scholarly journals Impact of Technogenic Saline Soils on Some Chemical Properties and on the Activity of Selected Enzymes

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4882
Author(s):  
Joanna Lemanowicz ◽  
Kinga Gawlińska ◽  
Anetta Siwik-Ziomek
Keyword(s):  
Control Point ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Resistance Index ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Saline Soils ◽  
Ph Indicator ◽  
Mineral Horizon ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Surface Mineral ◽  
The Impact

The study was based on saline soils with surface mineral layers impacted by the waste produced by the soda plant in Poland. The activity of selected enzymes (catalase CAT, alkaline AlP, and acid phosphatase AcP), pH in KCl, content of the clay, total organic carbon (TOC), total nitrogen (TN), total exchangeable bases (TEB), electrical conductivity (ECe), CaCO3, and concentration of available phosphorus AP were investigated in the soil next to the soda plant. Based on the enzyme activity, the following were calculated: enzymatic pH indicator AlP/AcP, the resistance index (RS), resilience index (RL), relative changes (RCh), and the time index (TI). The soil was sampled from the mineral horizon in spring and autumn from eight (S1–S8) soil sampling sites in the area of the soda plant and from the control point (C). Soil is characterized by alkaline reaction. Statistical analysis (ANOVA, η2 effect size) showed significant variation in parameters under the influence of different sites next to soda plant. The content of TOC ranged from 4.70 to 47.7 g kg−1, and TN from 19 to 4.36 g kg−1. ECe next to the soda plant ranged between 6.87 and 204 mS cm−1. The highest values were confirmed in the soil of S1 both in spring and autumn. Higher TEB values were noted in the soil in autumn. In the soil within the impact of the soda plant, the AP content decreased and in the soil from sites S1, S3, S6, and S8 (in spring), the lowest AP content was recorded at 1.20, 4.14, 5.98, and 0.99 mg kg−1, respectively. The highest activity of AlP in spring was noted at site S1 and in autumn at site S4. In the soil next to the soda plant, the activity of AcP decreased, as compared to the control which is seen from the negative values of the coefficient of relative changes (RCh). The analysis of RCh in the catalase activities showed that in the soil from sites S1, S2, S3, S4, and S5, the activity increased, as compared to the control. The lowest values of the resistance index (RS) for phosphatases were reported in the soil of S6. Research shows that the activity of enzymes and their indexes make it possible to conduct long-term monitoring and identify the processes in soil.

scholarly journals IMPACT OF AGRO-ENVIRONMENTAL SYSTEMS ON SOIL EROSION PROCESSES AND SOIL PROPERTIES ON HILLY LANDSCAPE IN WESTERN LITHUANIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 24 (1) ◽  
pp. 60-69 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gintaras JARAŠIŪNAS ◽  
Irena KINDERIENĖ
Keyword(s):  
Soil Erosion ◽  
Soil Properties ◽  
Soil Ph ◽  
Soil Texture ◽  
Sandy Loam ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

The objective of this study was to evaluate the impact of different land use systems on soil erosion rates, surface evolution processes and physico-chemical properties on a moraine hilly topography in Lithuania. The soil of the experimental site is Bathihypogleyi – Eutric Albeluvisols (abe–gld–w) whose texture is a sandy loam. After a 27-year use of different land conservation systems, three critical slope segments (slightly eroded, active erosion and accumulation) were formed. Soil physical properties of the soil texture and particle sizes distribution were examined. Chemical properties analysed for were soil ph, available phosphorus (P) and potassium (K), soil organic carbon (SOC) and total nitrogen (N). We estimated the variation in thickness of the soil Ap horizon and soil physico-chemical properties prone to a sustained erosion process. During the study period (2010–2012) water erosion occurred under the grain– grass and grass–grain crop rotations, at rates of 1.38 and 0.11 m3 ha–1 yr–1, respectively. Soil exhumed due to erosion from elevated positions accumulated in the slope bottom. As a result, topographic transfiguration of hills and changes in soil properties occurred. However, the accumulation segments of slopes had significantly higher silt/clay ratios and SOC content. In the active erosion segments a lighter soil texture and lower soil ph were recorded. Only long-term grassland completely stopped soil erosion effects; therefore geomorphologic change and degradation of hills was estimated there as minimal.

