scholarly journals Justification of the Energy Use of Cedar Husk Waste as an Environmentally Friendly Additive for Co-Combustion with Coal

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7027
Author(s):  
Yankovsky Stanislav ◽  
Tolokol’nikov Anton ◽  
Berezikov Nikolay ◽  
Gubin Vladimir
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Hydraulic Press ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Mixed Fuel ◽  
Industry Waste ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Initial Fuel

In this paper, the properties of ignition of mixed fuel pellets formed on the basis of fairly typical energy coal and wood industry waste in the form of cedar husks are experimentally established. The technical characteristics of the initial fuel components and the mixtures based on them, the ignition delay times for different mass concentrations of biomass in coal, and the composition of flue gases formed during the thermal decomposition of these mixed fuels and their base components were determined. Pellets of mixed fuels were made by a hydraulic press. The experiments were performed in an air environment at temperatures from 600 °C to 800 °C. Recording of the processes of pellet ignition and combustion was carried out using a high-speed video camera with an image format of 1024 × 1024 pixels, and a frame rate up to 500 frames per second. The analysis of the flue gas composition was performed using a Test-1 factory gas analyzer (BONER Co.). It was found that the increase in the share of biomass up to 50% in the mixed fuel led to a significant reduction in the ignition delay time to less than 1 s and the sequestration of sulfur oxide emissions by 37.6% and of nitrogen oxides by 3.8% in the studied granular mixed fuels.

Experimental Study and Modeling of Autoignition of Natural Gas/Air-Mixtures Under Gas Turbine Relevant Conditions

2005 ◽  
Author(s):  
Andreas Koch ◽  
Clemens Naumann ◽  
Wolfgang Meier ◽  
Manfred Aigner
Keyword(s):  
Natural Gas ◽  
Gas Turbine ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ignition Delay Time ◽  
Evaluation Procedure ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Delay Times

The objective of this work was the improvement of methods for predicting autoignition in turbulent flows of different natural gas mixtures and air. Measurements were performed in a mixing duct where fuel was laterally injected into a turbulent flow of preheated and pressurized air. To study the influence of higher order hydrocarbons on autoignition, natural gas was mixed with propane up to 20% by volume at pressures up to 15 bar. During a measurement cycle, the air temperature was increased until autoignition occurred. The ignition process was observed by high-speed imaging of the flame chemiluminescence. In order to attribute a residence time (ignition delay time) to the locations where autoignition was detected the flow field and its turbulent fluctuations were simulated by numerical codes. These residence times were compared to calculated ignition delay times using detailed chemical simulations. The measurement system and data evaluation procedure are described and preliminary results are presented. An increase in pressure and in fraction of propane in the natural gas both reduced the ignition delay time. The measured ignition delay times were systematically longer than the predicted ones for temperatures above 950 K. The results are important for the design process of gas turbine combustors and the studies also demonstrate a procedure for the validation of design tools under relevant conditions.

scholarly journals High-Speed Imaging and Measurements of Ignition Delay Times in Oxy-Syngas Mixtures With High CO2 Dilution in a Shock Tube

2017 ◽  
Vol 139 (12) ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Barak ◽  
Owen Pryor ◽  
Joseph Lopez ◽  
Erik Ninnemann ◽  
Subith Vasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Tube ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ignition Delay Time ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Syngas Combustion ◽  
End Wall

In this study, syngas combustion was investigated behind reflected shock waves in order to gain insight into the behavior of ignition delay times and effects of the CO2 dilution. Pressure and light emissions time-histories measurements were taken at a 2 cm axial location away from the end wall. High-speed visualization of the experiments from the end wall was also conducted. Oxy-syngas mixtures that were tested in the shock tube were diluted with CO2 fractions ranging from 60% to 85% by volume. A 10% fuel concentration was consistently used throughout the experiments. This study looked at the effects of changing the equivalence ratios (ϕ), between 0.33, 0.5, and 1.0 as well as changing the fuel ratio (θ), hydrogen to carbon monoxide, from 0.25, 1.0, and 4.0. The study was performed at 1.61–1.77 atm and a temperature range of 1006–1162 K. The high-speed imaging was performed through a quartz end wall with a Phantom V710 camera operated at 67,065 frames per second. From the experiments, when increasing the equivalence ratio, it resulted in a longer ignition delay time. In addition, when increasing the fuel ratio, a lower ignition delay time was observed. These trends are generally expected with this combustion reaction system. The high-speed imaging showed nonhomogeneous combustion in the system; however, most of the light emissions were outside the visible light range where the camera is designed for. The results were compared to predictions of two combustion chemical kinetic mechanisms: GRI v3.0 and AramcoMech v2.0 mechanisms. In general, both mechanisms did not accurately predict the experimental data. The results showed that current models are inaccurate in predicting CO2 diluted environments for syngas combustion.

