scholarly journals Thermal Efficiency and Economics of a Boil-Off Hydrogen Re-Liquefaction System Considering the Energy Efficiency Design Index for Liquid Hydrogen Carriers

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (15) ◽  
pp. 4566
Author(s):  
Minsoo Choi ◽  
Wongwan Jung ◽  
Sanghyuk Lee ◽  
Taehwan Joung ◽  
Daejun Chang
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Specific Energy Consumption ◽  
Liquid Hydrogen ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Fuel Cell Stack ◽  
Energy Efficiency Design Index ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Large Flow

This study analyzes the thermodynamic, economic, and regulatory aspects of boil-off hydrogen (BOH) in liquid hydrogen (LH2) carriers that can be re-liquefied using a proposed re-liquefaction system or used as fuel in a fuel cell stack. Five LH2 carriers sailing between two designated ports are considered in a case study. The specific energy consumption of the proposed re-liquefaction system varies from 8.22 to 10.80 kWh/kg as the re-liquefaction-to-generation fraction (R/G fraction) is varied. The economic evaluation results show that the cost of re-liquefaction decreases as the re-liquefied flow rate increases and converges to 1.5 $/kg at an adequately large flow rate. Three energy efficient design index (EEDI) candidates are proposed to determine feasible R/G fractions: an EEDI equivalent to that of LNG carriers, an EEDI that considers the energy density of LH2, and no EEDI restrictions. The first EEDI candidate is so strict that the majority of the BOH should be used as fuel. In the case of the second EEDI candidate, the permittable R/G fraction is between 25% and 33%. If the EEDI is not applied for LH2 carriers, as in the third candidate, the specific life-cycle cost decreases to 67% compared with the first EEDI regulation.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE TECHNIQUE IN REDUCING COSTS AND ACHIEVING SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT GOALS, A CASE STUDY IN THE RUSTAN STEEL STRUCTURE PRODUCTION COMPANY IN ERBIL

2021 ◽  
Vol 03 (07) ◽  
pp. 314-328
Author(s):  
Ghazi Abdulazeez SULAIMAN BAG ◽  
Rafiq Faraj MAHMOOD
Keyword(s):  
Corporate Governance ◽  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Product Life Cycle ◽  
Steel Structures ◽  
Product Life ◽  
Technical Requirements ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

This research was - case study in Rstin company for the steel structures in Erbil- addressed the cost technique of product life cycle, as discussed the kinds, relevance and the stages of the life cycle of the product, also it referred to the corporate governance of discussing its inception the concept and importance of the principles, objectives, and mechanisms was addressed to the technical aspects of the overlap between the cost of the product life cycle corporate governance and show the appropriate techniques used in each stage of the life cycle of the product and how it achieved by a reduction of costs. The result of this study indicates that the integration between the product life cycle cost and corporate governance works on reduce costs through the various stages of product life cycle. It also concluded that this integration increases the company ability to compete in market which leads to rise in its market share and eventually lead to maximize the profit which has been achieved through the optimal use of a company available resources. It also found that the techniques of life cycle cost of the product cannot be applied without support of the company directors, throughout the technical requirements of the application. Corporate governance ensures directors of the company to utilize firm resources which makes the company to achieve several stakeholders' objectives.

Probabilistic Characterization of Life-Cycle Agency and User Costs: Case Study of Minnesota

2017 ◽  
Vol 2639 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-101 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mehdi Akbarian ◽  
Omar Swei ◽  
Randolph Kirchain ◽  
Jeremy Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Life Cycle Costs ◽  
Potential Implication ◽  
User Costs ◽  
Probabilistic Characterization ◽  
The Cost

Life-cycle cost analysis (LCCA) is a commonly used approach by pavement engineers to compare the economic efficiency of alternative pavement design and maintenance strategies. Over the past two decades, the pavement community has augmented the LCCA framework used in practice by explicitly accounting for uncertainty in the decision-making process and incorporating life-cycle costs not only to the agency but also to the users of a facility. This study represents another step toward improving the LCCA process by focusing on methods to characterize the cost of relevant pay items for an LCCA as well as integrating costs accrued to users of a facility caused by pavement–vehicle interaction (PVI) and work zone delays. The developed model was implemented in a case study to quantify the potential implication of both of these components on the outcomes of an LCCA. Results from the construction cost analysis suggest that the proposed approaches in this paper lead to high-fidelity estimates that outperform current practice. Furthermore, results from the case study indicate that PVI can be a dominant contributor to total life-cycle costs and, therefore, should be incorporated in future LCCAs.

