scholarly journals Study on the Effect of Gaze Position and Image Brightness on Peripheral Dimming Technique

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (16) ◽  
pp. 1896
Author(s):  
Jeong-Sik Kim ◽  
Won-Been Jeong ◽  
Byeong Hun An ◽  
Seung-Woo Lee
Keyword(s):  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Image Brightness ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Threshold Levels ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Overlap Method ◽  
Perceptual Image Quality ◽  
Gaze Position

Here, we study a low-power technique for displays based on gaze tracking, called peripheral dimming. In this work, the threshold levels of the lightness reduction ratio (LRR), where people notice differences in brightness, depending on gaze positions and image brightness, are investigated. A psychophysical experiment with five gaze positions and three image brightness conditions is performed, and the estimated threshold levels are obtained. To investigate the significance of the differences between the threshold levels, the overlap method and the Bayesian estimation (BEST) analysis are performed. The analysis results show that the difference of the threshold levels depending on the conditions is insignificant. Thus, the proposed technique can operate with a constant LRR level, regardless of the gaze position or image brightness, while maintaining the perceptual image quality. In addition, the proposed technique reduces the power consumption of virtual reality (VR) displays by 12–14% on average. We believe that the peripheral dimming technique would contribute to reducing the power of the self-luminous displays used for VR headsets with an integrated eye tracker.

Brightness In The Photopic Range: Psychophysical Modelling With Blue-sensitive Retinal Signals

2020 ◽  
pp. 9-24
Author(s):  
Peter Bodrogi ◽  
Xue Guo ◽  
Tran Quoc Khanh
Keyword(s):  
Ganglion Cells ◽  
Light Stimulus ◽  
Spectral Radiance ◽  
Psychophysical Experiment ◽  
Retinal Ganglion ◽  
Reasonable Accuracy ◽  
Brightness Perception ◽  
Content Model ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Cone Signal

The brightness perception of a large (41°) uniform visual field was investigated in a visual psychophysical experiment. Subjects assessed the brightness of 20 light source spectra of different chromaticities at two luminance levels, Lv=267.6 cd/m2 and Lv=24.8 cd/m2. The resulting mean subjective brightness scale values were modelled by a combination of the signals of retinal mechanisms: S-cones, rods, intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) and the difference of the L-cone signal and the M-cone signal. A new quantity, “relative spectral blue content”, was also considered for modelling. This quantity was defined as “the spectral radiance of the light stimulus integrated with the range (380–520) nm, relative to luminance”. The “relative spectral blue content” model could describe the subjective brightness perception of the observers with reasonable accuracy.

Discussion and Future Directions for Eye Tracker Development

2012 ◽  
pp. 359-363
Author(s):  
Dan Witzner Hansen ◽  
Fiona Mulvey ◽  
Diako Mardanbegi
Keyword(s):  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Future Perspectives ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Further Development

Eye and gaze tracking have a long history but there is still plenty of room for further development. In this concluding chapter for Section 6, we consider future perspectives for the development of eye and gaze tracking.

scholarly journals Impact of Urban Undersea Tunnel Longitudinal Slope on the Visual Characteristics of Drivers

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 ◽  
pp. 1-11
Author(s):  
Shoushuo Wang ◽  
Zhigang Du ◽  
Fangtong Jiao ◽  
Libo Yang ◽  
Yudan Ni
Keyword(s):  
Repeated Measures ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Fixation Time ◽  
Eye Tracker ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Longitudinal Slope ◽  
Visual Characteristics ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Vehicle Test ◽  
The Impact

This study aims to investigate the impact of the urban undersea tunnel longitudinal slope on the visual characteristics of drivers. 20 drivers were enrolled to conduct the real vehicle test of the urban undersea tunnel. First, the data of average fixation time and visual lobe were collected by an eye tracker. The differential significance was tested using the one-way repeated measures analysis of variance (ANOVA). Then, the difference between the up-and-down slope (direction) factor and the longitudinal slope (percent) factor on the two indexes were analyzed using the two-way repeated measures ANOVA. Second, by constructing a Lorentz model, the impact of the longitudinal slope on the average fixation time and the visual lobe were analyzed. Besides, a three-dimensional model of the longitudinal slope, average fixation time, and visual lobe was quantified. The results showed that the average fixation time and visual lobe under different longitudinal slopes markedly differed when driving on the uphill and downhill sections. The average fixation time and visual lobe under two factors were markedly different. Moreover, with an increase in the longitudinal slope, the average fixation time exhibited a trend of increasing first then decreasing; the visual lobe exhibited a trend of decreasing first and then increasing. The average fixation time reached the minimum and maximum value when the slope was 2.15% and 4.0%, whereas the visual lobe reached the maximum and minimum value when the slope was 2.88% and 4.0%. Overall, the longitudinal slope exerted a great impact on the visual load of the driver.

scholarly journals A Method for the Analysis of Interference from DME to ATCRBS in the Time Domain

