In this paper, we propose a decentralized lightweight blockchain, named Fusion Chain, to support IoT devices. First, it solves the storage size issue of the blockchain by using the interplanetary file system (IPFS). Second, it does not require high computational power by using the practical Byzantine fault tolerance (PBFT) consensus algorithm. Third, data privacy is ensured by allowing only authorized users to access data through public key encryption using PKI. Fusion Chain was implemented from scratch written using Node.js and golang. The results show that the proposed Fusion Chain is suitable for IoT devices. According to our experiments, the size of the blockchain dramatically decreased, and only 6% of CPU on an ARM core, and 49 MB of memory, is used on average for the consensus process. It also effectively protects privacy data by using a public key infrastructure (PKI).

A blockchain-based authentication scheme for the machine-to-machine communication of a cyber physical system

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-6
Author(s):  
Yi Xie ◽  
Yulin Wang ◽  
Maode Ma
Keyword(s):  
Service Providers ◽  
Single Point ◽  
Authentication Scheme ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Byzantine Fault Tolerance ◽  
Machine To Machine ◽  
Authentication Mechanism ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
To Come ◽  
Machine Communication

Today, the manner in which we communicate has greatly advanced. The technology is not just about machines, but people with technology together. Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication is unavoidable in the Internet of things. However, at the same time, there are more attacks against the M2M system. Therefore, a reliable and secure authentication mechanism is required. Blockchain technology is decentralized and highly secure while being tamper-proof. This protects M2M service providers by eliminating the single point of failures. This paper proposes a blockchain-based authentication scheme that uses a practical Byzantine fault tolerance (pBFT) consensus mechanism for M2M security in cyber physical systems. By implementing a blockchain to an M2M system, it provides an ID for devices on the blockchain. Simulation results have shown that the data on the chain cannot be altered. A pBFT consensus algorithm also ensures that the blockchain network is able to come to a consensus with faults.

scholarly journals IoT Adaptive Dynamic Blockchain Networking Method Based on Discrete Heartbeat Signals

Sensors ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (22) ◽  
pp. 6503
Author(s):  
Xueyang Hu ◽  
Yili Zheng ◽  
Yu Su ◽  
Rui Guo
Keyword(s):  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Byzantine Fault Tolerance ◽  
Herd Effect ◽  
Adaptive Dynamic ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
New Development ◽  
Physical Assets ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Short Network ◽  
Digital Assets

The combination of blockchain technology and Internet of Things (IoT) technology has brought many significant advantages and new development directions. With the development of embedded technology and 5G communication technology, the performance limitations and network limitations that are traditionally believed to restrict the application of blockchain technology to IoT devices have been broken. The development of “blockchain + 5G + IoT” provides reliable data from the source for the blockchain, linking the credible mapping of physical assets and digital assets. However, at the beginning of the blockchain design, the application of the IoT was not fully considered, so there have been some obvious defects in applying the blockchain technology in the IoT. In the Byzantine fault tolerance (BFT) consensus algorithm of traditional blockchain, the entire blockchain network will become paralyzed when more than 1/3 of the nodes in the network are offline. However, in IoT applications, this situation is likely to occur and greatly limits the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT. In order to solve this problem, we proposed an IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain networking method based on discrete heartbeat signals. The feature of the method is to set a different monitoring time for each group of nodes, that is, discrete heartbeat signals monitoring. When the number of nodes gradually decreases, the IoT adaptive dynamic blockchain network can dynamically adapt to this process. Even when more than 1/3 of the IoT are offline, the adaptive dynamic IoT blockchain network can maintain stable running. This method also has the advantages of a short network expectation recovery time and avoids instantaneous system paralysis caused by the thundering herd effect. This research improves the security and stability of the application of blockchain technology in the IoT, and provides the necessary technical foundation for the better combination of blockchain technology and IoT technology.

scholarly journals Novel Defense Schemes for Artificial Intelligence Deployed in Edge Computing Environment

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-20
Author(s):  
Chengcheng Zhou ◽  
Qian Liu ◽  
Ruolei Zeng
Keyword(s):  
Artificial Intelligence ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Defense Strategies ◽  
Network Bandwidth ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Three Layer Architecture ◽  
Model Training ◽  
Iot Devices

The last few years have seen the great potential of artificial intelligence (AI) technology to efficiently and effectively deal with an incredible deluge of data generated by the Internet of Things (IoT) devices. If all the massive data is transferred to the cloud for intelligent processing, it not only brings considerable challenges to the network bandwidth but also cannot meet the needs of AI applications that require fast and real-time response. Therefore, to achieve this requirement, mobile or multiaccess edge computing (MEC) is receiving a substantial amount of interest, and its importance is gradually becoming more prominent. However, with the emerging of edge intelligence, AI also suffers from several tremendous security threats in AI model training, AI model inference, and private data. This paper provides three novel defense strategies to tackle malicious attacks in three aspects. First of all, we introduce a cloud-edge collaborative antiattack scheme to realize a reliable incremental updating of AI by ensuring the data security generated in the training phase. Furthermore, we propose an edge-enhanced defense strategy based on adaptive traceability and punishment mechanism to effectively and radically solve the security problem in the inference stage of the AI model. Finally, we establish a system model based on chaotic encryption with the three-layer architecture of MEC to effectively guarantee the security and privacy of the data during the construction of AI models. The experimental results of these three countermeasures verify the correctness of the conclusion and the feasibility of the methods.

