scholarly journals Description of Acid Battery Operating Parameters

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (21) ◽  
pp. 7212
Author(s):  
Józef Pszczółkowski
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Linear Combinations ◽  
Battery Model ◽  
The Laplace Transform ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
Load Conditions

In this paper, the operating principles of the acid battery and its features are discussed. The results of voltage tests containing the measurements conducted at the terminals of a loaded battery under constant load conditions, and dependent on time, are presented. The article depicts the principles of the development of electric models of acid batteries and their various descriptions. The principles for processing the results for the purpose of the determination and description of the battery model are characterized. The characteristics under stationary and non-stationary conditions are specified using glued functions and linear combinations of exponential functions, and the electrical parameters of the battery are determined as the components of the circuit, i.e., its electromotive force, resistance, and capacity. The dynamic characteristic of the battery in the form of transmittance was determined, using the Laplace transform. Possible uses of the crankshaft driving signals as diagnostic signals of the battery, electric starter, and internal combustion engine are also indicated.

scholarly journals Description of acid battery operating parameters

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Józef Pszczółkowski
Keyword(s):  
Electromotive Force ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Electrical Parameters ◽  
Exponential Functions ◽  
Battery Model ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
Engine Crankshaft ◽  
Load Conditions

The principles of acid battery operating and its features are discussed. The tests results of voltage measured at the terminals of a loaded battery under constant load conditions dependence on time have been presented. The principles of acid battery electric models creating and various possibilities of its description are presented. The principles of processing the results for the purpose of determining and describing the battery model are characterized. The possibilities of description of the characteristics under stationary and non-stationary conditions by means of glued functions, linear combination of exponential functions and determination of electrical parameters of the battery as components of the circuit, i.e., its electromotive force, resistance and capacity are indicated. The signals recorded during the cranking of the engine crankshaft by the starter are discussed. There are indicated the possibilities of using the crankshaft driving signals as diagnostic signals of the battery, electric starter, and internal combustion engine.

scholarly journals Study of the electric starter characteristics

2019 ◽  
Vol 24 (6) ◽  
pp. 240-247
Author(s):  
Józef Pszczółkowski
Keyword(s):  
Internal Combustion Engine ◽  
Power Supply ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Internal Combustion ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Technical Condition ◽  
Stationary Conditions ◽  
Engine Crankshaft ◽  
Friction Brake ◽  
Operation Characteristics

The article describes the principle of operation of the electric starter of the starting system of the internal combustion engine. Basic processes and dependencies were described, and the characteristics of the starter's work were discussed. The station for the starter testing, allowing the examination of its characteristics and technical condition when powered by a battery and braking by means of an electro-spin and friction brake, was characterized. The station also allows testing the battery operation characteristics in the conditions of the starter power supply at its constant load. The results of tests of the functioning of the starting system and its components, the battery and the starter in the stationary conditions and while driving the engine crank-shaft are presented. The possibilities of using the crankshaft driving signals as diagnostic signals of the state of the battery, starter and combustion engine are indicated. The signals recorded while driving the engine crankshaft by the starter were discussed.

Heat Transfer on a Turbocharger Under Constant Load Points

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Romagnoli ◽  
Ricardo Martinez-Botas
Keyword(s):  
Heat Transfer ◽  
Combustion Engine ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Heat Transfer Process ◽  
Transfer Model ◽  
Performance Deterioration ◽  
Exit Temperature ◽  
Standard Set ◽  
Compressor Performance ◽  
Compressor Efficiency

The processes occurring in turbo machinery applications are frequently treated as adiabatic. However, in a turbocharger significant heat transfer occurs, leading to a deficit of turbocharger performance. The overall objective of this experimental work is to improve the understanding of the heat transfer process taking place in a turbocharger when installed on an internal combustion engine. In order to do this, beyond the standard set of measurements needed to define the turbo operating point, a large number of thermocouples were installed on the turbocharger. The tests results allow the quantification of the temperatures within the turbocharger and revealed that a nonuniform temperature distribution exists on the compressor and turbine casings. This is partly attributed to the proximity of the turbocharger to the engine. This process plays a role on the deterioration of the compressor efficiency when compared to the corresponding adiabatic efficiency. A correlation that allows the calculation of the compressor exit temperature is proposed. The method uses the surface temperature of the bearing housing; it was validated against experimental data with deviations no larger than 3%. A simplified 1-dimensional heat transfer model was also developed and compared with experimental measurements. The algorithms calculate the heat transferred through the turbocharger, from the hot end to the cold end by means of lump masses. The compressor performance deterioration from the adiabatic map is predicted.