URINE EFFECTS ON SOIL CHEMICAL PROPERTIES AND THE IMPACT OF URINE AND DUNG ON PEARL MILLET YIELD

1998 ◽  
Vol 34 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-276 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. M. POWELL ◽  
F. N. IKPE ◽  
Z. C. SOMDA ◽  
S. FERNÁNDEZ-RIVERA
Keyword(s):  
Pearl Millet ◽  
Field Trial ◽  
Crop Yields ◽  
Maximum Yield ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Cattle Dung ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
The Impact

Most farming systems in semi-arid West Africa rely on organic matter recycling for maintaining soil fertility. The cycling of biomass through ruminant livestock into dung (faeces) and urine that fertilize the soil has long been an important factor in t he nutrient cycling processes of these integrated, mixed crop/livestock systems. While dung greatly improves soil properties and crop yields, little is known about the effects of urine on soil chemical properties and the impact of dung and urine on crop p roduction. An average voiding of sheep urine applied to a sandy, siliceous soil in the Republic of Niger increased soil pH, available phosphorus and ammonium levels dramatically in the upper 10–15 cm of soil, especially during the first week following application. Losses of applied urine nitrogen via volatilization were in the order of 30–50%. A four-year field trial was conducted on the same soil type to evaluate the effects on pearl millet and weed yields of corralling cattle o r sheep overnight on cropland (dung plus urine application) for one, two or three nights, every one, two or three years versus the effects of applying only dung at the same application rates and intervals achieved with corralling. The main results of this field trial were that (1) urine had large positive effects on millet grain, threshed panicle, leaf, stem and weed yields, (2) sheep dung was more effective than cattle dung in increasing yield, (3) two nights of dung application was adequate for maximum yield and (4) the positive effects of dung and urine on yield lasted two to three cropping seasons after application.

scholarly journals Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Quality and its Impacts on Selected Soil Properties Around Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasisa Temesgen Tolossa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In many arid and semiarid countries, wastewater irrigation is becoming a common practice in agriculture. Commitment of government and social intervention for more effective waste management are the major constraints. The study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia to identify the impacts of municipal wastewater soil physicochemical properties and irrigation water quality. Soil samples were collected from different farm fields to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil, and heavy metal accumulation at different irrigation farms and wastewater samples were also analyzed. Manusipal wastewater taken from different study sites was categorized into three groups: control (nonirrigated), municipal wastewater irrigated farmland and municipal wastewater irrigated farmland. The results showed that bulk density was negatively decreased and moisture contents and total porosity were significantly increased. The soil EC, cadmium, lead available phosphorus, OM, and CEC levels significantly increased with increasing wastewater application. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr are highwere higher in irrigated effluent than in nonirrigated effluent. Untreated and treated MWW were tested for heavy metal presence and accumulation. The soil OM increased as the content in the soil also increased as the number of irrigations increased. The most effective way to eliminate the impact of this municipal wastewater on the soil and water is to develop and implement an effective wastewater management plan. Limited studies have been done, and they should be encouraged to address municipal wastewater impacts on plants and farmers. The government should be focused on awareness of creation and management systems.

scholarly journals Municipal Wastewater Irrigation Quality and Its Impacts on Selected Soil Properties Around Harar City, Eastern Ethiopia

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tasisa Temesgen Tolossa
Keyword(s):  
Heavy Metal ◽  
Municipal Wastewater ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Heavy Metal Accumulation ◽  
Wastewater Irrigation ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Eastern Ethiopia ◽  
The Government ◽  
The Impact