An Investigation of Flame Expansion Speed With a Strong Swirl Motion Using High-Speed Visualization

2003 ◽  
Vol 125 (2) ◽  
pp. 485-493
Author(s):  
S. H. Joo ◽  
K. M. Chun ◽  
Y. Shin ◽  
K. C. Lee
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Flow Characteristics ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Superposition Method ◽  
Linear Superposition ◽  
Compression Stroke ◽  
Engine Cylinder ◽  
Expansion Speed

In this study, a simple linear supposition method is proposed to separate the flame expansion speed and swirl motion of a flame propagating in an engine cylinder. Two series of images of flames propagating in the cylinder with/without swirl motion were taken by a high frame rate digital video camera. A small tube (4 mm ID) was installed inside the intake port to deliver the fuel/air mixture with strong swirl motion into the cylinder. An LDV was employed to measure the swirl motion during the compression stroke. Under the assumption that flame propagates spherically from the each point of the flame front, a diameter of small spherical flames can be calculated from the two consecutive images of the flame without swirl motion in the cylinder. Using the normalized swirl motion of the mixture during the compression stroke and the spherical flame diameters, the flame expansion speed and swirl ratio of combustion propagation in the engine cylinder can be obtained. This simple linear superposition method for separating the flame expansion speed and swirl motion can be utilized to understand the flow characteristics, such as swirl and turbulence, during the combustion process.

High-Speed Imaging and Measurements of Ignition Delay Times in Oxy-Syngas Mixtures With High CO2 Dilution in a Shock Tube

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Samuel Barak ◽  
Owen Pryor ◽  
Joseph Lopez ◽  
Erik Ninnemann ◽  
Subith Vasu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Shock Tube ◽  
Ignition Delay ◽  
Delay Time ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Ignition Delay Time ◽  
High Speed Imaging ◽  
Ignition Delay Times ◽  
Delay Times ◽  
Syngas Combustion ◽  
End Wall

In this study, syngas combustion was investigated behind reflected shock waves in order to gain insight into the behavior of ignition delay times and effects of the CO2 dilution. Pressure and light emissions time-histories measurements were taken at a 2cm axial location away from the end wall. High-speed visualization of the experiments from the end wall was also conducted. Oxy-syngas mixtures that were tested in the shock tube were diluted with CO2 fractions ranging from 60% – 85% by volume. A 10% fuel concentration was consistently used throughout the experiments. This study looked at the effects of changing the equivalence ratios (ϕ), between 0.33, 0.5, and 1.0 as well as changing the fuel ratio (θ), hydrogen to carbon monoxide, from 0.25, 1.0 and 4.0. The study was performed at 1.61–1.77 atm and a temperature range of 1006–1162K. The high-speed imaging was performed through a quartz end wall with a Phantom V710 camera operated at 67,065 frames per second. From the experiments, when increasing the equivalence ratio, it resulted in a longer ignition delay time. In addition, when increasing the fuel ratio, a lower ignition delay time was observed. These trends are generally expected with this combustion reaction system. The high-speed imaging showed non-homogeneous combustion in the system, however, most of the light emissions were outside the visible light range where the camera is designed for. The results were compared to predictions of two combustion chemical kinetic mechanisms: GRI v3.0 and AramcoMech v2.0 mechanisms. In general, both mechanisms did not accurately predict the experimental data. The results showed that current models are inaccurate in predicting CO2 diluted environments for syngas combustion.

Multi-camera object tracking system

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
A.V. Bobkov ◽  
G.V. Tedeev
Keyword(s):  
High Speed ◽  
Tracking System ◽  
Correlation Method ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Camera Tracking ◽  
Topological Graph ◽  
Coverage Area ◽  
Background Removal ◽  
Detection Stage

The article proposes a multi-camera tracking system for an object, implemented using computer vision technologies and allowing the video surveillance operator in real time to select an object that will be monitored by the system in future. It will be ready to give out the location of the object at any time. The solution to this problem is divided into three main stages: the detection stage, the tracking stage and the stage of interaction of several cameras. Methods of detection, tracking of objects and the interaction of several cameras have been investigated. To solve the problem of detection, the method of optical flow and the method of removing the background were investigated, to solve the problem of tracking — the method of matching key points and the correlation method, to solve the problem of interaction between several surveillance cameras — the method of the topological graph of a network of cameras. An approach is proposed for constructing a system that uses a combination of the background removal method, the correlation method and the method of the topological graph of a network of cameras. The stages of detection and tracking have been experimentally implemented, that is, the task of tracking an object within the coverage area of one video camera has been solved. The implemented system showed good results: a sufficiently high speed and accuracy with rare losses of the tracked object and with a slight decrease in the frame rate.

