scholarly journals Energy Regulator Supply Restoration Time

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1051 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohd Muhammad Ridzuan ◽  
Sasa Djokic
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Repair Time ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Network Reconfiguration ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Action Time ◽  
Restoration Time ◽  
Network Operation ◽  
Time Substitution ◽  
Network Component

In conventional reliability analysis, the duration of interruptions relied on the input parameter of mean time to repair (MTTR) values in the network components. For certain criteria without network automation, reconfiguration functionalities and/or energy regulator requirements to protect customers from long excessive duration of interruptions, the use of MTTR input seems reasonable. Since modern distribution networks are shifting towards smart grid, some factors must be considered in the reliability assessment process. For networks that apply reconfiguration functionalities and/or network automation, the duration of interruptions experienced by a customer due to faulty network components should be addressed with an automation switch or manual action time that does not exceed the regulator supply restoration time. Hence, this paper introduces a comprehensive methodology of substituting MTTR with maximum action time required to replace/repair a network component and to restore customer duration of interruption with maximum network reconfiguration time based on energy regulator supply requirements. The Monte Carlo simulation (MCS) technique was applied to medium voltage (MV) suburban networks to estimate system-related reliability indices. In this analysis, the purposed method substitutes all MTTR values with time to supply (TTS), which correspond with the UK Guaranteed Standard of Performance (GSP-UK), by the condition of the MTTR value being higher than TTS value. It is nearly impossible for all components to have a quick repairing time, only components on the main feeder were selected for time substitution. Various scenarios were analysed, and the outcomes reflected the applicability of reconfiguration and the replace/repair time of network component. Theoretically, the network reconfiguration (option 1) and component replacement (option 2) with the same amount of repair time should produce exactly the same outputs. However, in simulation, these two options yield different outputs in terms of number and duration of interruptions. Each scenario has its advantages and disadvantages, in which the distribution network operators (DNOs) were selected based on their operating conditions and requirements. The regulator reliability-based network operation is more applicable than power loss-based network operation in counties that employed energy regulator requirements (e.g., GSP-UK) or areas with many factories that required a reliable continuous supply.

MODERN EQUIPMENT FOR DETERMINING TRACTOR-SPEED PROPERTIES OF THE VEHICLE: CHARACTERISTICS’ ANALYSIS IN LABORATORY CONDITIONS

2019 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 276-289
Author(s):  
N. V. Savenkov ◽  
V. V. Ponyakin ◽  
S. A. Chekulaev ◽  
V. V. Butenko
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Performance ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Special Role ◽  
Development Stages ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Force Transfer ◽  
Characteristics Analysis ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Loading Devices ◽  
Structural Solutions

Introduction. At present, stands with running drums are widely used for various types of tests. Power stands play a special role. Such stands take the mechanical power from the driving wheels of the car. This simulates the process of movement of the vehicle under operating conditions. Such equipment has various designs, principles of operation and performance. It is also used in tests that are different by purpose, development stages and types: research, control, certification, etc. Therefore, it is necessary in order to determine the traction-speed, fuel-efficient and environmental performance characteristics.Materials and methods. The paper provides the overview of the power stands with running drums, which are widespread on the domestic market. The authors carried out the analysis of the main structural solutions: schemes of force transfer between the wheel and the drum; types of loading devices; transmission layout schemes and features of the control and measuring complex. The authors also considered corresponding advantages and disadvantages, recommended spheres of application, demonstrated parameters and characteristics of the units’ workflow, presented components and equipment.Discussion and conclusions. The authors critically evaluate existing models of stands with running drums. Such information is useful for choosing serial models of stands and for developing technical tasks for designing or upgrading the equipment.

scholarly journals Conceptual Design of Electromechanical Actuation Systems for Large-Sized Directional Control Valves

Actuators ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (6) ◽  
pp. 133
Author(s):  
Tobias Vonderbank ◽  
Katharina Schmitz
Keyword(s):  
Conceptual Design ◽  
Design Process ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Function Structure ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Conceptual Designs ◽  
Actuation Systems ◽  
Electromechanical Actuation ◽  
Function Structures ◽  
Valve Actuation