Blockchain Technology - Based Solutions for IOT Security

2022 ◽  
pp. 53-63
Author(s):  
Israa Al_Barazanchi ◽  
Aparna Murthy ◽  
Ahmad AbdulQadir Al Rababah ◽  
Ghadeer Khader ◽  
Haider Rasheed Abdulshaheed ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Data Privacy ◽  
Smart Contracts ◽  
Iot Security ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Iot Applications ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Private Data ◽  
Long Time ◽  
It Applications

Blockchain innovation has picked up expanding consideration from investigating and industry over the later a long time. It permits actualizing in its environment the smart-contracts innovation which is utilized to robotize and execute deals between clients. Blockchain is proposed nowadays as the unused specialized foundation for a few sorts of IT applications. Blockchain would aid avoid the duplication of information because it right now does with Bitcoin and other cryptocurrencies. Since of the numerous hundreds of thousands of servers putting away the Bitcoin record, it’s impossible to assault and alter. An aggressor would need to change the record of 51 percent of all the servers, at the precise same time. The budgetary fetched of such an assault would distantly exceed the potential picks up. The same cannot be said for our private data that lives on single servers possessed by Google and Amazon. In this paper, we outline major Blockchain technology that based as solutions for IOT security. We survey and categorize prevalent security issues with respect to IoT data privacy, in expansion to conventions utilized for organizing, communication, and administration. We diagram security necessities for IoT together with the existing scenarios for using blockchain in IoT applications.

scholarly journals BaDS: Blockchain-Based Architecture for Data Sharing with ABS and CP-ABE in IoT

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yunru Zhang ◽  
Debiao He ◽  
Kim-Kwang Raymond Choo
Keyword(s):  
Data Sharing ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Byzantine Fault Tolerance ◽  
Tolerance Mechanism ◽  
User Privacy ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
User Data ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Inform Decision Making

Internet of Things (IoT) and cloud computing are increasingly integrated, in the sense that data collected from IoT devices (generally with limited computational and storage resources) are being sent to the cloud for processing, etc., in order to inform decision making and facilitate other operational and business activities. However, the cloud may not be a fully trusted entity, like leaking user data or compromising user privacy. Thus, we propose a privacy-preserving and user-controlled data sharing architecture with fine-grained access control, based on the blockchain model and attribute-based cryptosystem. Also, the consensus algorithm in our system is the Byzantine fault tolerance mechanism, rather than Proof of Work.

scholarly journals A Hypergraph-Based Blockchain Model and Application in Internet of Things-Enabled Smart Homes

Sensors ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 2784 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chao Qu ◽  
Ming Tao ◽  
Ruifen Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Internet Of Things ◽  
Data Storage ◽  
Smart Homes ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Smart Devices ◽  
Security Issues ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Security Problem ◽  
Fast Development ◽  
Privacy Issues

With the fast development and expansion of the Internet of Things (IoT), billions of smart devices are being continuously connected, and smart homes, as a typical IoT application, are providing people with various convenient applications, but face security and privacy issues. The idea of Blockchain (BC) theory has brought about a potential solution to the IoT security problem. The emergence of blockchain technology has brought about a change of decentralized management, providing an effective solution for the protection of network security and privacy. On the other hand, the smart devices in IoT are always lightweight and have less energy and memory. This makes the application of blockchain difficult. Against this background, this paper proposes a blockchain model based on hypergraphs. The aims of this model are to reduce the storage consumption and to solve the additional security issues. In the model, we use the hyperedge as the organization of storage nodes and convert the entire networked data storage into part network storage. We discuss the design of the model and security strategy in detail, introducing some use cases in a smart home network and evaluating the storage performance of the model through simulation experiments and an evaluation of the network.

scholarly journals Secure Smart Green House Farming using Blockchain Technology

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2858-2865
Author(s):  
P.Chinnasamy Et al.
Keyword(s):  
Secure Communication ◽  
Remote Access ◽  
Sensor Nodes ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Agricultural Technologies ◽  
Security Breaches ◽  
Green House ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Smart Green House

The evolving agricultural technologies used mostly for remote access and modernization in farming connected via the Internet of Things (IoT) have been grown rapidly. However because of the wide size of all its broadcaster's propagandizing existence, it has some significant concerns with respect to security and privacy. We utilize blockchain to address such security breaches, allowing the development of a decentralized distributed blockchain system that's also exchanged between the IoT cluster heads. This article's major focus is provide smart greenhouse farmlands with a portable blockchain-based infrastructure which offers integrity and confidentiality. Where, green-house IoT sensor nodes are function as a blockchain centrally controlled to optimize the energy consumption by utilizing secure immutable ledgers. Furthermore, we present a significant solution that integrates blockchain technology via IoT devices to offer Smart Greenhouse cultivation with an enhanced secure communication.

