scholarly journals Design and Experimental Investigation of a Hybrid Rotor Permanent Magnet Modular Machine with 3D Flux Paths Accounting for Recyclability of Permanent Magnet Material

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Adolfo Garcia Gonzalez ◽  
Dong Wang ◽  
Jean-Marc Dubus ◽  
Peter Omand Rasmussen
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Electrical Vehicles ◽  
Magnet Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
Selection Of ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Rare-earth metals used for manufacturing Permanent Magnets (PMs) remain classified as critical raw materials by the European Commission. In order to secure the supply of electrical machines due to the increasing demand of Hybrid and Full Electrical Vehicles ((H)EVs), recycling has emerged as a valuable alternative. Hence, this paper presents the concept of a modular PM machine with a hybrid rotor and 3D flux paths, for application in ((H)EVs). The proposed machine topology is intended to facilitate the extraction of PM material towards a recycling process. The selection of a machine for prototyping is carried out by investigating the effect of the variation of the number of rotor teeth and stator modules on various parameters, with models developed in Finite Element (FE). Finally, the models developed of the selected combination were validated with a detailed experimental evaluation of the prototype.

scholarly journals Global Warming Potential of a New Waterjet-Based Recycling Process for Cathode Materials of Lithium-Ion Batteries

Batteries ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (2) ◽  
pp. 29
Author(s):  
Leonard Kurz ◽  
Mojtaba Faryadras ◽  
Ines Klugius ◽  
Frederik Reichert ◽  
Andreas Scheibe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Global Warming ◽  
Global Warming Potential ◽  
Waste Treatment ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Use Of Resources ◽  
Mechanical Removal ◽  
Increasing Demand

Due to the increasing demand for battery electric vehicles (BEVs), the need for vehicle battery raw materials is increasing. The traction battery (TB) of an electric vehicle, usually a lithium-ion battery (LIB), represents the largest share of a BEV’s CO2 footprint. To reduce this carbon footprint sustainably and to keep the raw materials within a closed loop economy, suitable and efficient recycling processes are essential. In this life cycle assessment (LCA), the ecological performance of a waterjet-based direct recycling process with minimal use of resources and energy is evaluated; only the recycling process is considered, waste treatment and credits for by-products are not part of the analysis. Primary data from a performing recycling company were mainly used for the modelling. The study concludes that the recycling of 1 kg of TB is associated with a global warming potential (GWP) of 158 g CO2 equivalents (CO2e). Mechanical removal using a water jet was identified as the main driver of the recycling process, followed by an air purification system. Compared to conventional hydro- or pyrometallurgical processes, this waterjet-based recycling process could be attributed an 8 to 26 times lower GWP. With 10% and 20% reuse of recyclate in new cells, the GWP of TBs could be reduced by 4% and 8%, respectively. It has been shown that this recycling approach can be classified as environmentally friendly.

Handling and Fixation of Permanent Magnets

2013 ◽  
Vol 769 ◽  
pp. 3-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jan Tremel ◽  
Benjamin Hofmann ◽  
Florian Risch
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Research Projects ◽  
Fixation Methods ◽  
High Efficient ◽  
The Family

Due to rapid developments within the family of rare-earth materials innovative electrical machines can nowadays be used as high efficient generators in various power, as well as rugged constructed machines for automobile battery based propulsion in hybrid and full electric vehicles. The production of different motor concepts spread into different design variants and creates complex variations especially regarding the rotor. Deriving from various research projects, the handling of the permanent magnet components is investigated, including the development of new assembly and fixation methods.

scholarly journals The Potential for REE and Associated Critical Metals in Karstic Bauxites and Bauxite Residue of Montenegro

Minerals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 975
Author(s):  
Slobodan Radusinović ◽  
Argyrios Papadopoulos
Keyword(s):  
Raw Materials ◽  
Bauxite Residue ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Late Triassic ◽  
Critical Metals ◽  
Critical Elements ◽  
Secondary Raw Material ◽  
Increasing Demand ◽  
First Time ◽  
Critical Raw Materials

Research for critical raw materials is of special interest, due to their increasing demand, opulence of applications and shortage of supply. Bauxites, or bauxite residue after alumina extraction can be sources of critical raw materials (CRMs) due to their content of rare earth elements and other critical elements. Montenegrin bauxites and bauxite residue (red mud) are investigated for their mineralogy and geochemistry. The study of the CRM’s potential of the Montenegrin bauxite residue after the application of Bayer process, is performed for the first time. Montenegrin bauxites, (Jurassic bauxites from the Vojnik-Maganik and Prekornica ore regions from the Early Jurassic, Middle Jurassic-Oxfordian and Late Triassic paleorelief) are promising for their REE’s content (around 1000 ppm of ΣREE’s). More specifically, they are especially enriched in LREEs compared to HREEs. Regarding other CRMs and other elements, Ti, V, Zr, Nb, Sr and Ga could also be promising. In bauxite residue, the contents of Zr, Sr, V, Sc, La, Ce, Y, Ti and Nb are higher than those in bauxites. However, raw bauxites and bauxite residue as a secondary raw material can be considered as possible sources of CRMs.