scholarly journals Reliability and Maintenance Management Analysis on OffShore Wind Turbines (OWTs)

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (22) ◽  
pp. 7662
Author(s):  
Jose V. Taboada ◽  
Vicente Diaz-Casas ◽  
Xi Yu
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Wind Farms ◽  
Spare Parts ◽  
Life Cycles ◽  
Oil Field ◽  
Offshore Wind ◽  
Outcome Analysis ◽  
The Cost

Due to the extreme marine operating environment, the remoteness from the maintenance base, and the expensive specialized accessibility and overhaul equipment needed (e.g., barges, boats, ships, and vessels), offshore O&M costs are greater than those for onshore-based installations. In the operation of wind farms, the main challenges are related to sudden and unexpected failures and downtimes. This paper has three main objectives. The first is to compare and optimize implementation techniques for maintenance strategies. The second is to analyze the cost-benefit of each maintenance strategy model. The third objective is to demonstrate the optimization and effectiveness of maintenance procedures and strategies recreated with stochastic and probabilistic life cycle cost (LCC) models, depending upon the degree of reliability and the maintenance process for offshore wind farms. The cost of operation and maintenance is directly dependent on failure rates, spare parts costs, and the time required by technicians to perform each task in the maintenance program. Calculations for each case study, with either light vessel/transfer boats (Alternative 1) or oilfield support vessels (Alternative 2), focused on the operational costs for transportation. In addition, each case study demonstrated which maintenance conditions and strategies are operational and optimal, and their corresponding cost–risk impacts. Results from this paper suggest that O&M costs are highly correlated with maintenance round frequency (offshore trips) and the operating costs for transportation by light vessel/transfer boat (CTV) and oil-field support vessel (FSV). The paper analyzes cumulative lifecycle costs and finds that for long-term life cycles (25 years), the implement of light vessels (Alternative 1) is more suitable and cost-effective. In contrast, oilfield support vessels (Alternative 2) are more expensive to operate, but they guarantee major capabilities, as well as the advantage of achieving the access levels need to efficiently operate. According to the results obtained by the outcome analysis, it can be concluded that the implementation of light vessels (Alternative 1) shows a lower overall LCC (<million $), which is mainly due to the fact that corrective maintenance and minor repairs are less costly. It should be noted that the cost of major repair operations with light vessels in Alternative 1 is still less than the high costs for minor repairs in Alternative 2 (with FSV).

scholarly journals Environmental and Economic Analysis of Selected Pavement Preservation Treatments

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 210-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelvin Zulu ◽  
Rajendra P. Singh ◽  
Farai Ada Shaba
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Emission Inventory ◽  
Raw Materials ◽  
Traditional Approach ◽  
Embodied Energy ◽  
Pavement Preservation ◽  
Maintenance Service ◽  
The Cost

Pavements are one of the highest assets and represent massive investment. The need to design and provide a sustainable maintenance service is becoming a priority and this comes mutually with the intentions to reduce impacts caused by maintenance treatments to the environment. This paper through a case study presents a Life Cycle Cost and Assessment technique during a 30 year analysis period to measure the cost effectiveness, embodied energy and carbon emissions of selected preservation treatments. These treatments can either be applied separately or in combination during the preventive maintenance of road pavements. This study entails three life cycle phases of material extraction and production, transportation and construction of maintenance activities. Through a literature review, raw materials energy and emission inventory data was averaged followed by the analysis of the equipment involved by using the specific fuel consumption to calculate the energy and emissions spent by the machine and finally the selected treatment energy and emissions was computed. Results show that preservation treatments can have an LCC of 30-40 % and embodied energy and carbon emission of 3-6 times lower than the traditional approach. This study bridges gaps in literature on integrated evaluation of environmental and economic aspects of preservation treatments.

scholarly journals STUDI KOMPARASI LIFE CYCLE COST PADA GEDUNG APARTEMEN

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-38
Author(s):  
Alexander Iskandar ◽  
Ratna Alifen ◽  
Januar Budiman
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Annual Cost ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
Bank Loans ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Apartment Building ◽  
Cost Component ◽  
Building Management ◽  
The Cost