Increasing performance in modern hydraulics is achieved by a close investigation of possible enhancements of its components. Prior research has pointed out that electromechanical actuators can form suitable alternatives to hydraulically piloted control systems. Since the requirements at these actuation systems depend on the operating conditions of the system, each actuator can be optimized to the respective hydraulic system. Considering that many different conceptual designs are suitable, the phase of conceptual design plays a decisive role during the design process. Therefore, this paper focuses on the process of developing new conceptual designs for electromechanical valve actuation systems using the method of function structures. Aiming to identify special design features, which need to be considered during the design process of electromechanical actuation systems, an exemplary actuator was designed based on the derived function structure. To highlight the potential of function structures for the development of new electromechanical valve actuation systems, two principal concepts, which allow the reduction of the necessary forces, have been developed by extending the function structure. These concepts have been experimentally investigated to identify their advantages and disadvantages.

scholarly journals Different Techniques to Mitigate Partial Shading in Photovoltaic Panels

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (13) ◽  
pp. 3863
Author(s):  
Tiago Alves ◽  
João Paulo N. Torres ◽  
Ricardo A. Marques Lameirinhas ◽  
Carlos A. F. Fernandes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Model ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Experimental Tests ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Partial Shading ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Pv Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Pv Panel

The effect of partial shading in photovoltaic (PV) panels is one of the biggest problems regarding power losses in PV systems. When the irradiance pattern throughout a PV panel is inequal, some cells with the possibility of higher power production will produce less and start to deteriorate. The objective of this research work is to present, test and discuss different techniques to help mitigate partial shading in PV panels, observing and commenting the advantages and disadvantages for different PV technologies under different operating conditions. The motivation is to contribute with research, simulation, and experimental work. Several state-of-the-artsolutions to the problem will be presented: different topologies in the interconnection of the panels; different PV system architectures, and also introducing new solution hypotheses, such as different cell interconnections topologies. Alongside, benefits and limitations will be discussed. To obtain actual results, the simulation work was conducted by creating MATLAB/Simulink models for each different technique tested, all centered around the 1M5P PV cell model. The several techniques tested will also take into account different patterns and sizes of partial shading, different PV panel technologies, different values of source irradiation, and different PV array sizes. The results will be discussed and validated by experimental tests.

Pipeline Corrosion Integrity Management by Direct Assessment

2015 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shailesh Javia
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Approach ◽  
Assessment Process ◽  
Regulatory Requirements ◽  
Integrity Assessment ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Direct Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Segment ◽  
Integrity Management ◽  
Post Assessment ◽  
Pipeline Corrosion

Integrity management of pipelines is a systematic, comprehensive and integrated approach to proactively counter the threats to pipeline integrity. Pressure testing, in-line inspection and direct assessment methods are used to verify the integrity of a buried pipeline. The Paper Discuses Direct Assessment Methodologies for Hydrocarbon Non Piggable Pipelines. Advantages and Disadvantages of Direct Assessment methodology and DA Protocols. The DA process accomplishes this by utilizing and integrating condition monitoring, effective mitigation, meticulous documentation and timely structured reporting processes. DA is a structured, iterative integrity assessment process through which an operator may be able to assess and evaluate the integrity of a pipeline segment. TIME DEPENDENT THREATS INEVITABLY LED TO NUMEROUS FAILURES WITH A COMMON DEFINING MECHANISM OR SOURCE – CORROSION. This Paper will focus on internal, external and stress corrosion cracking direct assessment along with pre and post assessment, quality assurance, data analysis and integration, and remediation and mitigation activities. This paper will discuss some of the regulatory requirements for Pipeline Integrity Management System.

Electric Motors Coupled to Hydraulic Motors as Actuators for Hydraulic Hardware-in-the-Loop Simulation

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott Driscoll ◽  
James D. Huggins ◽  
Wayne J. Book
Keyword(s):  
Complete System ◽  
Control Valve ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Flow Control Valve ◽  
Hardware In The Loop ◽  
Hydraulic Systems ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Hydraulic Motors ◽  
Proportional Flow ◽  
Hil Simulation

Hardware-in-the-Loop (HIL) Simulation enables testing of an actual physical component of a system under a variety of conditions without the expense of full scale testing. In hydraulic systems, flows or pressures that interface with the component in question are controlled by a computer running a simulation designed to emulate a complete system under real operating conditions. Typically, servo valves are used as actuators to control the flows or pressures. This paper investigates the use of electric servo-motors coupled to hydraulic gear motors as alternative actuators, and discusses some of the advantages and disadvantages that motors have in comparison to valves. A demonstration HIL simulation involving a mobile proportional flow control valve attached to an emulated backhoe is described, and results are compared to data from a real backhoe.

