scholarly journals Reutealis Trisperma Oil Esterification: Optimization and Kinetic Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (6) ◽  
pp. 1513
Author(s):  
Riky Lim ◽  
Deog-Keun Kim ◽  
Jin-Suk Lee
Keyword(s):  
Kinetic Study ◽  
High Reliability ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Ion Exchange Resin ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Marginal Lands ◽  
Central Composite

Reutealis trisperma, due to its high kernel-oil yield (±50%) and long productivity (±70 years), is considered to be a promising feedstock for biodiesel production. In addition, this plant, which can thrive on marginal lands, is classified as a non-edible oil since it contains a toxin known as eleostearic acid. The present study aimed to optimize the esterification step in biodiesel production from R.trisperma oil catalyzed using sulfonic ion exchange resin Lewatit K2640. The optimization step was performed using a response surface methodology through the incorporation of a central composite design. A kinetic study was performed as well, based on the assumption of a pseudo-homogeneous second-order model. Catalyst loading was found to have the most significant impact on acid value, followed by temperature and methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The optimal conditions for the esterification step were 92 °C temperature, 5.34% catalyst loading, and 5.82:1 methanol-to-oil molar ratio. The acid value and FFA conversion of R.trisperma oil under these conditions were 2.49 mg KOH/g and 91.75%, respectively. The kinetics study revealed that the constructed model could fit the experimental data well with relatively high reliability. The activation energy required for the esterification of R.trisperma oil was 33.2 kJ/mol.

scholarly journals Transesterification of Low FFA Waste Vegetable Oil using Homogeneous Base Catalyst for Biodiesel Production: Optimization, Kinetics and Product Stability

2018 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 586-592 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.G. Al-Sakkari ◽  
S.T. El-Sheltawy ◽  
A. Soliman ◽  
I. Ismail
Keyword(s):  
Vegetable Oil ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Production Optimization ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Order Model ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Waste Vegetable Oil ◽  
Optimum Reaction ◽  
The Stability

The most common method of biodiesel production is base catalyzed transesterification where alkaline materials, such as potassium hydroxide, are used as a catalyst. This paper presents a study of factors affecting biodiesel production from low free fatty acids (FFA) content waste vegetable oil through base catalyzed transesterification as well as the optimum reaction conditions. The optimum conditions were found to be a time of 60 min, catalyst loading of 1% of oil mass, mixing speed of 400 rpm and temperature of 65 °C. It also introduces a kinetic study of this reaction to determine the best model to fit the experimental data. First order model was found to be the best one to fit the early reaction stages while the second order model was the best to describe reaction kinetics in later stages. The stability of produced biodiesel was studied through determination of acid value and viscosity of stored biodiesel along three months.

scholarly journals Effect of Process Variables on the Transesterification Process of Palm Oil Sludge to Biodiesel

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-14
Author(s):  
O. A. Aworanti ◽  
A. O. Ajani ◽  
S. E. Agarry ◽  
K. A. Babatunde ◽  
O. D. Akinwunmi
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Palm Oil ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Oil Sludge ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Optimum Process ◽  
Process Variables

In this research work, the optimum process variables (catalyst, methanol to oil ratio and reaction time) for transesterification of palm oil sludge (POS) to biodiesel were studied. The transesterification process was carried by mixture of palm oil sludge, methanol and catalyst with the help of magnetic stirrer at 300 rpm and at temperature of 60ºC. The catalyst used for the process was potassium hydroxide (KOH). One-Factor-at-A-Time was used to select the possible optimum levels of process variable that gives high biodiesel yield. The study was evaluated by five levels  of methanol-to-oil ratio (1:1 – 12:1), catalyst (0.1- 2%) and reaction time (30 – 150 min).The optimum process variables for transesterification of palm oil sludge (POS) to achieved maximum biodiesel yield  were found to be methanol to oil molar ratio of 12:1, catalyst loading of 1.5wt% and reaction time of 30 min. At this optimum conditions the maximum biodiesel yield was 61.2%. The biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil sludge was characterized in order to determine the properties of the product. The density of POS is 857.0 kg/m3, kinematic viscosity of 5.38 mm2/s, flash point of 180°C, pour point of -5°C, and Acid value of 0.17 mgKOH/g. The biodiesel produced from transesterification of palm oil sludge meets the EN 14214 and ASTM 6751 standard. Thus, this study will be helpful to determine an efficient and economical procedure for biodiesel production from non-edible raw materials with high free fatty acid.

