scholarly journals Analysis of the Electric Bus Autonomy Depending on the Atmospheric Conditions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (23) ◽  
pp. 4535
Author(s):  
Călin Iclodean ◽  
Nicolae Cordoș ◽  
Adrian Todoruț
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Atmospheric Conditions ◽  
Global Level ◽  
Battery System ◽  
The Public ◽  
Electric Bus ◽  
The City

The public-transport sector represents, on a global level, a major ecological and economic concern. Improving air quality and reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) production in the urban environment can be achieved by using electric buses instead of those operating with internal combustion engines (ICE). In this paper, the energy consumption for a fleet of electric buses Solaris Urbino 12e type is analyzed, based on the experimental data taken from a number of 22 buses, which operate on a number of eight urban lines, on a route of approximately 100 km from the city of Cluj-Napoca, Romania; consumption was monitored for 12 consecutive months (July 2018–June 2019). The energy efficiency of the model for the studied electric buses depends largely on the management of the energy stored on the electric bus battery system, in relation to the characteristics of the route traveled, respectively to the atmospheric conditions during the monitored period. Based on the collected experimental data and on the technical characteristics of the electric buses, the influence of the atmospheric conditions on their energy balance was highlighted, considering the interdependence relations between the considered atmospheric conditions.

scholarly journals Simplification of the Model of Piezoelectric Actuator Control Based on Preliminary Measurements

Actuators ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 90
Author(s):  
Roman Baraniuk ◽  
Welf-Guntram Drossel
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Linear Models ◽  
Black Box ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Model Simplification ◽  
Flow Rates ◽  
Precise Shape ◽  
Actuator Control ◽  
Self Learning

This article describes a mathematical model simplification, designed to automate the iterative process of non-circular drilling with a precise shape. This model has been optimized for systems that already have experimental data for processing and analysis. Additionally, using optimization steps, the model can be used for systems with insufficient experimental data with a self-learning opportunity. The high-end model can be used for drilling systems represented as a “black box” without knowing of any parameters of the system. The simplification and assumptions algorithm is based on controlling the input signal for non-circular drilling in the cylinders of internal combustion engines using a drilling machine controlled by 8 piezoelectric actuators. The total dynamics of this system is unknown and consists of the dynamics of electrical converters, piezo-kinematics, and mechanics. Simplification is carried out starting from the methods of diacoptics for a complex system with different process-flow rates, and ending with one or the sum of linear models valid for a given system of assumptions.

scholarly journals KONKĖ: THE FIRST PUBLIC TRANSPORT IN VILNIUS

Transport ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 94-100
Author(s):  
Jurgis Vanagas
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Domestic Animals ◽  
First World War ◽  
Rail Transport ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
World War ◽  
The First World War ◽  
The World ◽  
The City ◽  
First World

The first public rail transport in the world started functioning in 1820. Like everywhere at that time, horsedrawn coaches heaved on tracks were the most popular. The first horse-drawn tram started carrying passengers in the industrial region of Wales, England. Starting from 1893, three the so called konkė lines of such a tram started operating in Vilnius. Although the ticket was expensive to the city residents of those days, however, they intensively used this kind of transport: in 1909, 2.6 million passengers were transported. Although attempts to replace horse drawn-vehicles by internal combustion engines after the First World War were made, this form of transport was found to be irrational and soon gave the way to buses. Initiative for the trams equipped with electric motors was shortly defeated in Vilnius: lack of funds was felt, and confusion in the administration of the city was predominating. For the period 1915–1920, the local government changed very frequently. In 1926, konkė tracks were dismantled. Its remains still can be seen at the enclosures of the embankment of the Vilnia (Vilnios upė) confluence. The coaches were sold for suburban residents that erected small cattle-sheds for domestic animals.