Electronics ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (4) ◽  
pp. 393 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guofeng Jiang ◽  
Yangyu Fan ◽  
Hongbo Yuan ◽  
Pengliang Yuan
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Traffic Control ◽  
Initial Time ◽  
Analysis Method ◽  
Operating Modes ◽  
The Monte Carlo Method ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The Time Domain ◽  
Overlap Method ◽  
Recurrence Frequency

Analysis of the coexistence of two or more types of equipment is increasingly important. However, at present studies on the analysis method in the time domain are scant. Therefore, the aim of this paper is to explore the characteristics of signals and relations between interfering and desired signals in the time domain. Based on the periodicity of a signal, this paper presents a Periodic Pulse Overlap Method (PPOM). Using PPOM to analyze the interference from Distance Measuring Equipment (DME) to Air Traffic Control Radar Beacon System (ATCRBS) in the time domain, we obtain almost the same result as that based on the Monte Carlo Method (MCM). Furthermore, we discover the measures to reduce or even avoid interference, such as changing the Pulse Recurrence Frequency (PRF), adjusting the difference of initial time, and switching the operating modes of the equipment.

Communicating attention

1995 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-223 ◽  
Author(s):  
Boris M. Velichkovsky
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Problem Solving ◽  
Data Transfer ◽  
Visual Environment ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Working Space ◽  
Eye Fixations ◽  
Distributed Problem Solving ◽  
Position Data ◽  
Gaze Position

The results of two experiments, in which participants solved constructive tasks of the puzzle type, are reported. The tasks were solved by two partners who shared the same visual environment hut whose knowledge of the situation and ability to change it to reach a solution were different. One of the partners — the "expert" — knew the solution in detail but had no means of acting on this information. The second partner — the "novice " — could act to achieve the goal, but knew very little about the solution. The partners were free to communicate verbally. In one third of the trials of the first experiment, in addition to verbal communication, the eye fixations of the expert were projected onto the working space of the novice. In another condition the expert could use a mouse to show the novice relevant parts of the task configuration. Both methods of facilitating the 'joint attention' state of the partners improved their performance. The nature of the dialogues as well as the parameters of the eye movements changed. In the second experiment the direction of the gaze-position data transfer was reversed, from the novice to the expert. This also led to a significant increase in the efficiency of the distributed problem solving.

scholarly journals Defining gaze tracking metrics by observing a growing divide between 2D and 3D tracking

2020 ◽  
Vol 2020 (11) ◽  
pp. 129-1-129-10
Author(s):  
William Andrew Blakey ◽  
Stamos Katsigiannis ◽  
Navid Hajimirza ◽  
Naeem Ramzan
Keyword(s):  
Comparative Study ◽  
3D Tracking ◽  
Gaze Tracking ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Intersection Points ◽  
Accuracy Measures ◽  
2D And 3D ◽  
Tracking Technology

This work examines the different terminology used for defining gaze tracking technology and explores the different methodologies used for describing their respective accuracy. Through a comparative study of different gaze tracking technologies, such as infrared and webcam-based, and utilising a variety of accuracy metrics, this work shows how the reported accuracy can be misleading. The lack of intersection points between the gaze vectors of different eyes (also known as convergence points) in definitions has a huge impact on accuracy measures and directly impacts the robustness of any accuracy measuring methodology. Different accuracy metrics and tracking definitions have been collected and tabulated to more formally demonstrate the divide in definitions.

scholarly journals Using the Blind Spot to Investigate Trans-Saccadic Perception

Vision ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 39
Author(s):  
Julie Royo ◽  
Fabrice Arcizet ◽  
Patrick Cavanagh ◽  
Pierre Pouget
Keyword(s):  
Eye Movements ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Eye Movement ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Blind Spot ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Gaze Position

We introduce a blind spot method to create image changes contingent on eye movements. One challenge of eye movement research is triggering display changes contingent on gaze. The eye-tracking system must capture the image of the eye, discover and track the pupil and corneal reflections to estimate the gaze position, and then transfer this data to the computer that updates the display. All of these steps introduce delays that are often difficult to predict. To avoid these issues, we describe a simple blind spot method to generate gaze contingent display manipulations without any eye-tracking system and/or display controls.

scholarly journals Anxiety, Uncertainty, and Resilience during the Pandemic: “Re-Directing the Gaze of the Therapeutic Couple”

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eda Arduman
Keyword(s):  
Social Distance ◽  
The Internet ◽  
The Gaze ◽  
Global Pandemic ◽  
External Events ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Therapeutic Space ◽  
Clinical Cases

The present global pandemic of covid 19 requires many psychotherapists to work at a distance via telephone or the internet. At the same time a considerable number of psychotherapists work with masks while maintaining social distance. This pandemic impact draws our attention to two questions: One is the difference of working within the office vs. working online. Two is how external events impact the individuals socially as well as personally. This chapter explores clinical cases where, even though Covid and its implications imposed a horrible loss and increasing day to day unpredictability on the therapeutic space, the focus of therapy was readjusted thus igniting a process of deeper self-understanding.

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