scholarly journals Impact of Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) Fuel Systems in Small Engine Wood Chippers on Exhaust Emissions and Fuel Consumption

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (24) ◽  
pp. 6709
Author(s):  
Łukasz Warguła ◽  
Mateusz Kukla ◽  
Piotr Lijewski ◽  
Michał Dobrzyński ◽  
Filip Markiewicz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Average Power ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Maximum Diameter ◽  
Nox Emissions ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Hc Emissions

The projected increase in the availability of gaseous fuels by growing popularity of household natural gas (NG) filling stations and the increase in the production of gaseous biogas-derived fuels is conducive to an increase in the use of NG fuel. Currently, natural gas in various forms (compressed natural gas (CNG), liquefied natural gas (LNG)) is popular in maritime, rail and road transport. A new direction of natural gas application may be non-road mobile machines powered by a small spark-ignition engine (SI). The use of these engines in the wood chippers can cause the reduction of machine costs and emissions of harmful exhaust gases. In addition, plant material chippers intended for composting in bio-gas plants can be driven by the gas they are used to produce. The biogas can be purified to bio-methane to meet natural gas quality standards. The article presents the design of the natural gas supply system, which is an upgrade of the Lifan GX 390 combustion engine spark ignition engine (Four-stroke, OHV (over head valve) with a maximum power of 9.56 kW), which is a common representative of small gasoline engines. The engine is mounted in a cylindrical chipper designed for shredding branches with a maximum diameter of up to 100 mm, which is a typical machine used for cleaning work in urban areas. The engine powered by CNG and traditionally gasoline has been tested in real working conditions, when shredding cherry plum (Prunus cerasifera Ehrh. Beitr. Naturk. 4:17. 1789 (Gartenkalender4:189–204. 1784)). Their diameter was ca. 80 mm, 3-metere-long, and humidity content ca. 25%. The systems were tested under the same actual operating conditions, the average power generated by the drives during shredding is about 0.69 kW. Based on the recorded results, it was found that the CNG-fuelled engine was characterized by nitrogen oxides (NOx) emissions higher by 45%. The other effects of CNG were a reduction in carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO) and hydrocarbon (HC) emissions of about 81%, 26% and 57%, respectively. Additionally, the use of CNG reduced fuel consumption by 31% and hourly estimated machine operating costs resulting from fuel costs by 53% (for average fuel price in Poland: gasoline: 0.99 EUR/L and CNG: 0.71 EUR/m3 on 08 November 2020). The modernization performed by the authors ensured the work of the drive unit during shredding, closer to the value of stoichiometric mixtures. The average (AVG) value of the air fuel ratio (AFR) for CNG was enriched by 1.2% (AVG AFR was 17), while for the gasoline engine the mixture was more enriched by 4.8% (AVG AFR was 14). The operation of spark-ignition (SI) combustion engines is most advantageous when burning stoichiometric mixtures due to the cooperation with exhaust aftertreatment systems (e.g., three-function catalytic converter). A system powered by CNG may be beneficial in systems adapting to operating conditions, used in low-power shredding machines, whose problem is increased HC emissions, and CNG combustion may reduce them. The developed system does not exceed the emission standards applicable in the European Union. For CO emissions expressed in g/kWh, it was about 95% lower than the permissible value, and HC + NOx emissions were 85% lower. This suggests that the use of the fuel in question may contribute to tightening up the permissible emission regulations for non-road machinery.

Laminar flame speed correlations for methane, ethane, propane and their mixtures, and natural gas and gasoline for spark-ignition engine simulations

2017 ◽  
Vol 18 (9) ◽  
pp. 951-970 ◽  
Author(s):  
Riccardo Amirante ◽  
Elia Distaso ◽  
Paolo Tamburrano ◽  
Rolf D Reitz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Laminar Flame ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Flame Speed ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Computational Time ◽  
Laminar Flame Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition Engines ◽  
Empirical Correlations

The laminar flame speed plays an important role in spark-ignition engines, as well as in many other combustion applications, such as in designing burners and predicting explosions. For this reason, it has been object of extensive research. Analytical correlations that allow it to be calculated have been developed and are used in engine simulations. They are usually preferred to detailed chemical kinetic models for saving computational time. Therefore, an accurate as possible formulation for such expressions is needed for successful simulations. However, many previous empirical correlations have been based on a limited set of experimental measurements, which have been often carried out over a limited range of operating conditions. Thus, it can result in low accuracy and usability. In this study, measurements of laminar flame speeds obtained by several workers are collected, compared and critically analyzed with the aim to develop more accurate empirical correlations for laminar flame speeds as a function of equivalence ratio and unburned mixture temperature and pressure over a wide range of operating conditions, namely [Formula: see text], [Formula: see text] and [Formula: see text]. The purpose is to provide simple and workable expressions for modeling the laminar flame speed of practical fuels used in spark-ignition engines. Pure compounds, such as methane and propane and binary mixtures of methane/ethane and methane/propane, as well as more complex fuels including natural gas and gasoline, are considered. A comparison with available empirical correlations in the literature is also provided.