scholarly journals Energy Dissipated in Fatigue and Creep Conditions

Materials ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (16) ◽  
pp. 4724
Author(s):  
Stanisław Mroziński ◽  
Zbigniew Lis ◽  
Halina Egner
Keyword(s):  
Fatigue Life ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Test Results ◽  
Fatigue Load ◽  
P91 Steel ◽  
Fatigue Process ◽  
Energy Dissipated ◽  
Load Conditions

The paper presents the results of tests performed on samples made of P91 steel under combined variable and constant load conditions, at temperature T = 600 °C. The analysis of the test results was carried out with the use of the energetic description of the fatigue process. It was shown that the order of occurrence of the fatigue load and creep in the load program influences the fatigue life and the value of the energy cumulated in the sample until fracture.

scholarly journals Analysis and Modeling of the Wear-Out Process of a Lithium-Nickel-Manganese-Cobalt Cell during Cycling Operation under Constant Load Conditions

Energies ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 12 (20) ◽  
pp. 3899 ◽  
Author(s):  
Damian Burzyński ◽  
Robert Pietracho ◽  
Leszek Kasprzyk ◽  
Andrzej Tomczewski
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
Experimental Research ◽  
Discharge Current ◽  
Fuzzy Model ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Operating Parameters ◽  
Half Cycle ◽  
Wear Process ◽  
Nickel Manganese ◽  
Load Conditions

This article describes the analyses of modeling the wear process of lithium-nickel-manganese-cobalt cells operating cyclically under constant load conditions. The main aging processes taking place in cells and the methodology of the modeling are discussed. The process of cell wear is examined, taking into account the influence of cyclic operating parameters (temperature, discharge current, and discharge depth). On the basis of the analyses carried out, a new function reflecting the influence of ambient temperature on the durability of the cell is proposed. A new fuzzy model of the wear process of the NMC 18650 type cell, depending on the parameters of the discharge half cycle, has been developed. The results of the model have been verified by experimental research.

Practical Results to the Long Term Behaviour of Fibre Reinforced Polymers under Constant Load

2015 ◽  
Vol 825-826 ◽  
pp. 952-959
Author(s):  
Richard Zemann
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Fibre ◽  
Creep Behaviour ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Epoxy Compound ◽  
Metallic Materials ◽  
Uniform Load ◽  
Reinforced Polymers ◽  
Load Types ◽  
Load Conditions

The long term behaviour of fibre reinforced polymers is important for many uses. In this publication experiments are described in which three different carbon fibre epoxy compound specimens, with different fibre orientations, are compared. For a comparison to metallic materials, as well as to get a benchmark, steel and aluminium specimens are also tested. All specimens are loaded with constant loads; the investigated load types are bending and torsion. In the experiments two different scenarios are investigated. The first scenario compares the creep behaviour under uniform start deflections and the second scenario compares the creep behaviour under uniform load conditions.

IASCC Initiation in Highly Irradiated Stainless Steels under Uniaxial Constant Load Conditions

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (10) ◽  
pp. 1072-1077 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hiromasa NISHIOKA ◽  
Koji FUKUYA ◽  
Katsuhiko FUJII ◽  
Tadahiko TORIMARU
Keyword(s):  
Stainless Steels ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Load Conditions

scholarly journals Analysis of a proposed connection for the two-winding single-phase self-excited induction generator operating at constant voltage and frequency

2019 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
H. H. Hanafy ◽  
Heba. M. Soufi ◽  
Amr A. Saleh ◽  
Magdy B. Eteiba
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Single Phase ◽  
Constant Load ◽  
Impedance Method ◽  
Induction Generator ◽  
Variable Load ◽  
Prime Mover ◽  
Load Impedance ◽  
Load Voltage ◽  
Load Conditions

AbstractThis paper introduces the steady-state and dynamic behaviors of a proposed connection for the two-winding single-phase self-excited induction generator (TWSPSEIG) equipped with an excitation capacitor and a compensation capacitor for operation at constant load voltage and frequency irrespective of the no-load or different load conditions. The performance equations at steady-state conditions are attained by applying loop impedance method via the exact equivalent circuit models of the TWSPSEIG based on the double revolving field theory. Keeping the values of the excitation capacitor and the compensation capacitor as unknowns, two second-order equations, for given values of generator parameters, prime mover speed, frequency and load impedance, are derived. These equations are solved using simple iterative method to calculate the optimum values of the two capacitors under the constraints that the load voltage and frequency are constant. The range of capacitor variations for variable load at variable prime mover speed is also calculated. The steady-state results are verified by developing the dynamic model of the proposed connection incorporating its nonlinearity behavior and various no-load and load conditions. The dynamic behavior of the proposed connection proves the capabilities of the proposed configuration and calculation method to maintain both the load voltage and frequency constants. A comparative study between the performances of the proposed connection and the traditional connection of the TWSPSEIG is presented to illustrate the merits of the proposed connection.

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