A comprehensive overview of hydrogen engine design features

2007 ◽  
Vol 221 (8) ◽  
pp. 911-920 ◽  
Author(s):  
S Verhelst ◽  
S Verstraeten ◽  
R Sierens
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Control Strategies ◽  
Experimental Studies ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Special Focus ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Engine Design

Realizing decreased CO2 emissions from the transport sector will be possible in the near future when substituting (part of) the currently used hydrocarbon-fuelled internal combustion engines (ICEs) with hydrogen-fuelled ICEs. Hydrogen-fuelled ICEs have advanced to such a stage that, from the engine point of view, there are no major obstacles to doing this. The present paper indicates the advantages of hydrogen as a fuel for spark ignition (SI) internal combustion engines. It also shows how the hydrogen engine has matured. An extensive overview is given of the literature on experimental studies of abnormal combustion phenomena, mixture formation techniques, and load control strategies for hydrogen-fuelled engines. The Transport Technology research group of the Department of Flow, Heat and Combustion Mechanics at Ghent University has been working on the development and optimization of hydrogen engines for 15 years. An overview of the most important experimental results is presented with special focus on the most recent findings. The article concludes with a list of engine design features of dedicated hydrogen SI engines.

Urea Using in Piston Engines’ Exhaust Gases Treatment Systems

2017 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 40-49
Author(s):  
В. Марков ◽  
V. Markov ◽  
Л. Мягков ◽  
L. Myagkov ◽  
Н. Маластовский ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Fluid Dynamics ◽  
Experimental Data ◽  
Thermal Decomposition ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Calculation Procedure ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Ansys Fluent ◽  
Exhaust Gases ◽  
Efficiency Estimation

Development and updating of systems for internal-combustion engines’ exhaust gases treatment under tightened limits for toxics emissions continues to be an urgent issue. The usage of computational fluid dynamics methods in the design of such systems presents a significant practical value. In this work has been considered and realized a calculation procedure for evaporation and thermal decomposition of urea in SCR-systems based on ANSYS Fluent. The calculated results have been compared with existing experimental data. It has been concluded that the developed calculation procedure can be used for efficiency estimation of SCRsystems for internal-combustion engines’ exhaust gases.

E-Highway: A Future Transportation

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (9) ◽  
pp. 56-58
Author(s):  
Vikash Singh Yadav ◽  
Jai Vashisth ◽  
R. S. Desai
Keyword(s):  
Air Pollution ◽  
Contact Line ◽  
Traffic Congestion ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transport ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Purchasing Cost ◽  
Transportation Sector ◽  
Local Air Pollution

There is an increase demand in EV which will play a major role in future of road transport. While commercial Electric Vehicle existing today have their uptake has been limited due to limited battery range, lack of charging convenience and high purchasing cost. As cities expand and affluence rises, traffic congestion is becoming problematic. To respond to these core challenges facing the transportation sector, the E-highway is twice as efficient as internal combustion engines. The innovation includes transition from personal combustion powered vehicles towards grid-powered transportation. This innovation supplies trucks with power from overhead contact line. This reduces local air pollution and contributes significantly to the decarbonization of the transport sector.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF WEATHER FACTORS ON THE SPEED OF THE REACTION OF FORMALDEHYDE FORMATION ABOVE MOTORWAY OVERPASSES

2018 ◽  
pp. 97-102
Author(s):  
Rostyslav Sipakov ◽  
Olena Voloshkina ◽  
Volodimir Trofimovich ◽  
Julia Bereznitska
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Formation Rate ◽  
Toxic Substance ◽  
Observation Point ◽  
Motor Vehicles ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Weather Factors ◽  
Main Indicator ◽  
Reaction Constant ◽  
The City

The analysis of the actual air condition in the city of Kyiv in the areas of big overpasses and crossroads shows that the average annual concentration of formaldehyde more than 3 times exceeds the maximum permissible concentration (MPC) of this toxic substance. One of the most powerful sources of formaldehyde formation in the air of the city is motor vehicles. The role of weather factors in formaldehyde formation rate (K) depending on capacity of emissions of internal combustion engines has been analyzed in this article. The equation for determining rate constant has been obtained, which depends on the temperature in the city of Kyiv and on the value of effective energy activation of the mentioned process. The comparison of the calculated and measured values of the rate reaction constant in Observation Point (OP) No. 9 in the area of Leningradska square has been given. The conducted research gives the opportunity to assess and obtain forecasting data on atmospheric pollution and probability of smog situations emergence in Kyiv. The suggested methodology can be used for other cities in Ukraine where motor vehicles are the main indicator of photochemical smog emergence.