HETEROGENEOUS TRANSESTERIFICATION OF RUBBER SEED OIL BIODIESEL PRODUCTION

2016 ◽  
Vol 78 (6-10) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mahanum Mohd Zamberi ◽  
Farid Nasir Ani ◽  
Mohd Fadzli Abdollah
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Characterization ◽  
Rubber Seed Oil ◽  
Weight Percentage ◽  
Astm D6751 ◽  
Central Composite ◽  
Very High

An experimental investigation was conducted to explore the effects of using waste cockle shells as a heterogeneous catalyst on the transesterification process of very high free fatty acid (FFA) rubber seeds oil with methanol. The waste cockle was calcined at 900oC for 4 hours and was employed as a source of calcium oxide (CaO). SEM, XRD and XRF were adopted to analyze the catalyst characterization. The process variables namely oil molar ratio, catalyst concentration and reaction time were optimized using response surface methodology (RSM) based on central composite design (CCD) method. The optimum yield of 88.06% was obtained for the final product of biodiesel with optimal conditions was obtained as: molar ratio of methanol to oil of around 15.57:1, 9 % catalyst weight percentage with 2.81 hours reaction time. All the fuel properties were analyzed according to the ASTM D6751 and EN-14214 standards in terms of viscosity, acid value, density and flash point.

Calcium Methoxide Synthesis from Quick Lime Using as Solid Catalyst in Refined Palm Oil Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 834-836 ◽  
pp. 550-554 ◽  
Author(s):  
Warakom Suwanthai ◽  
Vittaya Punsuvon ◽  
Pilanee Vaithanomsat
Keyword(s):  
Palm Oil ◽  
Acid Methyl Ester ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
Quick Lime ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Refined Palm Oil

In this research, calcium methoxide was synthesized as solid base catalyst from quick lime for biodiesel production. The catalyst was further characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), attenuated total reflection fourier transform (ATR-FTIR) and Energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopies (EDX) to evaluate its performance. The transesterification of refined palm oil using calcium methoxide and the process parameters affecting the fatty acid methyl ester (FAME) content such as catalyst concentration, methanol:oil molar ratio and reaction time were investigated. The results showed that the FAME content at 97% was achieved within 3 h using 3 %wt catalyst loading, 12:1 methanol:oil molar ratio and 65 °C reaction temperature. The result of FAME suggested calcium methoxide was the promising solid catalyst for substitution of the conventional liquid catalyst.

scholarly journals Optimization of Waste Cooking Oil’s FFA as Biodiesel Feedstock

Teknomekanik ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 14-21
Author(s):  
Sri Rizki Putri Primandari ◽  
Andril Arafat ◽  
Harumi Veny
Keyword(s):  
Irradiation Time ◽  
Control Variable ◽  
Waste Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Cooking Oil ◽  
Biodiesel Feedstock ◽  
Temperature Irradiation ◽  
Acid Esterification ◽  
Central Composite

Waste cooking oil has high Free Fatty Acid (FFA). It affected on decreasing a biodiesel production. FFA reduction is one of important processes in biodiesel production from waste cooking oil. Thus, this study aimed to examine the optimum condition in FFA reduction. The process is assisted by using ultrasonic irradiation on acid esterification. Variables of the process are acid concentration, molar ratio of methanol and oil, and irradiation time. Meanwhile temperature irradiation on 45oC is a control variable. Process optimization is conducted by Response Surface Methodology (RSM) with Central Composite Design (CCD). The optimum conditions of response were 7.22:1 (methanol to oil molar ratio), 0.92% wt H2SO4, 26.04 minutes (irradiation time), and 45oC (irradiation temperature). Ultrasonic system reduced FFA significantly compared to conventional method.

