Financial Balance Analysis of Geothermal Companies in Poland Based on Managerial Cash Flows

Energies ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (23) ◽  
pp. 7885
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Kustra ◽  
Sylwia Lorenc
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Geothermal Energy ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Environmental Issues ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Analysis ◽  
Reverse Situation ◽  
Financial Balance

The use of geothermal energy to produce heat and electricity has become increasingly important in recent years. This is mainly due to environmental issues and the need to ensure energy security. The aim of the article was to analyse and compare the ability to maintain cash balance of selected geothermal companies in Poland. The following were taken for verification: Przedsiębiorstwo Energetyki Cieplnej PEC Geotermia Podhalańska S.A., Geotermia Poddębice Sp. z o.o., Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A., Geotermia Pyrzyce Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Czarnków Sp. z o.o. The adopted research methodology, combining accrual and cash recognition, allowed the analysis of the ability to create cash flows and maintain cash stability in 2016–2019. The study used financial data from the financial statements of the analysed companies. The analysis shows that the highest cash flows from assets defined as Free Cash Flow to Firm FCFF (over PLN 11,318 thousand) and the highest cash flows for owners Free Cash Flow to Equity FCFE (over PLN 10,005 thousand) are generated by Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A. At the same time, the balance between cash flows meeting the inequality FCFF ≥ FCFE + FCD, where FCD Free Cash Flow to Debt, determines the ability of assets to generate cash covering the current distribution of capital for its donors. Consequently, there is an increase in the value of cash resources identified in investments in the management balance sheet. Such a situation occurred in the case of Geotermia Poddębice Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Mazowiecka S.A. The reverse situation, i.e., FCFF < FCFE + FCD is characteristic for cash imbalance. In such conditions there is a decrease in cash resources identified in the management balance. This occurred in PEC Geotermia Podhalańska S.A., Geotermia Pyrzyce Sp. z o.o. and Geotermia Czarnków Sp. z o.o.

An Evaluation of Chinese Firms' Profitability: 2005–2013

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 799-828 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jing Liu ◽  
James A. Ohlson ◽  
Weining Zhang
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
High Growth ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Sample Period ◽  
Chinese Firms ◽  
Capital Growth ◽  
Free Cash Flows ◽  
The U.S

SYNOPSIS We empirically examine the profitability of leading Chinese firms, benchmarked against comparable U.S. firms, for the period 2005–2013. Return on invested capital (ROIC), which excludes leverage effects on performance, provides the primary metric. Averaged over firms and years, the two sets of firms have similar profitability, about 11 percent annually. Decomposing ROIC into free cash flow yield and invested capital growth, we show that the same ROIC has very different compositions: while the Chinese firms have high growth and negative free cash flows, the U.S. firms have low growth and positive free cash flows. Due to balance sheet conservatism, we infer that Chinese (U.S.) firms' free cash flow yields and the resulting ROICs have been biased downward (upward). After correcting for the bias, we show that Chinese firms have much higher profitability than their U.S. counterparts: 15.1 percent versus 8.1 percent. This result is driven by the abundance of growth opportunities in China in our sample period. When we control for the growth rates, we find U.S. firms have been more “efficient” in generating more free cash flows than Chinese firms.

Misclassifying cash flows from operations: intentional or not?

2014 ◽  
Vol 22 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-32 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karen Lightstone ◽  
Karrilyn Wilcox ◽  
Louis Beaubien
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Analysts ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Statement Of Cash Flows ◽  
Case Basis

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to investigate the accuracy and informational quality of the cash from operations section of the cash flow statement. Design/methodology/approach – This paper empirically tested the accuracy of the cash from operations reported by Canadian non-financial companies. The authors studied 262 companies at three different time periods providing 786 firm observations. For each observation, the balance sheet was used to confirm the figures reported in the statement of cash flows. In addition, the authors investigated management's disclosure of the particular working capital items. Findings – The findings suggest that in recent years, companies are more likely to overstate their cash flow from operations, thereby presenting a better financial picture than is supported by the balance sheet accounts. This would suggest that the investing or financing section would be correspondingly understated. The presence of acquisitions reduces overstatements, which may be the result of more auditor presence. Research limitations/implications – This paper extends previous research from documented single, isolated instances of cash from operations being misstated to include a significant sample with more generalizable findings. The data are Canadian which may limit the generalizability to other countries. Future research should address the extent to which financial analysts rely on the reported cash from operations figure. Practical implications – This preliminary study may have implications for financial analysts and others relying on the free cash flow figure. Originality/value – This study expands on previous research which has taken place only on a case-by-case basis.