Testing a device for starting an internal combustion engine at low temperature and prospects for its application

2021 ◽  
pp. 25-30
Author(s):  
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Low Temperature ◽  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Compartment ◽  
Ambient Temperatures

The starting of the internal combustion engine in conditions of low and critically low ambient temperatures is considered. It is shown that a successful start of an internal combustion engine can be ensured by creating a fuel-air mixture with a high temperature outside the engine compartment. The design of a device for creating such mixture and research experimental data are presented. A new scheme of the starting device is proposed, which can be integrated into various types of internal combustion engines. Keywords: internal combustion engine, starting, low temperature, operation. [email protected]

scholarly journals Study of density and viscosity for ternary mixtures biodiesel+diesel fuel + bioalcohols

2012 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Irina Nita ◽  
Sibel Geacai
Keyword(s):  
Diesel Fuel ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Binary Systems ◽  
Butyl Alcohol ◽  
Ternary Mixtures ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Market Demand ◽  
Ternary Blends ◽  
Near Future

AbstractThe increase of the environment pollution, together with the instable price of crude oil led in the last years to a renewed focus on biofuels. As the demand in the transport sector is continuously increasing, and taking into account the benefits of biofuels, it is expected that the market demand for biofuels to be increased in the near future. In this context, it will be interesting to investigate if new types of biofuels could be used as mixtures with other fuels for internal combustion engines. The aim of this paper is the study of density and viscosity variation with composition and temperature for ternary mixtures biodiesel + diesel fuel + bioalcohol. Experimental densities and viscosities data for ternary blends diesel fuel+biodiesel +isopropyl alcohol/1-butyl alcohol are presented, and some empirical models proposed to predict these properties for binary systems diesel fuel+biodiesel are evaluated for the proposed ternary blends.

scholarly journals Why we should invest further in the development of internal combustion engines for road applications

2020 ◽  
Vol 75 ◽  
pp. 56 ◽  
Author(s):  
Luka Lešnik ◽  
Breda Kegl ◽  
Eloísa Torres-Jiménez ◽  
Fernando Cruz-Peragón
Keyword(s):  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Liquid Fuels ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Road Transportation ◽  
Battery Capacity

The majority of on-road vehicles today are powered by internal combustion engines, which are, in most cases, burning petroleum-derived liquid fuels mixed with bio-components. The power to weight ratio of internal combustion engines combined with the high energy content of conventional fuels, which can be refilled easily in matter of minutes, makes them ideal for all kinds of road transportation. Since the introduction of EURO emissions norms, the emissions from the Transport sector in the European Union have undergone significant reduction. There are several alternatives to fossil fuels with similar properties, which can replace their usage in the Transport sector. The main focus of research in recent decades has been on biofuels, which can be produced from several sources. The production of biofuels is usually energy more intensive than production of fossil fuels, but their usage can contribute to emission reduction in the Transport sector. In recent years, a lot of effort was also put into promotion of electric vehicles as zero emissions vehicles. This statement should be reconsidered, since the greenhouse impact of electrical vehicles is not negligible. Conversely, in some cases, an electrical vehicle can have an even higher emission impact than modern vehicles with sophisticated internal combustion engines. This is characteristic for countries where the majority of the electricity is produced in coal power plants. With the decrease of greenhouse gas emissions in the Electricity Production sector, and with the increase of battery capacity, the role of electric vehicles in the Transport sector will probably increase. Despite significant research and financial investments in electric vehicles development, the transport sector in near future will be mostly powered by internal combustion engines and petroleum-derived liquid fuels. The amount of pollution from transport sector will be further regulated with stricter emission norms combined with smaller amount of alternative fuel usage.

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