Abstract In many arid and semiarid countries, wastewater irrigation is becoming a common practice in agriculture. Commitment of government and social intervention for more effective waste management are the major constraints. The study was conducted in eastern Ethiopia to identify the impacts of municipal wastewater soil physicochemical properties and irrigation water quality. Soil samples were collected from different farm fields to determine the physical and chemical properties of soil, and heavy metal accumulation at different irrigation farms and wastewater samples were also analyzed. Manusipal wastewater taken from different study sites was categorized into three groups: control (nonirrigated), municipal wastewater irrigated farmland and municipal wastewater irrigated farmland. The results showed that bulk density was negatively decreased and moisture contents and total porosity were significantly increased. The soil EC, cadmium, lead available phosphorus, OM, and CEC levels significantly increased with increasing wastewater application. The concentrations of Zn, Cu, Cd, Pb and Cr are highwere higher in irrigated effluent than in nonirrigated effluent. Untreated and treated MWW were tested for heavy metal presence and accumulation. In the present study, soil OM increased as the content in the soil also increased as the number of irrigations increased. The most effective way to eliminate the impact of this municipal wastewater on the soil is to develop and implement an effective wastewater management plan. Limited studies have been done, and they should be encouraged to address municipal wastewater impacts on plants and farmers. The government should be focused on awareness of creation and management systems.

Impacts of harvesting and mechanical site preparation on soil chemical properties of mixed-wood boreal forest sites in Alberta

1996 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
pp. 531-540 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. G. Schmidt ◽  
S. E. Macdonald ◽  
R. L. Rothwell
Keyword(s):  
Boreal Forest ◽  
Mineral Soil ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Site Preparation ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Organic Layer ◽  
Mechanical Site Preparation ◽  
Forest Sites ◽  
Mineralizable Nitrogen ◽  
Surface Mineral

We examined the impacts of harvesting and mechanical site preparation (MSP) on soil chemical properties of mixed-wood boreal forest sites in west central Alberta. Treatments included: 1) disc trencher, hinge, and trench microsites; 2) ripper plow, hinge, and trench microsites; 3) blading thin (organic layer depth < 2 cm), and thick (organic layer depth > 2 cm) microsites; 4) harvested with no site preparation; and 5) unharvested. Twenty months after harvesting, the forest floor of harvested areas with no MSP (vs. unharvested) had higher carbon:nitrogen ratios lower pH, and lower concentrations of total and mineralizable nitrogen, available phosphorus, and exchangeable bases Fifteen months after MSP, treated areas had either reduced or unchanged concentrations of total nitrogen and carbon, available phosphorus, and mineralizable nitrogen in the surface mineral soil, compared with harvested sites with no site preparation. The MSP-treated areas also had increased or unchanged pH, base saturation, and exchangeable base concentrations. Microsites adjacent to the displaced forest floor (hinge for disc and ripper treatments) or with a thicker organic layer (thick for blading) generally had higher concentrations of total nitrogen and carbon, and mineralizable nitrogen in the surface mineral soil as compared to trench and thin microsites. Key words: Forest soils, mechanical site preparation, harvesting, N, P, mixed-wood boreal forest

scholarly journals Soil Chemical Property Variation under Different Conservation Agriculture Practices, in Bako Tibe District, West Shoa, Ethiopia

2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8
Author(s):  
Regassa Terefe ◽  
Bekele Lemma
Keyword(s):  
Crop Residue ◽  
Soil Depth ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Conservation Agriculture ◽  
Soil Chemical Properties ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Grazing Land ◽  
Total N ◽  
The Impact