Distribution Network Reconfiguration Using an Approximate Optimization Approach

2013 ◽  
Vol 303-306 ◽  
pp. 1276-1279
Author(s):  
Hai Na Rong ◽  
Yan Hui Qin
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Algorithm ◽  
Distribution Network ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Distribution Automation ◽  
Optimization Approach ◽  
Network Reconfiguration ◽  
Power Network ◽  
Distribution Network Reconfiguration ◽  
Service Restoration ◽  
Integer Programming Problems

Power network reconfiguration is an important process in the improvement of operating conditions of a power system and in planning studies, service restoration and distribution automation when remote-controlled switches are employed. This paper presents the use of a quantum-inspired evolutionary algorithm to solve the distribution network reconfiguration problem. The quantum- inspired evolutionary algorithm is the combination product of quantum computing and evolutionary computation and is suitable for a class of integer programming problems such as the distribution network reconfiguration problem. After the analysis and formulation of the distribution network reconfiguration problem, the effectiveness and feasibility of the introduced method is verified by a large number of experiments.

Investigation of the modification effect on performance properties of cast iron molds

2021 ◽  
pp. 23-28
Author(s):  
V. A. Gulevskiy ◽  
◽  
S. N. Tsurikhin ◽  
V. V. Gulevskiy ◽  
N. Yu. Miroshkin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cast Iron ◽  
Outer Surface ◽  
Heating Temperature ◽  
Primary Aluminum ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Senior Lecturer ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Stress And Deformation ◽  
Consumable Electrodes

Research is devoted to the influence of the technological method of modifying gray cast iron for the manufacture of steel casting molds. Heavy operation imposes stringent requirements both on the design of molds and on the materials from which they are made. They reliably withstand the effects of steel poured into them, having a temperature of 1600–1700 °C, thermal shock, which is directly proportional to this temperature, as well as significant effects of cyclic thermal stress and deformation. Specific operating conditions of molds (high heating temperature, their installation on movable and stationary ditches, intensive traffic flows, etc.) complicate the necessary processes directly during their operation. Modeling geometric shapes on a scale of geometric similarity 1:10. Tests were carried out on molds cast from cast iron for consumable electrodes, modified with ferrosilicon (FS65 GOST 1415-93), primary aluminum A99 (GOST 11069-2001), vanadium slag (SHVD-1 TU14-11-178-86), FSB-30) and silicomishmetal (SIMISH-1). These modifiers were chosen for modification, as they are widely used in production. Thus, the conducted studies of the nature of the deformation of the walls of the molds and the stress-strain state on models made of gray and modified cast iron make it possible to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the resulting structure and shape of graphite. Further, the methods of the rational formula of the outer surface of profiled and sheet molds are used, having predetermined the nature of destruction in advance. The use of thin-walled used rational forms can significantly reduce their specific consumption. The study of the quality of the metal cast into the experimental curved outer surface showed that the macrostructure of the metal of the experimental and ordinary ingots is the same. The work was attended by N.V Markina, senior lecturer at the Dept. of Machines and Foundry Technology, Volgograd State Technical University.

Utilization of Vertiline Wire Conveyed Smart Tools in Gas Storage Field Pipeline Applications

2002 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brian S. Buck ◽  
James D. Philo
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Storage System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Gas Storage ◽  
Field Configuration ◽  
The State ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Welded Steel ◽  
Inspection Method ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages

Consumers Energy, which is the largest natural gas utility in the state of Michigan and fifth largest in the United States, operates thirteen natural gas storage fields in the state as part of its Gas Transmission and Storage system. These storage fields consist of a network of storage wells connected via a series of short pipeline laterals and headers. Typical field configuration consists of one or two main headers with several laterals branching off to the gas storage wells. Due to the shorter line lengths (2.5 miles or less) and other operational conflicts, it is difficult to utilize conventional online smart pigging methods to assess the integrity of these laterals and headers. Based on the type (welded steel), average age, and operating conditions of the pipelines in these storage fields, an internal inspection method was desired. Consumers Energy has teamed with Baker Atlas to utilize their Vertiline wire conveyed MFL (magnetic flux leakage) smart tools to assess the integrity of these gas storage field headers and laterals. The Vertiline technology was originally conceived for down hole well casing integrity analysis, however, the application was found to be ideal for short section, limited access, and otherwise unpiggable pipelines. The Baker Vertiline technology can currently be used on pipeline sizes up to 24” in diameter, and larger diameter tools are under development. This paper will explore the process that Consumers Energy undertook to utilize wire conveyed MFL smart tools in its gas storage field pipelines. Field preparation for tool runs, running the tool and gathering data, and data presentation will all be reviewed. The advantages and disadvantages, techniques, capabilities, and technology of the wire conveyed MFL smart tools themselves will also be discussed, along with other potential applications such as use in analysis of pipeline river crossings, pipelines lacking pig launching facilities, and offshore production lines.