PELUANG KESULITAN KEUANGAN PADA PERUSAHAAN GO PUBLIK YANG TERCATAT DI BURSA EFEK INDONESIA

2019 ◽  
Vol 15 (1) ◽  
pp. 55
Author(s):  
Paula Novena Setio
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Stock Exchange ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Total Asset ◽  
Net Income ◽  
Financial Condition ◽  
Financial Difficulties ◽  
Asset Turnover

This study aimed to examine the chances of financial difficulties at the company went public in Indonesia and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange (BEI). Financial difficulties chances have been found among unwell financial condition companies. The factors tested in this study is the condition of the company's financial statements are summarized in several variables such as cash flow, free cash flow, total asset turnover, liquidity, ROE, debt, age of the company, and the size of the company. Samples were 65 non-bank companies that go public and listed on the Indonesia Stock Exchange in 2009-2014. A total of 35 companies that have no chance of financial difficulties and the 30 companies that have a chance of financial difficulties. Where the measurement is done by means of selecting the financial statements, the financial statements are experiencing net income negatively in three consecutive years for companies that have a chance of financial difficulties and the financial statements are experiencing positive earnings were stable and even increased for three consecutive years Similarly, for companies that have no chance of financial difficulties. The results showed that the cash flows are measured as if dealing with the failure of non-bank company in Indonesia, and has a significant impact in predicting financial difficulties and significant opportunities. Keywords: cash flow, free cash flow, total asset turnover, liquidity, ROE, debt, age of the company, company size, and the chances of financial difficulties. ABSTRAK Penelitian ini bertujuan untuk menguji peluang kesulitan keuangan pada perusahaan go publik di Indonesia dan tercatat pada Bursa Efek Indonesia (BEI). Ditemukan peluang kesulian keuangan pada perusahaan yang memiliki kondisi keuangan yang buruk. Adapun faktor-faktor yang diuji dalam penelitian ini adalah kondisi laporan keuangan perusahaan yang dirangkum dalam beberapa variabel seperti arus kas, arus kas bebas, perputaran total aset, likuiditas, ROE, hutang, usia perusahaan, dan ukuran perusahaan. Sampel penelitian adalah 65 perusahaan non bank yang go publik dan terdaftar di Bursa Efek Indonesia pada periode 2009-2014. Sebanyak 35 perusahaan yang tidak memiliki peluang kesulitan keuangan dan 30 perusahaan yang memiliki peluang kesulitan keuangan. Dimana pengukuran ini dilakukan dengan cara penyeleksian laporan keuangan, yaitu laporan keuangan yang mengalami laba bersih negatif secara tiga tahun berturut-turut untuk perusahaan yang memiliki peluang kesulitan keuangan dan laporan keuangan yang mengalami laba positif yang stabil dan bahkan mengalami peningkatan selama tiga tahun berturut-turut pula untuk perusahaan yang tidak memiliki peluang kesulitan keuangan. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa aliran kas yang diukur seolah-olah berhubungan dengan kegagalan perusahaan non bank di Indonesia, dan memiliki dampak yang berarti dalam memprediksi peluang kesulitan keuangan dan signifikan. Kata kunci: arus kas, arus kas bebas, perputaran total aset, likuiditas, ROE, hutang, usia perusahaan, ukuran perusahaan, dan peluang kesulitan keuangan.

Minority Interest in the Consolidated Retained Earnings Statement

2001 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 119-146 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugo Nurnberg
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Parent Company ◽  
Consolidated Financial Statements ◽  
Entity Theory ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Cash Flow Statement ◽  
Retained Earnings

Consolidated financial statements purport to report income, financial position, and cash flows of a parent company and its subsidiaries as if the group were a single company with one or more branches or divisions. Under the parent company theory, the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated income statement, the consolidated balance sheet, and the consolidated retained earnings statement differs from the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated cash flow statement. Even under extant expositions of the entity theory, the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated income statement, the consolidated balance sheet, and the consolidated cash flow statement differs from the consolidated entity perspective assumed in the consolidated retained earnings statement. This paper develops a consistent consolidated entity perspective for all four consolidated financial statements. It demonstrates that under the entity theory, consolidated retained earnings includes the separate equities of both the parent company stockholders and the minority interest. As such, both elements of retained earnings should be reported in the consolidated retained earnings statement to make it comparable to the consolidated retained earnings statement of companies without subsidiaries or with only wholly owned subsidiaries. The effect on certain financial ratios of public companies may be substantial. The paper also demonstrates that for purchased subsidiaries, minority interest in consolidated retained earnings includes unamortized write-ups of identifiable net assets and goodwill arising from purchase-type business combinations.