Effect of Pilot Injection on Mixture Formation, Ignition Process and Flame Development in Diesel Combustion

2013 ◽  
Vol 390 ◽  
pp. 327-332 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amir Khalid ◽  
M. Jaat ◽  
Izzuddin Zaman ◽  
B. Manshoor ◽  
Mas Fawzi
Keyword(s):  
Ignition Delay ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Delay Period ◽  
Ignition Process ◽  
Pilot Injection ◽  
Mixture Formation ◽  
Digital Video Camera ◽  
Ignition Delay Period

The alternative combustion strategies with systematic control of mixture formation have provided new opportunities and considerable improvement in the combustion process and response to meet the stringent emissions standards. Purpose of this research is to investigate the influences of pilot injection on the fuel-air premixing especially during ignition delay period. During this period, the interaction between fuel spray and surrounding gas prior to ignition which linked to the improvement of mixture formation, ignition process and initial heat recovery thus predominantly influences the combustion process and exhaust emissions. This study investigates the effects of pilot injection using a rapid compression machine together with the schlieren photography and direct photography methods. The detail behavior of mixture formation during ignition delay period was investigated using the schlieren photography system with a high speed digital video camera. This method can capture spray evaporation, spray interference and mixture formation clearly with real images. Ignition process and flame development were investigated by direct photography method using a light sensitive high-speed color digital video camera. Pilot injection promotes mixture formation during ignition delay period and slower oxidation reaction and thus leads to earlier rise and lower peak heat release rate.

scholarly journals On-CMOS Image Sensor Processing for Lane Detection

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (11) ◽  
pp. 3713
Author(s):  
Soyeon Lee ◽  
Bohyeok Jeong ◽  
Keunyeol Park ◽  
Minkyu Song ◽  
Soo Youn Kim
Keyword(s):  
Edge Detection ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Cmos Image Sensor ◽  
Image Sensor ◽  
Image Resolution ◽  
Lane Detection ◽  
Frame Rate ◽  
Total Power ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
Total Power Consumption

This paper presents a CMOS image sensor (CIS) with built-in lane detection computing circuits for automotive applications. We propose on-CIS processing with an edge detection mask used in the readout circuit of the conventional CIS structure for high-speed lane detection. Furthermore, the edge detection mask can detect the edges of slanting lanes to improve accuracy. A prototype of the proposed CIS was fabricated using a 110 nm CIS process. It has an image resolution of 160 (H) × 120 (V) and a frame rate of 113, and it occupies an area of 5900 μm × 5240 μm. A comparison of its lane detection accuracy with that of existing edge detection algorithms shows that it achieves an acceptable accuracy. Moreover, the total power consumption of the proposed CIS is 9.7 mW at pixel, analog, and digital supply voltages of 3.3, 3.3, and 1.5 V, respectively.

scholarly journals Detonation effects of shallow buried explosive in sandy soil on target plate acceleration in a small-scale blast test

2018 ◽  
Vol 192 ◽  
pp. 02028
Author(s):  
Hassan Zulkifli Abu ◽  
Ibrahim Aniza ◽  
Mohamad Nor Norazman
Keyword(s):  
Sandy Soil ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Time History ◽  
Video Camera ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Target Plate ◽  
Air Blast ◽  
High Speed Video Camera ◽  
The Impact

Small-scale blast tests were carried out to observe and measure the influence of sandy soil towards explosive blast intensity. The tests were to simulate blast impact imparted by anti-vehicular landmine to a lightweight armoured vehicle (LAV). Time of occurrence of the three phases of detonation phase in soil with respect to upward translation time of the test apparatus were recorded using high-speed video camera. At the same time the target plate acceleration was measured using shock accelerometer. It was observed that target plate deformation took place at early stage of the detonation phase before the apparatus moved vertically upwards. Previous data of acceleration-time history and velocity-time history from air blast detonation were compared. It was observed that effects of soil funnelling on blast wave together with the impact from soil ejecta may have contributed to higher blast intensity that characterized detonation in soil, where detonation in soil demonstrated higher plate velocity compared to what occurred in air blast detonation.

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