Natural Hydroxyapatite (NHAp) Derived from Pork Bone as a Renewable Catalyst for Biodiesel Production via Microwave Irradiation

2015 ◽  
Vol 659 ◽  
pp. 216-220 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Thaweethong Inkaew ◽  
Laorrut Kodephun ◽  
Wipada Yenying ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Time ◽  
Microwave Power ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Raw Material ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Animal Bone ◽  
Natural Hydroxyapatite

The use of waste materials for producing biodiesel via transesterification has been of recent interest. In this study, the pork bone was used as the raw materials for natural hydroxyapatite (NHAp) catalyst. The calcination of animal bone was conducted at 900 °C for 2 h. The raw material and the resulting heterogeneous catalyst were characterized using X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction time, microwave power, methanol/oil molar ratio, catalyst loading and reusability of catalyst were systematically investigated. The optimum conditions, which yielded a conversion of oil of nearly 94%, were reaction time 5 min and microwave power 800 W. The results indicated that the NHAp catalysts derived from pork bone showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts under microwave-assisted transesterification of Jatropha Curcas oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Calcium Oxide Derived from Waste Shells of Mussel, Cockle, and Scallop as the Heterogeneous Catalyst for Biodiesel Production

2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Achanai Buasri ◽  
Nattawut Chaiyut ◽  
Vorrada Loryuenyong ◽  
Phatsakon Worawanitchaphong ◽  
Sarinthip Trongyong
Keyword(s):  
Calcium Oxide ◽  
Heterogeneous Catalysts ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Bet Method ◽  
Xrf Scanning ◽  
Waste Shell ◽  
Calcination Method

The waste shell was utilized as a bioresource of calcium oxide (CaO) in catalyzing a transesterification to produce biodiesel (methyl ester). The economic and environmen-friendly catalysts were prepared by a calcination method at 700–1,000°C for 4 h. The heterogeneous catalysts were characterized by X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray fluorescence (XRF), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and the Brunauer-Emmett-Teller (BET) method. The effects of reaction variables such as reaction time, reaction temperature, methanol/oil molar ratio, and catalyst loading on the yield of biodiesel were investigated. Reusability of waste shell catalyst was also examined. The results indicated that the CaO catalysts derived from waste shell showed good reusability and had high potential to be used as biodiesel production catalysts in transesterification of palm oil with methanol.

scholarly journals Using lipase Candida rugosa as a catalyst for the biodiesel production from Tra fish (Pangasius hypophtalmus) oil

2015 ◽  
Vol 18 (1) ◽  
pp. 29-39
Author(s):  
Nhu Thi Tuyet Nguyen ◽  
Nguyen Thi Nguyen ◽  
Hoa Ngoc Phan
Keyword(s):  
Fatty Acid ◽  
Fish Oil ◽  
Specific Activity ◽  
Candida Rugosa ◽  
Free Water ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Buffer Solution ◽  
Solution Ph

