scholarly journals GHG and NH3 Emissions vs. Energy Efficiency of Maize Production Technology: Evidence from Polish Farms; a Further Study

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (17) ◽  
pp. 5574
Author(s):  
Anita Konieczna ◽  
Kamil Roman ◽  
Kinga Borek ◽  
Emilia Grzegorzewska
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Forage Yield ◽  
Family Farms ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Production Technologies

The paper determines the effect of selected cultivation technologies, including production chain energy inputs (growing, harvest, heap forming) on greenhouse gas emissions (GHGs) to the atmosphere. The data for the study was collected from 13 actually operating family farms ranging in size from 2 to 13 ha, located in the Podlaskie voivodship (Poland). GHG and ammonia (NH3) emissions from natural and mineral fertilisation as well as GHGs from energy carriers in a form of fuels (ON) were estimated. The average GHG emissions from the sources analysed were 1848.030 kg·CO2eq·ha−1 and 29.492 kg·CO2eq·t−1 of the green forage yield. The average NH3 emissions per hectare were 15,261.808 kg NH3 and 248.871 kg NH3·t−1 of yield. The strongest impact on the environment, due to the GHG emissions to the atmosphere, thus contributing to the greenhouse effect, is due nitrogen fertilisation, both mineral and natural. On average, in the technologies under study, 61% of the total GHG emissions came from fertilisation. The GHG emissions were correlated with the energy efficiency, calculated at the previous research stage, of the production technologies applied. There is a negative correlation (r = −0.80) between the features studied, which means that the higher the energy efficiency of the silage maize plantations, the lower the air pollution emissions in a form of the GHGs from the sources under study. It is so important to prevent environmental degradation to continue, conduct in-depth, interdisciplinary research on reducing the energy consumption of crop production technologies and striving to increase energy efficiency.

scholarly journals Energy Efficiency of Maize Production Technology: Evidence from Polish Farms

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 170
Author(s):  
Anita Konieczna ◽  
Kamil Roman ◽  
Monika Roman ◽  
Damian Śliwiński ◽  
Michał Roman
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Production Technology ◽  
Energy Production ◽  
Efficiency Index ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Silage Maize ◽  
Energy Inputs ◽  
Maize Cultivation ◽  
The Impact

The purpose of this work is to determine the impact of selected silage maize cultivation technologies, including energy inputs in the production chain (cultivation, harvesting, heap placing), on energy efficiency. The analysis of energy inputs, energy efficiency for the silage maize production technology were estimated. The research was performed for 13 farms producing silage maize. The data from the farms covered all the activities and the agrotechnical measures performed. The calculations of energy inputs made for the silage maize production for selected technologies were performed using the method developed by the Institute of Construction, Mechanization and Electrification for Agriculture (IBMER), once the method was verified and adapted to the needs and conditions of own research. Based on the accumulated energy production and the energy accumulated in the yield, energy efficiency index values for 13 silage maize cultivation technologies were calculated. The greatest impact on the results of energy efficiency calculations was shared by fertilizer and fuel inputs. In conclusion, it can be stated that, in terms of energy efficiency, maize cultivation is justified and it can generate energy benefits.

scholarly journals Biofuels – Towards Objectives Of 2030 And Beyond

2021 ◽  
pp. 32-40
Author(s):  
Rafał M. Łukasik
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Structural Changes ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biofuel Production ◽  
Transport Sector ◽  
Ghg Emission ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Carbon Neutrality ◽  
Environmental Criteria ◽  
Production Technologies

