scholarly journals Stochastic Geometry-Based Analysis of Heterogeneous Wireless Network Spectral, Energy and Deployment Efficiency

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 786
Author(s):  
Jasmin Musovic ◽  
Vlatko Lipovac ◽  
Adriana Lipovac
Keyword(s):  
Communication Networks ◽  
Analytical Model ◽  
Stochastic Geometry ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Large Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Spectral Energy ◽  
Network Simulator ◽  
Cell Networks

For quite a while, it has been evident that homogeneous network architectures, based on cells with a uniform radiation pattern, cannot fulfill the ever increasing demand of mobile users for capacity and service quality while still preserving spectrum and energy. However, only with the introduction of the Fourth Generation mobile communication networks to deal with the surging data traffic of multimedia applications, have smaller cells been widely used to break down service zone areas of macro base stations into multiple tiers, thus improving network performance, reducing traffic congestion, and enabling better management of spectrum and energy consumption in a macro network. In this paper, we present an analytical model for assessing the efficiency of bandwidth and energy usage, as well as of network deployment, taking into account overall network investment and maintenance costs. This paves the way to the improved planning of network coverage, and its capacity and reliability, thus preserving its spectrum and energy, as well as the environment. The analysis considers the downlink of an arbitrary heterogeneous cellular network by using tools of stochastic geometry that adopt the distribution of base stations in the form of a Poisson Point Process. The proposed analytical model is verified by the according software simulations using the ns-3 network simulator. The obtained results closely match the theoretically predicted values and boundaries, clearly indicating that, in all three analyzed aspects: spectral, energy, and deploymental, the efficiency of small-cell networks was higher with respect to traditional large-cell networks and increased even further for heterogeneous (two-tier in our tests) networks.

scholarly journals Development of the fourth generation radio network and forecasting of its coverage in the conditions of urban development

Connectivity ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 149 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
L. V. Dakova ◽  
◽  
S. Yu. Dakov ◽  
R. V. Duzhyy ◽  
A. A. Zavaliy ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Development ◽  
Communication Systems ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Network Planning ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Large Network ◽  
Radio Network ◽  
User Coverage

Here is an example of how the fourth generation of cellular networks is developing rapidly today. The traffic per subscriber is growing every month. Operators are forced to provide coverage and the necessary capacity by installing new base stations. Quality network planning can provide better network performance and reduce deployment and optimization costs. It is also important to use a planning and optimization tool to model network coverage and perform performance analysis. According to the results of many studies, the amount of data transmitted over wireless networks has been growing significantly recently. Buildings are obstacles to the signal over long distances, so for the same area in different types of terrain for quality coverage it is necessary to place a different number of base stations. In addition, it is necessary to take into account the peculiarities of the building, as signals from different base stations are an obstacle for each other. On the other hand, high population density requires a large network capacity to meet the needs for speed and number of simultaneously connected users. Traffic is projected to increase by 2024, due to the emergence of new video services and the growing popularity and involvement of the population in existing ones. LTE-Advanced provides the ability to deploy repeaters to increase network performance. In the context of cellular communication systems, an important aspect is radio network planning - the process of locating base stations, determining the frequency channels and radio parameters of a wireless communication system to provide sufficient coverage and connection capacity to ensure the required level of service quality. to the user. Coverage planning refers to a geographic area where the network must provide a signal with sufficient power to provide access to voice or packet services, and capacity planning determines the system’s ability to provide services to a given number of subscribers. The purpose of the article is to study the process of planning the fourth generation LTE network in terms of urban development, calculations and modeling of coverage.

scholarly journals Using Infinite-server Resource Queue with Splitting of Requests for Modeling Two-channel Data Transmission

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tatyana Bushkova ◽  
Svetlana Moiseeva ◽  
Alexander Moiseev ◽  
János Sztrik ◽  
Ekaterina Lisovskaya ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Models ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Scientific Community ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Arrival Process ◽  
Splitting Function ◽  
Wave Band ◽  
New Radio

AbstractNew Radio Access Technology 3GPP New Radio has become the fundamental wireless technology in the fifth-generation networks, which allows us to achieve high data rates due to the ability to work in the millimeter-wave band. But the key feature and the main problem of 5G New Radio networks is that people themselves, cars, buildings, etc. are signal blockers, while the base stations of the fourth generation networks have widescreen broadcasting and such small obstacles do not cause loss of connection. Service providers and mobile operators are already testing the proposed technology. In this connection, the scientific community has the task of analyzing the performance of these systems and increasing it in the future. Currently, there are known studies of “basic” mathematical models of such networks. By this term, we mean models built in the simplest possible assumptions. However, due to the justified necessity of introducing new technology into the daily lives of subscribers, service providers pose the scientific community with the task of analyzing the effectiveness of the most appropriate mathematical models. For example, a technology of splitting transmitted data into two streams using as 5G and both 4G transmission technologies is considered now by 3GPP Project Coordination Group. The paper is devoted to such a problem. We consider a mathematical model of the message transmitting with the implementation of the splitting function in the communication networks of New Radio technology in the form of a resource queueing system with a renewal arrival process and non-exponential service. For this problem, an approximation of a stationary two-dimensional probability distribution of the number of occupied resources in parallel service units is obtained. It is shown that this approximation coincides with the Gaussian distribution, and its area of applicability is shown.