Conservation agriculture is claimed to be one of the solutions for the problems of poor agricultural productivity in sub-Saharan countries. The impact of conservation agriculture depends on environmental factors such as slope, vegetation, soil type, rain fall pattern and intended crops. This study was conducted from 2013 to 2014 with the objective of assessing the impact of conservation agriculture practices on soil chemical properties. Five main treatments were selected for the study: Monocropping (maize) without crop residue, Monocropping (maize) with crop residue, Crop rotation (maize and haricot bean) with crop residue, Intercropping (Haricot bean with maize) with crop residue and a grazing land as a control. A Randomized complete block design with four replications was used. A total of 40 composite soil samples (4 replication * 5 treatments * 2 soil depth) were collected and analysed for selected soil chemical properties. Results showed that soils in the study area were moderately acidic, and contained medium level of available phosphorus (AP) (7.33±0.58 mg/kg), but low concentration of total N (0.176±0.02%). Soil pH, soil organic carbon (SOC), total nitrogen (TN), C/N, and AP did not significantly differ (p=0.958, p=0.998, p=0.219, p=0.140 and 0.568) respectively, among the treatments following the four year of conservation agricutural practices. Thus, conservation agriculture has little effect on soil properties in short term, but it may take longer time to influence on different soil chemical properties in the study area.

Coal Mining Subsidence Impact on Soil Physical and Chemical Properties in Windy Desert Area

2015 ◽  
Vol 1092-1093 ◽  
pp. 1087-1091
Author(s):  
Ting Ting Wei ◽  
Chao Chen ◽  
Shan Shan Ye ◽  
Xin Yu Deng ◽  
Yan Qing Xie ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Coal Mining ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Mining Subsidence ◽  
Available Phosphorus ◽  
Physical And Chemical Properties ◽  
Coal Mining Subsidence ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
The Impact ◽  
And Chemical Properties

The temporal impact characteristics of soil physical and chemical properties and plants characteristic had been revealed by investigation and sampling of multi-phase soil and plants sample in subsidence area and control area. Through the research, it could study the effect of surface ecological environment caused by coal mining, and further propose the corresponding countermeasures of management and restoration. Evolution characteristic of soil physical properties is that soil water content, bulk density and porosity made a response to mining subsidence, and soil moisture content variation was much more obvious and affected by seasonal weather. Evolution characteristic of soil chemical properties is that soil nitrogen and available phosphorus had decreased due to coal mining subsidence, expect pH, organic matter and available potassium. However, the impact degree of subsidence was relative slight and had “partition” feature, showing a trend ofDSR>CUSR&RUSR. Moreover, the response time node of subsidence was different from physical properties with a certain lag, which usually occurred in alternating hot and humid periods. All the affected indexes of chemical properties did not recover to initial level before mining in one year. Based on above studies, a new “partition” differentiated ecological restoration model had been proposed for the first time. For theCUSRandRUSRshould followed “natural closure” model, conversely, theDSRshould selected “marginal fissures filling & vegetation optimization & rhizosphere environment improvement” of artificial induction model, which giving priority to ecological self-healing with supplementing appropriate human interventions.

scholarly journals The Impact of Filler Geometry on Polylactic Acid-Based Sustainable Polymer Composites

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 149
Author(s):  
Karol Leluk ◽  
Stanisław Frąckowiak ◽  
Joanna Ludwiczak ◽  
Tomasz Rydzkowski ◽  
Vijay Kumar Thakur
Keyword(s):  
Polymer Composites ◽  
Polylactic Acid ◽  
Matrix Material ◽  
Chemical Properties ◽  
Precipitated Calcium Carbonate ◽  
Cellulose Fibres ◽  
Shape Factors ◽  
Pure Cellulose ◽  
Physico Chemical ◽  
The Impact

Recently, biocomposites have emerged as materials of great interest to the scientists and industry around the globe. Among various polymers, polylactic acid (PLA) is a popular matrix material with high potential for advanced applications. Various particulate materials and nanoparticles have been used as the filler in PLA based matrix. One of the extensively studied filler is cellulose. However, cellulose fibres, due to their hydrophilic nature, are difficult to blend with a hydrophobic polymer matrix. This leads to agglomeration and creates voids, reducing the mechanical strength of the resulting composite. Moreover, the role of the various forms of pure cellulose and its particle shape factors has not been analyzed in most of the current literature. Therefore, in this work, materials of various shapes and shape factors were selected as fillers for the production of polymer composites using Polylactic acid as a matrix to fill this knowledge gap. In particular, pure cellulose fibres (three types with different elongation coefficient) and two mineral nanocomponents: precipitated calcium carbonate and montmorillonite were used. The composites were prepared by a melt blending process using two different levels of fillers: 5% and 30%. Then, the analysis of their thermomechanical and physico-chemical properties was carried out. The obtained results were presented graphically and discussed in terms of their shape and degree of filling.