The European (and global) energy sector is in a process of profound transformation, making it essential for changes to take place that influence energy producers, operators, and regulators, as well as consumers themselves, as they are the ones who interact in the energy market. The RED II Directive changes the paradigm of the use of biomass in the heat and electricity sectors, by introducing sustainability criteria with mandatory minimum greenhouse gas (GHG) emission reductions and by establishing energy efficiency criteria. For the transport sector, the extension of the introduction of renewables to all forms of transport (aviation, maritime, rail and road short and long distance), between 2021-2030, the strengthening of energy efficiency and the strong need to reduce GHG emissions, are central to achieving the national targets for renewables in transport, representing the main structural changes in the European decarbonisation policy in that sector. It is necessary to add that biomass is potentially the only source of renewable energy that makes it possible to obtain negative GHG emission values, considering the entire life cycle including CO2 capture and storage. Hence, this work aims to analyse the relevance of biomass for CHP and in particular, the use of biomass for biofuels that contribute to achieving carbon neutrality in 2050. The following thematic sub-areas are addressed in this work: i) the new environmental criteria for the use of biomass for electricity in the EU in light of now renewable energy directive; ii) current and emerging biofuel production technologies and their respective decarbonization potential; iii) the relevance or not of the development of new infrastructures for distribution renewable fuels, alternatives to the existing ones (biomethane, hydrogen, ethanol); iv) the identification of the necessary measures for biomass in the period 2020-2030

scholarly journals Potential and Impacts of Cogeneration in Tropical Climate Countries: Ecuador as a Case Study

Energies ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (20) ◽  
pp. 5254
Author(s):  
Manuel Raul Pelaez-Samaniego ◽  
Juan L. Espinoza ◽  
José Jara-Alvear ◽  
Pablo Arias-Reyes ◽  
Fernando Maldonado-Arias ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Fossil Fuels ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
National Level ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Industrial Sector ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
High Dependency ◽  
Generation Capacity ◽  
Tropical Climates

High dependency on fossil fuels, low energy efficiency, poor diversification of energy sources, and a low rate of access to electricity are challenges that need to be solved in many developing countries to make their energy systems more sustainable. Cogeneration has been identified as a key strategy for increasing energy generation capacity, reducing greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions, and improving energy efficiency in industry, one of the most energy-demanding sectors worldwide. However, more studies are necessary to define approaches for implementing cogeneration, particularly in countries with tropical climates (such as Ecuador). In Ecuador, the National Plan of Energy Efficiency includes cogeneration as one of the four routes for making energy use more sustainable in the industrial sector. The objective of this paper is two-fold: (1) to identify the potential of cogeneration in the Ecuadorian industry, and (2) to show the positive impacts of cogeneration on power generation capacity, GHG emissions reduction, energy efficiency, and the economy of the country. The study uses methodologies from works in specific types of industrial processes and puts them together to evaluate the potential and analyze the impacts of cogeneration at national level. The potential of cogeneration in Ecuador is ~600 MWel, which is 12% of Ecuador’s electricity generation capacity. This potential could save ~18.6 × 106 L/month of oil-derived fuels, avoiding up to 576,800 tCO2/year, and creating around 2600 direct jobs. Cogeneration could increase energy efficiency in the Ecuadorian industry by up to 40%.

scholarly journals Advances and Challenges in RNA Interference Technology for Citrus Huanglongbing Vector Control

Horticulturae ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 277
Author(s):  
Viviani Vieira Marques ◽  
Jéssika Angelotti-Mendonça ◽  
Sergio Ruffo Roberto
Keyword(s):  
Rna Interference ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Insect Pest ◽  
Insect Vector ◽  
Delivery Methods ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Global Challenge ◽  
Citrus Production ◽  
Citrus Huanglongbing ◽  
Production Technologies

Citrus species, including sweet oranges, grapefruits, pomelos, and lemons, are the most widely cultivated trees and consumed fruits worldwide. In citrus orchard management, the control of Huanglongbing (HLB) disease and its insect vector Diaphorina citri (Asian citrus psyllid, ACP) represents a major global challenge. Consumers have been increasingly pushing the citrus production chain toward a more sustainable system, including stringent measures to prevent the use of chemical pesticides. In recent years, biotechnological advances have offered safe and environmentally friendly alternatives for crop production. Technologies such as RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene silencing have emerged as innovative tools for agricultural pest management. Here, we provide an overview of RNAi as a promising approach for ACP control and discuss the associated challenges. Despite the availability of specific silencing sequences aimed at a target gene of the insect pest, the uptake of double-stranded RNA is limited in hemipteran insects. In this context, improved delivery methods, stability maintenance, and RNAi response are considered the factors contributing to the increased effectiveness of exogenous RNAi against hemipteran pests. These approaches can serve as potential tools for efficient ACP control.