Dalam mendesain suatu gedung apartemen yang ekonomis dan efisien, analisis life cycle cost dibutuhkan untuk mendapatkan desain yang paling efisien selama umur pakai bangunan. Berdasarkan penelitian sebelumnya, telah didapatkan bahwa biaya energi merupakan komponen biaya terbesar dalam life cycle cost suatu gedung. Data pada penelitian ini berasal dari manajemen pengelola gedung dan beberapa supplier produk dan peralatan yang di teliti. Analisis penelitian ini dilakukan dengan menjumlahkan biaya awal (C), biaya perawatan (M), biaya operasional (O), biaya penggantian (R) dari tiap produk dan peralatan. Sebelum dijumlahkan semua biaya dikonversikan dengan metode annual cost. Penelitian ini menunjukan bahwa penggunaan metode LCC pada saat menentukan peralatan mekanikal dan elektrikal yang digunakan pada suatu gedung apartemen dapat menghasilkan penghematan pada biaya pengelolaan gedung. Selain itu penelitian ini menunjukan bahawa sumber pendanaan awal yang berasal dari pinjaman bank tidak memberikan pengaruh terhadap pengambilan keputusan untuk pemilihan suatu produk dan peralatan yang berkaitan dengan energi   In designing an apartment building that is economical and efficient, life cycle cost analysis is needed to obtain the most efficient design for service life of the building. Based on previous studies, it has been found that the energy cost is the largest cost component in the life cycle cost of a building. The data in this study came from the building management and from multiple suppliers of products and equipment. The analysis is done by summing the initial cost (C), the cost of maintenance (M), operating costs (O), the cost of replacement (R) of each product and equipment. Before all of the costs being added, these costs converted to annual cost method. This study shows that the use of the LCC method when determining the mechanical and electrical equipment used in an apartment building can result in savings on the building operational cost. In addition, these studies show that the source of initial funding from bank loans does not give effect to the decision making for the selection of a product and equipment related to energy.

scholarly journals Concept Design of a Bulk Carrier Retrofit with LNG Fuel

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
I CK Tam ◽  
A Kr Dev ◽  
CW Ng ◽  
L Deltin ◽  
I Stoytchev
Keyword(s):  
Cost Estimation ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Payback Period ◽  
Concept Design ◽  
Bulk Carrier ◽  
Attractive Option ◽  
Lng Fuel ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Selection Of

This report showed a case study of a mini-cape size bulk carrier of being retrofitted for Liquefied Natural Gas (LNG) fuel and the selection of its new fuel tanks to meet the stringent emissions requirement. The vessel was equipped with a dual fuel ready (DFR) engine before the retrofit. Engine manufacturer will supply and replace engine parts for LNG fueled operations with no significant modification of the engine structure required. The detailed engineering design considerations were studied with cost reduction and minimum downtime set as ultimate objectives. Top-down and bottom-up approaches for cost estimation are used in this analysis. The analysis was determined by life cycle cost and management costs. The cost analysis showed the payback period of an LNG fueled ship retrofit is 4.5 years against a 0.5%S compliant fueled vessel. The payback period is considered reasonable and it shows retrofitting vessels for LNG fuel as an attractive option in meeting new regulation for ship-owners. If the shipyard standardizes the tank construction including outfitting, the specified cost may even go lower. A further reduction is also anticipated with repeating orders of similar vessels.

scholarly journals Value Engineering in Building Information Modelling for Cost Optimization of Renovation Works: a Case Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 7 (4.35) ◽  
pp. 431 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fathoni Usman ◽  
Nur Adibah Jalaluddin ◽  
Sumi Amariena Hamim
Keyword(s):  
Construction Industry ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Function Analysis ◽  
Cost Optimization ◽  
3D Models ◽  
Value Engineering ◽  
Student Activities ◽  
Building Information ◽  
The Cost