COORDINATED DISTRIBUTED SCHEDULING IN WIRELESS MESH NETWORK

2012 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 368-374
Author(s):  
Usha Kumari ◽  
Udai Shankar
Keyword(s):  
Network Performance ◽  
Mesh Networks ◽  
Mac Protocol ◽  
Scheduling Algorithm ◽  
Ieee 802.16 ◽  
Distributed Scheduling ◽  
Mesh Network ◽  
Fourth Generation ◽  
Network Nodes ◽  
Wireless Mesh

IEEE 802.16 based wireless mesh networks (WMNs) are a promising broadband access solution to support flexibility, cost effectiveness and fast deployment of the fourth generation infrastructure based wireless networks. Reducing the time for channel establishment is critical for low latency/interactive Applications. According to IEEE 802.16 MAC protocol, there are three scheduling algorithms for assigning TDMA slots to each network node: centralized and distributed the distributed is further divided into two operational modes coordinated distributed and uncoordinated distributed. In coordinated distributed scheduling algorithm, network nodes have to transmit scheduling message in order to inform other nodes about their transfer schedule. In this paper a new approach is proposed to improve coordinated distributed scheduling efficiency in IEEE 802.16 mesh mode, with respect to three parameter Throughput, Average end to end delay and Normalized Overhead. For evaluating the proposed networks efficiency, several extensive simulations are performed in various network configurations and the most important system parameters which affect the network performance are analyzed

scholarly journals On the Performance of UAV-Aided Content Caching in Small-Cell Networks with Joint Transmission

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (9) ◽  
pp. 1040
Author(s):  
Menghan Wei ◽  
Youjia Chen ◽  
Ming Ding
Keyword(s):  
Transmission Rate ◽  
High Mobility ◽  
Limited Resource ◽  
Small Cell ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Cell Content ◽  
Small Cell Networks ◽  
Content Caching ◽  
Cell Networks ◽  
Joint Transmission

Unmanned aerial vehicles (UAVs), featured by the high-mobility and high-quality propagation environment, have shown great potential in wireless communication applications. In this paper, a novel UAV-aided small-cell content caching network is proposed and analyzed, where joint transmission (JT) is considered in the dense small-cell networks and mobile UAVs are employed to shorten the serving distance. The system performance is evaluated in terms of the average cache hit probability and the ergodic transmission rate. From the analytical results, we find that (i) the proposed UAV-aided small-cell network shows superior caching performance and, even with a small density of UAVs the system’s cache hit probability, can be improved significantly; (ii) the content’s optimal caching probability to maximize the cache hit probability is proportional to the (K+1)-th root of its request probability, where K is the number of small-cell base stations that serve each user by JT; (iii) caching the most popular content in UAVs may lead to a low transmission rate due to the limited resource offered by the low-density UAVs. Simulation results are presented to validate the theoretical results and the performance gain achieved by the optimal caching strategy.

scholarly journals Deep Q-Learning for Two-Hop Communications of Drone Base Stations

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (6) ◽  
pp. 1960
Author(s):  
Azade Fotouhi ◽  
Ming Ding ◽  
Mahbub Hassan
Keyword(s):  
Degrees Of Freedom ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Learning Model ◽  
Base Stations ◽  
Communication Model ◽  
Complex Environments ◽  
End User ◽  
Q Learning ◽  
Trajectory Simulation ◽  
Target Environment

In this paper, we address the application of the flying Drone Base Stations (DBS) in order to improve the network performance. Given the high degrees of freedom of a DBS, it can change its position and adapt its trajectory according to the users movements and the target environment. A two-hop communication model, between an end-user and a macrocell through a DBS, is studied in this work. We propose Q-learning and Deep Q-learning based solutions to optimize the drone’s trajectory. Simulation results show that, by employing our proposed models, the drone can autonomously fly and adapts its mobility according to the users’ movements. Additionally, the Deep Q-learning model outperforms the Q-learning model and can be applied in more complex environments.

Detection and Ignoring of Blackhole Attack in Vanets Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Chaima Bensaid ◽  
Sofiane Boukli Hacene ◽  
Kamel Mohamed Faraoun
Keyword(s):  
Black Hole ◽  
Communication Networks ◽  
Network Performance ◽  
Vehicular Networks ◽  
Data Communication ◽  
Main Idea ◽  
Black Hole Attack ◽  
Malicious Nodes ◽  
The Future ◽  
Detailed Simulation

Vehicular networks or VANET announce as the communication networks of the future, where the mobility is the main idea. These networks should be able to interconnect vehicles. The optimal goal is that these networks will contribute to safer roads and more effective in the future by providing timely information to drivers and concerned authorities. They are therefore vulnerable to many types of attacks among them the black hole attack. In this attack, a malicious node disseminates spurious replies for any route discovery in order to monopolize all data communication and deteriorate network performance. Many studies have focused on detecting and isolating malicious nodes in VANET. In this paper, the authors present two mechanisms to detect this attack. The main goal is detecting as well as bypass cooperative black hole attack. The authors' approaches have been evaluated by the detailed simulation study with NS2 and the simulation results shows an improvement of protocol performance.

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