scholarly journals Evaluation and Comprehensive Comparison of H-Bridge-Based Bidirectional Rectifier and Unidirectional Rectifiers

Electronics ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 309
Author(s):  
Jiaqing Deng ◽  
Hong Cheng ◽  
Cong Wang ◽  
Shiyan Wu ◽  
Mingjun Si
Keyword(s):  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Power Losses ◽  
Multilevel Converter ◽  
Current Stress ◽  
Practical Applications ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Vienna Rectifier ◽  
Bridge Rectifier ◽  
Comprehensive Comparison ◽  
Boost Rectifier

This paper presents an evaluation and comprehensive comparison for the topologies which are applied to the front stage of transformer-less cascaded multilevel converter (TCMC). The topologies investigated are targeted at the bidirectional cascaded H-bridge rectifier and three unidirectional rectifiers, including the diode H-bridge cascaded boost rectifier, cascaded bridgeless rectifier and cascaded VIENNA rectifier. First, the operation principles of the unidirectional rectifiers are discussed. Then the performances of these topologies such as power losses, efficiency, device current stress, cost, and total harmonic distortions are analyzed and evaluated respectively. Finally, advantages and disadvantages for each topology are discussed and highlighted. The evaluation and comparison methods presented in this paper and their results are feasible and effective for selecting the appropriate topology in practical applications under different operating conditions.

Experimental Comparison of Three Floating Wind Turbine Concepts

2014 ◽  
Vol 136 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew J. Goupee ◽  
Bonjun J. Koo ◽  
Richard W. Kimball ◽  
Kostas F. Lambrakos ◽  
Habib J. Dagher
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Energy ◽  
Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Turbines ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Scale Model ◽  
Experimental Comparison ◽  
System Response ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Floating Wind Turbine ◽  
Wind Resource

Beyond many of Earth's coasts exists a vast deepwater wind resource that can be tapped to provide substantial amounts of clean, renewable energy. However, much of this resource resides in waters deeper than 60 m where current fixed bottom wind turbine technology is no longer economically viable. As a result, many are looking to floating wind turbines as a means of harnessing this deepwater offshore wind resource. The preferred floating platform technology for this application, however, is currently up for debate. To begin the process of assessing the unique behavior of various platform concepts for floating wind turbines, 1/50th scale model tests in a wind/wave basin were performed at the Maritime Research Institute Netherlands (MARIN) of three floating wind turbine concepts. The Froude scaled tests simulated the response of the 126 m rotor diameter National Renewable Energy Lab (NREL) 5 MW, horizontal axis Reference Wind Turbine attached via a flexible tower in turn to three distinct platforms, these being a tension leg-platform, a spar-buoy, and a semisubmersible. A large number of tests were performed ranging from simple free-decay tests to complex operating conditions with irregular sea states and dynamic winds. The high-quality wind environments, unique to these tests, were realized in the offshore basin via a novel wind machine, which exhibited low swirl and turbulence intensity in the flow field. Recorded data from the floating wind turbine models include rotor torque and position, tower top and base forces and moments, mooring line tensions, six-axis platform motions, and accelerations at key locations on the nacelle, tower, and platform. A comprehensive overview of the test program, including basic system identification results, is covered in previously published works. In this paper, the results of a comprehensive data analysis are presented, which illuminate the unique coupled system behavior of the three floating wind turbines subjected to combined wind and wave environments. The relative performance of each of the three systems is discussed with an emphasis placed on global motions, flexible tower dynamics, and mooring system response. The results demonstrate the unique advantages and disadvantages of each floating wind turbine platform.

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