scholarly journals Fleet Resilience: Evaluating Maintenance Strategies in Critical Equipment

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 38
Author(s):  
Orlando Durán ◽  
Javier Aguilar ◽  
Andrea Capaldo ◽  
Adolfo Arata
Keyword(s):  
Application Study ◽  
System Availability ◽  
Maintenance Strategies ◽  
Resilience Index ◽  
Reliability Block Diagrams ◽  
Maintenance Policies ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Important System ◽  
Intrinsic Characteristic

Resilience is an intrinsic characteristic of systems. Through it, the capacity of a system to react to the existence of disruptive events is expressed. A series of metrics to represent systems’ resilience have been proposed, however, only one indicator relates the availability of the system to this characteristic. With such a metric, it is possible to relate the topological aspects of a system and the resources available in order to be able to promptly respond to the loss of performance as a result of unexpected events. This work proposes the adaptation and application of such a resilience index to assess the influence of different maintenance strategies and topologies in fleets’ resilience. In addition, an application study considering an actual mining fleet is provided. A set of critical assets was identified and represented using reliability block diagrams. Monte Carlo simulation experiments were conducted and the system availability data were extracted. Resilience indexes were obtained in order to carry out the definition of the best maintenance policies in critical equipment and the assessment of the impact of modifying system redundancies. The main results of this work lead to the overall conclusion that redundancy is an important system attribute in order to improve resiliency along time.

scholarly journals Seaweed aquaculture: a preliminary assessment of biosecurity measures for controlling the ice-ice syndrome and pest outbreaks of a Kappaphycus farm

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cicilia S. B. Kambey ◽  
Iona Campbell ◽  
Elizabeth J. Cottier-Cook ◽  
Adibi R. M. Nor ◽  
Azhar Kassim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Hazard Analysis ◽  
Kappaphycus Alvarezii ◽  
Control Point ◽  
Control Measures ◽  
Seaweed Aquaculture ◽  
Critical Control Point ◽  
Management Measures ◽  
Long Line ◽  
Pest Outbreaks ◽  
The Impact

AbstractThe application of biosecurity in seaweed aquaculture plays an important role in reducing the impact of disease and pest outbreaks. The continuous occurrence of seaweed pests including the macroalgal epiphytes, epi-endophytic filamentous algae and biofilms on Kappaphycus farms may also potentially induce further incidences of the ice-ice syndrome. In this study, on-farm biosecurity management measures were tested on the commercially grown seaweeds Kappaphycus malesianus and Kappaphycus alvarezii during peak ice-ice season at Gallam-Gallam Village, Sabah, Malaysia. The investigation was focused on preventative control measures including the early detection of the ice-ice syndrome and pests through propagule health checks, regular cleaning of the crop thallus and associated long-line ropes and monitoring of the environment. Farm procedures and practices were also assessed in terms of their biosecurity ‘risk’ using the hazard analysis and critical control point (HCCAP) approach. Observations were replicated in two different farm management systems; one system adopted routine biosecurity measures and the other had no biosecurity measures. The results showed that the ice-ice syndrome and pest outbreak was significantly decreased by 60–75% for K. malesianus and 29–71% for K. alvarezii at the farm which adopted the routine biosecurity measures compared with the no biosecurity treatment. The biosecurity measures also significantly improved growth rate and seaweed quality. The infection levels of the epi-endophyte Melanothamnus sp. contributed to the ice-ice syndrome in K. malesianus, whilst the epiphyte coverage was correlated to the ice-ice incidence in K. alvarezii. This study provides the first evidence of biosecurity management measures significantly decreasing the incidence of the ice-ice syndrome and pests on a commercial seaweed farm.

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