scholarly journals Spatiotemporal Characteristics of the Carbon and Water FootPrints of Maize Production in Jilin Province, China

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Li Jia ◽  
Lijie Qin ◽  
Huiyun Zhang ◽  
Jianqin Wang ◽  
Bo Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Water Use ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Environmental Changes ◽  
Water Footprint ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Jilin Province ◽  
Low Carbon ◽  
Maize Production ◽  
Spatiotemporal Characteristics ◽  
The Relationship

Greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions and freshwater scarcity are central environmental concerns that are closely linked to crop production. The carbon footprint (CF) and water footprint (WF) of a crop can reflect the effects of crop production on GHG emissions and water use (WU), respectively. Studying the CFs and WFs associated with crop production will be conducive to understanding the environmental changes caused by agricultural activities, and exploring the relationship between CFs and WFs can provide a basis for strategies that reduce environmental pressures. We estimated the CF and WF of maize production in Jilin Province from 2004 to 2017 and analyzed their spatiotemporal characteristics. The results showed that the average CF and WF were 0.177 kg CO2eq/kg and 0.806 m3/kg from 2004 to 2017, respectively; 69% of the GHG emissions were due to the manufacture; transportation and application of fertilizer; and 84% of the water use was attributed to the green WF. The relationship between the CF and WF of maize production was significantly positive and indicated the possibility of simultaneous mitigation. Potential practices such as the optimization of fertilization and of agricultural machinery use and the incorporation of no-till technologies with the straw return are recommended to mitigate both GHG emissions and water use and achieve triple-win agriculture with low carbon use and water and energy savings

scholarly journals Life-cycle assessment of biogas production under the environmental conditions of northern Germany: greenhouse gas balance

2013 ◽  
Vol 152 (S1) ◽  
pp. 172-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. CLAUS ◽  
F. TAUBE ◽  
B. WIENFORTH ◽  
N. SVOBODA ◽  
K. SIELING ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Greenhouse Gas ◽  
Crop Production ◽  
Biogas Production ◽  
Cropping Systems ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Italian Ryegrass ◽  
Strong Increase ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Mitigation Potential ◽  
Continuous Maize

SUMMARYA considerable expansion of biogas production in Germany, paralleled by a strong increase in maize acreage, has caused growing concern that greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions during crop substrate production might counteract the GHG emission saving potential. Based on a 2-year field trial, a GHG balance was conducted to evaluate the mitigation potential of regionally adapted cropping systems (continuous maize, maize-wheat-Italian ryegrass, perennial ryegrass ley), depending on nitrogen (N) level and N type. Considering the whole production chain, all cropping systems investigated contributed to the mitigation of GHG emissions (6·7–13·3 t CO2 eq/ha), with continuous maize revealing a carbon dioxide (CO2) saving potential of 55–61% compared with a fossil energy mix reference system. The current sustainability thresholds in terms of CO2 savings set by the EU Renewable Energy Directive could be met by all cropping systems (48–76%). Emissions from crop production had the largest impact on the mitigation effect (⩾50%) unless the biogas residue storage was not covered. The comparison of N fertilizer types showed less pronounced differences in GHG mitigation potential, whereas considerable site effects were observed.

Evaluation of the Installation of a Biofuel Producing Algae Farm in an Ethanol Plant

2016 ◽  
Vol 830 ◽  
pp. 117-124
Author(s):  
Victor Cabral da Hora Aragão Carvalho ◽  
Marco Antonio Díaz Díaz ◽  
Marcos Sebastião de Paula Gomes
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Biodiesel Production ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
Production Chain ◽  
Improve Energy Efficiency ◽  
Algae Biofuel ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Productive Systems ◽  
A Company