Calculation and Analysis on PM Thermal Characteristics Influence Performance of PMSM Based on FEM

2011 ◽  
Vol 84-85 ◽  
pp. 676-680
Author(s):  
Ji Zhu Liu ◽  
Xiao Hui Yu ◽  
Shao Hua Wang ◽  
Tao Chen ◽  
Rui Zheng Long
Keyword(s):  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor ◽  
Thermal Characteristics ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Working Temperature ◽  
Knee Point ◽  
Reverse Magnetic Field ◽  
Selection Of

The irreversible demagnetization of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet (PM) material appears during the use of Nd-Fe-B permanent magnet synchronous motor (PMSM) has been blocking this kind of motor towards the direction of large-scale. Demagnetization of PM is mainly affected by the working temperature and the reverse magnetic field of stator armature, and the accurate calculation for the demagnetization characteristics of PMSM is usually difficult by using the analytical method. In this paper, we derive the calculation formula of the knee point under a working temperature for permanent magnets in PMSM firstly, then calculate and analyze the demagnetization characteristics of PMSM under different working temperatures and loads by using the Finite Element Method (FEM), Thereby more accurately reflect the working characteristics of PM and the overload capability of motor. This paper provides theoretical basis for the selection of PM materials and the calculation of PM thickness in the PMSM design.

scholarly journals Re-Use and Recycling of Different Electrical Machines

2018 ◽  
Vol 55 (4) ◽  
pp. 13-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Rassõlkin ◽  
A. Kallaste ◽  
S. Orlova ◽  
L. Gevorkov ◽  
T. Vaimann ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Induction Motor ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Main Attention ◽  
Base Materials ◽  
Synchronous Reluctance Motor ◽  
Reluctance Motor

Abstract The paper discusses the current developments in the recycling of electrical machines. The main attention is devoted to three types of motors: synchronous reluctance motor, permanent magnet assisted synchronous reluctance motor, and induction motor. Base materials of such electrical machines are also described in the paper. Rare-earth permanent magnets used in electrical machines are review separately. Moreover, the paper considers the features of the disassembly and recycling options.

Predictive and Flexible Circular Economy Approaches for Highly Integrated Products and their Materials as Given in E-Mobility and ICT

2019 ◽  
Vol 959 ◽  
pp. 22-31 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christoph Knieke ◽  
Sebastian Lawrenz ◽  
Magnus Fröhling ◽  
Daniel Goldmann ◽  
Andreas Rausch
Keyword(s):  
Circular Economy ◽  
Information Needs ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Economic Assessment ◽  
Process Chain ◽  
Waste Streams ◽  
Recycling Process ◽  
Novel Approach ◽  
Planning Methods ◽  
Selection Of

The control of degraded products, waste streams and secondary raw materials that can be produced from those must be in line with demand within the framework of an Advanced Circular Economy. Material requirements are developing dynamically depending on product development and consumer behavior. Accordingly, the recycling system must also behave dynamically and predictively and has to be transformed into stable, efficient but flexible process routes. This can also lead to a shift in the significance and sequence of the respective materials of main and secondary value in a process chain. This paper presents a novel approach for a smart and predictive circular economy. The approach consists of three major parts: An open information marketplace to meet information needs, suitable economic assessment and planning methods, and a dynamic optimization of the recycling process chain, e.g., selection of process steps and their sequence.

scholarly journals Influence of Permanent Magnet Characteristic Variability on the Wind Generator Operation

2017 ◽  
Vol 54 (1) ◽  
pp. 3-11 ◽  
Author(s):  
O. Kudrjavtsev ◽  
A. Kallaste ◽  
A. Kilk ◽  
T. Vaimann ◽  
S. Orlova
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element Analysis ◽  
Finite Element ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Magnet Material ◽  
Permanent Magnet Material ◽  
Output Characteristics ◽  
Different Characteristics ◽  
Generator Output

Abstract The paper discusses problems concerning the influence of permanent magnet material characteristics on the low-speed permanent magnet generator losses and output characteristics. The variability of the magnet material and its effect on the output parameters of the machine has been quantified. The characteristics of six different grades of neodymium permanent magnets have been measured and compared to the supplier specification data. The simulations of the generator have been carried out using transient finite element analysis. The results show that magnet materials from different suppliers have different characteristics, which have a significant influence on the generator output parameters, such as efficiency and power factor.

scholarly journals Direct reuse strategies of rare earth permanent magnets for PM electrical machines – an overview study

2019 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 20901
Author(s):  
Ziwei Li ◽  
Afef Kedous-Lebouc ◽  
Jean-Marc Dubus ◽  
Lauric Garbuio ◽  
Sophie Personnaz
Keyword(s):  
Rare Earth ◽  
Permanent Magnet ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Permanent Magnets ◽  
State Of The Art ◽  
The State ◽  
Electrical Machines ◽  
Heavy Rare Earth

The global supply of heavy rare earth magnets can become risky with the soaring demand of rare earth permanent magnet (PM) machines. One of the promising solutions is to reuse or recycle permanent magnets from end-of-Life electrical machines. This paper is an overview study of the state-of-the-art permanent magnet reuse and recycling research for electrical machines. Some methodologies for quantifying the recyclability of permanent magnet of electrical machines are also introduced.

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