Numerical study of hydrogen addition on the performance and emission characteristics of compressed natural gas spark-ignition engine using response surface methodology and multi-objective desirability approach

2020 ◽  
pp. 146808742094590
Author(s):  
Homayoun Boodaghi ◽  
Mir Majid Etghani ◽  
Korosh Sedighi
Keyword(s):  
Response Surface Methodology ◽  
Natural Gas ◽  
Response Surface ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Brake Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Multi Objective ◽  
Desirability Approach ◽  
Gas Ratio

Today, the demand for higher output efficiencies, lower fuel consumption, and ever reduced emissions has been rising. Due to its availability, one promising alternative is the applying of hydrogen in internal combustion engines. In this study, the initial efforts concentrated on combine relationships of input and output parameters of hydrogen compressed natural gas spark-ignition engine. The quadratic regression models were conducted for all six responses: torque, carbon monoxide, brake-specific fuel consumption, methane, nitrogen oxides, and total hydrocarbon through response surface methodology and tested for adequacy by analysis of variance. The multi-objective desirability approach employed for the optimization of input variables, namely, the hydrogen compressed natural gas ratio, excess air ratio ( λ), and ignition timing ( θi). Also, two factors, that is, manifold absolute pressure and engine speed, were fixed at 105 kPa and 1600 r/min, respectively. Results indicate that the optimal independent input factors are equal to λ of 1.178, hydrogen compressed natural gas ratio of 25.98%, and θi of 18 °CA before top dead center. Also, the optimal combination of responses is as follows: brake-specific fuel consumption of 219.334 g/kWh, the torque of 395 N m, 30.189 g/kWh for nitrogen oxides, carbon monoxide equal to 5.093 g/kWh, total hydrocarbon of 0.633 g/kWh, and 0.572 g/kWh for methane. This study provided the significance of response surface methodology as an attractive technique for investigators for modeling. In this regard, the response surface methodology modeling and multi-objective desirability approach can be utilized to predict the emission and performance characteristics of the hydrogen compressed natural gas engines minutely.

Development of the Control and Acquisition System for a Natural-Gas Spark-Ignition Engine Test Bench

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lorenzo Gasbarro ◽  
Jinlong Liu ◽  
Christopher Ulishney ◽  
Cosmin E. Dumitrescu ◽  
Luca Ambrogi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Internal Combustion Engines ◽  
Test Bench ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Acquisition System ◽  
Combustion Engines ◽  
Engine Test ◽  
New Sensors

Abstract Investigations using laboratory test benches are the most common way to find the technological solutions that will increase the efficiency of internal combustion engines and curtail their emissions. In addition, the collected experimental data are used by the CFD community to develop engine models that reduce the time-to-market. This paper describes the steps made to increase the reliability of engine experiments performed in a heavy-duty natural-gas spark-ignition engine test-cell such as the design of the control and data acquisition system based on Modbus TCP communication protocol. Specifically, new sensors and a new dynamometer controller were installed. The operation of the improved test bench was investigated at several operating conditions, with data obtained at both high- and low-sampling rates. The results indicated a stable test bench operation.

Influence of exhaust residuals on combustion phases, exhaust toxic emission and fuel consumption from a natural gas fueled spark-ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 165 ◽  
pp. 440-446 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stanislaw Szwaja ◽  
Ehsan Ansari ◽  
Sandesh Rao ◽  
Magdalena Szwaja ◽  
Karol Grab-Rogalinski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Toxic Emission ◽  
Gas Fueled

scholarly journals Investigation of cycle skipping methods in an engine converted to positive ignition natural gas engine

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (9) ◽  
pp. 168781402110454
Author(s):  
Erdal Tunçer ◽  
Tarkan Sandalcı ◽  
Yasin Karagöz
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electronic Control Unit ◽  
Engine Performance ◽  
Control Unit ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Specific Fuel Consumption ◽  
Electronic Throttle ◽  
Operating Modes

In this study, a single cylinder of 1.16 L, naturally aspirated engine was converted to a spark ignition engine, which was a diesel engine operating with natural gas as fuel. By placing electronic throttle, electronic ignition module, gas fuel injectors and proximity sensors on the test engine, the engine has been turned into a positive ignition engine that can work with natural gas as fuel, thanks to the electronic control unit developed by our project team. Then, in the study performed, different cycle skipping strategies were experimentally investigated at a constant engine speed of 1565 rpm, in accordance with the generator operating conditions. Engine performance, emissions (CO, HC, and NOx), and combustion characteristics (cylinder pressure, rate of heat release, etc.) of cycle skipping strategies were experimentally investigated with natural gas as fuel in Normal, 3N1S, 2N1S, and 1N1S engine operating modes. According to the results obtained, specific fuel consumption, CO and HC values improved in all cycle skipping operating conditions, except for NOx, but the best results were obtained in 2N1S operating conditions; it was concluded that the specific fuel consumption, CO and HC values improved by 11.19%, 61.89%, and 65.60%, respectively.

scholarly journals Effect of ignition timing on engine characteristics of a single cylinder spark ignition engine with CNG fueled

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (K6) ◽  
pp. 79-86
Author(s):  
Quoc Dang Tran
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Engine Speed ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Ignition Timing ◽  
Compressed Natural Gas ◽  
Brake Thermal Efficiency ◽  
Timing System ◽  
Cng Engine

This article shows an investigated research on Compressed Natural Gas (CNG) engine with a port injection when varying ignition timing. The obtained results from simulating study have indicated that both of brake thermal efficiency and torque have a similar trend when varying ignition timing. The effect of ignition timing on the value of brake thermal efficiency is stronger in comparison with torque, however, the increase in engine speed or lambda value have to adjust the ignition timing more early. To reach the maximum break torque at each engine speed, the ignition timing should be adjusted IT = 14 - 32 bTDC, and this is also basic value to design the ignition timing system using CNG engine with port injection.

scholarly journals Effect of magnetic actuators on fuel consumption in spark-ignition engine

2018 ◽  
Vol 19 (9) ◽  
pp. 159-161
Author(s):  
Łukasz Mozga ◽  
Tomasz Stoeck
Keyword(s):  
Fuel Consumption ◽  
Spark Ignition ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Spark Ignition Engine ◽  
Magnetic Actuators ◽  
Real Vehicle

The paper presents the results of investigations conducted with the use of magnetic actuators, equipped with a small spark-ignition engine. The results show the possibility of limiting fuel consumption under real vehicle operating conditions.

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