With the demand for Biofuels growing – worldwide – and with the efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG), much would be gained, from an environmentally and economically, from increasing efficiency and offer of biofuels. Biofuels produced in algae farms enable a close relationship with ethanol plants. Such algae feeds off Carbon Dioxide from biomass burned in ethanol plants and boilers, so, along with Brazil’s privileged solar incidence, this allows conversion of GHG to biofuel. The goal of our study was to investigate ethanol plants as productive systems to understand how adding algae farms could change energy efficiency and emissions. The system analyzed includes the sugarcane sowing, plantation, handling, harvesting, industrial activities, and ethanol distribution. Our aim, from this analysis and using primary data from a company that builds algae farms, is to estimate the output of algae biofuel and decrease of GHG emissions in the process. The results from the Plant Studied show that adding an algae farm to its grounds would improve energy efficiency by almost three times, while generating four times less GHG in the production chain. If the plant chose to produce exclusively Biodiesel, production of B100 Biodiesel would be enough for their diesel needs for 19 years, with a 78.4% cleaner fuel in terms of GHG. Approximations show that if all the cane mills add algae farms in Brazil, Biodiesel generation would be equivalent to almost 70% of the Brazilian production of diesel from 2012.

scholarly journals Toward an Efficient and Sustainable Use of Energy in Industries and Cities

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (16) ◽  
pp. 3150 ◽  
Author(s):  
Francesco Calise ◽  
Maria Vicidomini ◽  
Mário Costa ◽  
Qiuwang Wang ◽  
Poul Alberg Østergaard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Sustainable Use ◽  
Ghg Emissions ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Polar Regions ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Conversion Systems

Several countries have recently realized that the present development paradigm is not sustainable from an environmental and energy point of view. The growing awareness of the population regarding environmental issues is pushing governments worldwide more and more to promote policies aiming at limiting harmful effects of human development. In particular, the rapid increase of the global temperature, especially in the polar regions, and the management of human wastes, mainly plastic in seas, are some of the main points to be addressed by these novel policies. Several actions must be implemented in order to limit such issues. Unfortunately, the recent COP 24 Conference was not successful, but hopefully an agreement will be established in 2020 at the COP 26 Conference. The effort performed by policymakers must be mandatorily supported by the scientific community. In this framework, this paper aims at showing that countries worldwide are trying to negotiate an agreement to increase energy efficiency and reduce greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions. In addition, in this paper all the researchers reported can provide quantitative measures of the actions to be implemented in order to address a sustainable and efficient use of energy. Here, innovations in terms of novel efficient and environmentally friendly technologies mainly based on renewable energy sources have been also investigated. The study also highlights different sectors that have been involved for this aim, such as energy conversion systems, urban areas, mobility, sustainability, water management, social aspects, etc. In this framework, specific conferences are periodically organized in order to provide a forum for discussion regarding these topics. In this area the Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems (SDEWES) conference is the most ordinary conference. The 13th Sustainable Development of Energy, Water and Environment Systems Conference was held in Palermo, Italy in 2018. The current Special Issue of Energies, precisely dedicated to the 13th SDEWES Conference, is based on three main topics: energy policy and energy efficiency in urban areas, energy efficiency in industry and biomass and other miscellaneous energy systems.

Perspectives and Regulation of the Russian Market for Project-based Transactions under the Kyoto Protocol

2008 ◽  
pp. 108-125
Author(s):  
K. Zavodov
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Market Mechanism ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
Market Regulation ◽  
Foreign Investments ◽  
Russian Market ◽  
Increase Energy Efficiency ◽  
New Form ◽  
Contract Structure ◽  
Carbon Fund

Project-based transactions (PBTs) are a market mechanism of attracting foreign investments in order to abate greenhouse gas emissions and increase energy efficiency of the country’s enterprises. The article provides a classification and analyzes advantages and drawbacks of PBTs from the point of view of a host country. The main trends and factors determining the dynamics of the PBT market are described. Given that Russia currently lags behind the leaders of the PBT market, an incorporation of a state carbon fund is put forward with an aim of channelling PBTs through it. This paper proposes a form of PBT market regulation by incorporating an option mechanism into the contract structure of a transaction. A comparison of the new form of regulation with the tools that are currently in use in Russia and other countries demonstrates its greater economic efficiency under uncertainty.

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