In this work, lipase from Candida rugosa (LCR) was used as a catalyst for the transesterification reaction of fish oil with methanol. The research process consists of three stages: determine the material properties and the activity of the enzyme from Candida rugosa, transeter of fish oil with methanol catalyzed by the enzyme lipase, evaluation indicators of the quality of biodiesel obtained. Fish oil contains 62% unsaturated fatty acid, acid value of 2.2 mg KOH/g. Activity and specific activity of enzyme were respectively 1064 U/mg enzyme and 2782 U/mg protein. Factors affecting the efficiency of conversion of fatty acid methyl esters - FAME were investigated: the molar ratio of methanol/fish oil, ratio of enzyme/fish oil, temperature reaction, pH reaction, concentration of buffer and reaction time. Yield of biodiesel conversion was 92.65% with optimal conditions: rate of methanol/fish oil was 4:1, the ratio of enzyme/substract was 2%, reaction temperature was 40°C, additional 10% buffer solution pH 7 with 96 hour response time. Products biodiesel obtained FAME components accounted for 98.94%; density at 15°C is 0.8816 g/ml; no free water and glycerine, consistent with the original standard biodiesel (B100) (TCVN 7717:2007). However, the acid value of 1.7 mg KOH products/g higher than the allowable value.

scholarly journals Synthesis and Characterization of Sodium Silicate Produced from Corncobs as a Heterogeneous Catalyst in Biodiesel Production

2020 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
pp. 88
Author(s):  
Alwi Gery Agustan Siregar ◽  
Renita Manurung ◽  
Taslim Taslim
Keyword(s):  
Sodium Silicate ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Gas Chromatography Mass Spectrometry ◽  
Catalyst Loading ◽  
Solid Catalyst ◽  
Biodiesel Fuel ◽  
Solid Base ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Biodiesel Synthesis

In this study, silica derived from corncobs impregnated with sodium hydroxide to obtain sodium silicate was calcined, prepared, and employed as a solid base catalyst for the conversion of oils to biodiesel. The catalyst was characterized by X-Ray Diffraction (XRD), Fourier-Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR), Scanning Electron Microscope Energy Dispersive X-Ray Spectroscopy (SEM-EDS), and Brunauer-Emmet-Teller (BET) and Barrett-Joyner-Halenda (BJH) methods. Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS) was used to characterize the biodiesel products. The optimum catalyst conditions were calcination temperature of 400 °C for 2 h, catalyst loading of 2%, and methanol: oil molar ratio of 12:1 at 60 °C for 60 min, that resulted in a yield of 79.49%. The final product conforms to the selected biodiesel fuel properties of European standard (EN14214) specifications. Calcined corncob-derived sodium silicate showed high potential for use as a low-cost, high-performance, simple-to-prepare solid catalyst for biodiesel synthesis.

scholarly journals PENGARUH RASIO MOL, SUHU DAN LAMA REAKSI TERHADAP BILANGAN IOD, BILANGAN ASAM, BILANGAN PEROKSIDA DAN KANDUNGAN SULFONAT SURFAKTAN DARI CPO

2015 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 148
Author(s):  
Sri Hidayati ◽  
Illim
Keyword(s):  
Reaction Temperature ◽  
Peroxide Value ◽  
Surface Active Agent ◽  
Active Agent ◽  
Acid Value ◽  
Molar Ratio ◽  
Polar Groups ◽  
Amphiphilic Molecules ◽  
Surface Active ◽  
Central Composite

 ABSTRACT A surfactant is a surface-active agent that can be produced by chemical or biochemical synthesis.  The main characteristic of a surfactant is having polar and non polar groups at the same molecule (amphiphilic molecules) and forming head-tail configuration. This research as aimed to obtain      the optimum condition (reaction temperature, sulphonation reaction and molar ratio)                              of sulphonation process in producing MES from CPO methyl ester and to investigate                          the characteristic of MES produced. Measurements conducted include iodine value, acid value, peroxide value and absorbance of Sulfonate. Experimental design used was Response Surface Method (RSM) and Central Composite Design (CCD) with three factors. MES resulted from this best condition   had following characteristic or CPO was obtained with ratio of reactants of 1:1.5, reaction time of 4.5 hour and reaction temperature of 108.9ºC with Acid value of 13.32 mg KOH/g sample, Iod value  of 41.12 Iod g/100 sample, Peroxide value of 7.6 mmole/1000 g, sulfonat absorbance of 0.76 AU. Keywords :  metil ester sulfonat, acid value, iod value, peroxide value    

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