scholarly journals Enable Fair Proof-of-Work (PoW) Consensus for Blockchains in IoT by Miner Twins (MinT)

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (11) ◽  
pp. 291
Author(s):  
Qian Qu ◽  
Ronghua Xu ◽  
Yu Chen ◽  
Erik Blasch ◽  
Alexander Aved
Keyword(s):  
Singular Spectrum Analysis ◽  
Consensus Algorithm ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Consensus Protocol ◽  
Computing Power ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Digital Twins ◽  
Operational Characteristics ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Cloud Servers

Blockchain technology has been recognized as a promising solution to enhance the security and privacy of Internet of Things (IoT) and Edge Computing scenarios. Taking advantage of the Proof-of-Work (PoW) consensus protocol, which solves a computation intensive hashing puzzle, Blockchain ensures the security of the system by establishing a digital ledger. However, the computation intensive PoW favors members possessing more computing power. In the IoT paradigm, fairness in the highly heterogeneous network edge environments must consider devices with various constraints on computation power. Inspired by the advanced features of Digital Twins (DT), an emerging concept that mirrors the lifespan and operational characteristics of physical objects, we propose a novel Miner Twins (MinT) architecture to enable a fair PoW consensus mechanism for blockchains in IoT environments. MinT adopts an edge-fog-cloud hierarchy. All physical miners of the blockchain are deployed as microservices on distributed edge devices, while fog/cloud servers maintain digital twins that periodically update miners’ running status. By timely monitoring of a miner’s footprint that is mirrored by twins, a lightweight Singular Spectrum Analysis (SSA)-based detection achieves the identification of individual misbehaved miners that violate fair mining. Moreover, we also design a novel Proof-of-Behavior (PoB) consensus algorithm to detect dishonest miners that collude to control a fair mining network. A preliminary study is conducted on a proof-of-concept prototype implementation, and experimental evaluation shows the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed MinT scheme under a distributed byzantine network environment.

scholarly journals A Research on impact of Blockchain in Healthcare

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S2) ◽  
pp. 35-40
Keyword(s):  
Third Party ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
Privacy Concerns ◽  
Blockchain Technology ◽  
Location Sharing ◽  
Authentication And Authorization ◽  
Promising Solution ◽  
Iot Devices ◽  
Remote Patient ◽  
Education Science

Blockchain refers to a distributed ledger technology that represents an innovation in recording and sharing information without the need for a trusted third party. Blockchain technology offers new tools for security and privacy concerns. Marching towards digitization and analytics, this technology emerges as a promising solution for authentication and authorization issues. It sounds so amazing that this technology that originated with cryptocurrencies could not only be applied in digital contracts, financial and public records, and property ownership but also in medicine, education, science and so on. The use case of this technology springs up in every possible direction. This article first analyses the need for this breakthrough technology and explains how this technology works. This work presents a review on various types of blockchain, the consensus mechanisms used, their advantages and limitations. It provides an overview on the various use cases of this technology. This work mainly focuses on its application in Healthcare. The goal of this article is to analyze the usage of Blockchain technology in various fields of Healthcare such as Electronic Health Record, Health Insurance, Biomedical Research, Drug Supply, Medical Education, Remote Patient Monitoring, Interoperability, Location Sharing etc., It investigates the current research trends and finds the gaps and limitations of these approaches. Moreover, it proposes some enhancements to fill in the gaps in the present approach. This work also analyses the importance of Wearable Internet of Things (IoT) devices in HealthCare and the integration of these devices with Blockchain. Finally, this work concludes by comparing Blockchain 3.0 with previous versions.

scholarly journals Preserving Data Privacy in the Internet of Medical Things Using Dual Signature ECDSA

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maria-Dolores Cano ◽  
Antonio Cañavate-Sanchez
Keyword(s):  
Elliptic Curve ◽  
Private Information ◽  
Data Privacy ◽  
Edge Computing ◽  
Security And Privacy ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Consumer Privacy ◽  
Digital Signature Algorithm ◽  
Internet Of Medical Things ◽  
Iot Devices

The disclosure of personal and private information is one of the main challenges of the Internet of Medical Things (IoMT). Most IoMT-based services, applications, and platforms follow a common architecture where wearables or other medical devices capture data that are forwarded to the cloud. In this scenario, edge computing brings new opportunities to enhance the operation of IoMT. However, despite the benefits, the inherent characteristics of edge computing require countermeasures to address the security and privacy issues that IoMT gives rise to. The restrictions of IoT devices in terms of battery, memory, hardware resources, or computing capabilities have led to a common agreement for the use of elliptic curve cryptography (ECC) with hardware or software implementations. As an example, the elliptic curve digital signature algorithm (ECDSA) is widely used by IoT devices to compute digital signatures. On the other hand, it is well known that dual signature has been an effective method to provide consumer privacy in classic e-commerce services. This article joins both approaches. It presents a novel solution to enhanced security and the preservation of data privacy in communications between IoMT devices and the cloud via edge computing devices. While data source anonymity is achieved from the cloud perspective, integrity and origin authentication of the collected data is also provided. In addition, computational requirements and complexity are kept to a minimum.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document