Implementation of Value Engineering (VE) in the construction industry has become a proven technique for cost optimization. This paper presents a review of the implementation of BIM in construction industry. The factors that triggered and hinder the implementation of VE and BIM in the current industry and a case study of the application of VE using BIM for cost optimization of renovation works are also discussed. The project which was used for the case study is the renovation of shop lot units to be used as a student centre where student activities will be placed. 3D models of the project were developed as BIM model that provide strong visualization when creating alternatives for VE processes. The function analysis, risk analysis and life-cycle cost analysis were applied to determine the value index for each developed alternative. It shows that the implementation had successfully reduced the cost by approximately 27% and the value of the project increased after the process.

scholarly journals Evaluation of slab and joist design on construction cost efficiency (case study: office building)

2021 ◽  
Vol 878 (1) ◽  
pp. 012043
Author(s):  
J Sjah ◽  
A D Rarasati ◽  
N Natasya
Keyword(s):  
Construction Cost ◽  
Office Building ◽  
Building Structure ◽  
Design Phase ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
The Finite Element Method ◽  
Design Alternatives ◽  
Determining Factors ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Design phase is an important step in order to plan a construction project. One of the determining factors is the building economical value. In the design phase, a method or a design alternative with the most efficient economical value is needed without compromising on the strength of the structure. In this research, the case study is based on an office building. It represents a low rise building with a typical upper structural component which are columns, beams, and slabs with concrete material. Several design alternatives related to the efficiency of structural components’ dimension will be analysed. This research is conducted through modelling the building structure by using the Finite Element Method. The calculation of the building structure construction cost will be evaluated for each design alternatives. The study shows that the most efficient design with joists reduction giving the cost reduction by 11.7%. On the other hand, thickening the slab and reducing the beam’s dimension increase the cost by 26.9%.

Bit Run Optimization through Simulation: A Case Study

2012 ◽  
Vol 433-440 ◽  
pp. 2387-2393
Author(s):  
E. Novieri ◽  
S. Torfi
Keyword(s):  
Flow Rate ◽  
Penetration Rate ◽  
The Other ◽  
Time Dependent ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Drilling Cost ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Very High ◽  
Mud Flow

The usual objective when drilling a well is to drill for the lowest overall cost. At first sight, this may seem like a requirement to drill as fast as possible, since many of the costs, such as the rig day rate, wages etc., are time dependent. However, some costs are fixed, for example the cost of the bit, and it may not always be economic to pay a very high cost for a bit that drills somewhat faster, particularly if the other costs are low.In this paper, some first 3465 feet of a reservoir lithology including four bit runs are analyzed so that factors affecting penetration rate are optimized and the lowest possible well cost is achieved. The effects of using other bit types, WOB, RPM and bit hydraulics are simulated in an attempt to determine the optimized parameters, which result in the lowest drilling cost. In this study, reducing both nozzle sizes and mud flow rate, the horse power dissipated at the bit is increased, hence reducing cost per foot of drilled interval. As it is noted, by using this simulator, 17% of the original well cost is saved, which is a considerable amount of money.

scholarly journals Dynamic Modeling for Life Cycle Cost Analysis of BIM-Based Construction Waste Management

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 2483
Author(s):  
Milad Zoghi ◽  
Sungjin Kim
Keyword(s):  
Waste Management ◽  
Life Cycle Cost ◽  
Project Managers ◽  
Information Modeling ◽  
Construction Waste ◽  
Sensitivity Tests ◽  
Building Information ◽  
Stock Flow ◽  
The Cost

Recent studies in construction waste and management (CWM) have mainly investigated the waste management chain from a static perspective and failed to take into account the dynamic nature of parameters and their correlation. In addition, the current studies of building information modeling (BIM)-based CWM failed to analyze the cost–benefits due to the lack of numerical economic benchmarks. To address the gap, this study developed a system dynamic (SD) model to analyze the economic aspects of construction and demolition (C&D) waste from using BIM. Causal loop and stock-flow diagrams are modeled based on the determined variables and their interrelationships. Standard sensitivity tests were then performed to establish the validity of the model under real system conditions. Different scenarios were applied to simulate and compare the model results in response to various policies. A case study was conducted to quantify the costs and the profits. Based on the comparison with the conventional approach and BIM-based method, BIM can reduce CWM cost by up to 57%. The findings also indicated that higher landfill charges will not be able to motivate managers to use sustainable CWM; conversely, increasing the modularity of design and earlier realization of net benefits will incentivize project managers to employ BIM-based CWM.

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