CASH FLOW FOR THE VAT IN THE FARMING

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (5) ◽  
pp. 113-118
Author(s):  
Tomasz Kondraszuk
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Significant Benefit ◽  
Flow Method ◽  
Lump Sum

The aim of this article is to present the possibility of using farmers’ cash accounting method. It is regarding farmers which resigned from the lump sum and became active paymasters of this tax. The cash method used in the tax and revenue book (PKPiR) was critically evaluated. At the same time, on the example of the Agricultural Accountancy Calendar (RKR), it has been shown that it is possible to integrate accounting with the accounting method of VAT accounting with accounting entries in the RKR enabling direct cash flows from operations, investment, financial and private operations. It is also possible to draw up other financial statements: profit and loss account, balance sheet and changes in equity. For a farmer, the significant benefit of using a cash-flow method is to reduce the risk of congestion resulting from the need to settle VAT before receiving payments from the debtor. For the tax office, the necessity to pay the full payment before claiming the input VAT refund significantly limits the possibility of fraud in this regard.

Tax-Exempt Organizations and Nonarticulation: Estimates Are No Substitute for Disclosure of Cash Provided by Operations

2008 ◽  
Vol 22 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mary Fischer ◽  
Teresa P. Gordon ◽  
Saleha B. Khumawala
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Accurate Estimate ◽  
Easy Access ◽  
For Profit ◽  
Tax Exempt ◽  
Business Entities ◽  
Operating Activities

SYNOPSIS: Not-for-profit entities’ audited financial statements are considered proprietary information, but the World Wide Web provides easy access to financial information from Form 990, the information return filed annually with the Internal Revenue Service. However, Form 990 return does not include potentially useful information for donors, creditors, and regulators such as cash provided by operating activities. Because of articulation of financial statements inherent with the double-entry system, it is theoretically possible to derive operating cash flows from revenues, expenses, and balance sheet accounts that are included on the return. The objective of this study is to determine whether cash from operations can be accurately calculated from Form 990 data. Our analysis includes both simple and more elaborate formulas because complexity may reduce potential usefulness even if accuracy increases. Using 254 observations from two industry groups (higher education and conservation/environmental protection), we compare five formulas. The mean absolute percentage errors of our computations were extremely large for all formulas. Even the formula with the smallest errors produced an amount for cash from operations that was correlated with the actual number for only one of the two industries. The paper also describes articulation problems encountered when a small subsample was examined in more detail. As with similar studies of business entities, it appears that an accurate estimate of cash flow from operating activities cannot be derived from the other financial statements. Therefore, based on the results of this study we recommend that Form 990 should be revised to include selected information from the cash flow statement.

scholarly journals The relation between cash flows and economic performance in the digital age: An empirical analysis

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (3) ◽  
pp. 84-91
Author(s):  
Salvatore Ferri ◽  
Alberto Tron ◽  
Raffaele Fiume ◽  
Gaetano Della Corte
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Business Performance ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Past Research ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Statistical Tools ◽  
Operating Income

Cash flows analysis plays an increasingly important role in the study of business dynamics since cash flows play a key role in the company's economic performance, not only from a standpoint but also in predictive terms. The literature on the subject is poor in number and depth of research, the samples analyzed so far are limited and the statistical tools are weak. Retracing the steps of past research, we studied the relationships between cash flows of several management areas and economic performance, using a complete sample of Italian listed companies in the 2008-2017 period with more solid statistical tools compared to previous studies. The database used to collect all the balance sheet data necessary to conduct our research is Amadeus of the Bureau Van Dijk platform, which already shows reclassified and easily comparable financial statements. Correlation and multiple regression analysis were used to assess if our cash flow proxies could be strong predictors of future cash flow and, consequently, of business performance. The flows for investments and the ability to generate cash, where the latter is positively correlated with future profitability, manage to explain, together with the net cash generation of the company, a large part of the variability of the operating income produced in subsequent periods. The flows from investments seem to be the most suitable for correctly classifying the most profitable companies in the medium-long term, while cash generation, deriving from the characteristic activity, contributes to providing answers, about corporate profitability, on shorter time horizons.

3. The fundamentals of financial accounting

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christopher Nobes
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Recording System ◽  
Financial Accounting ◽  
Income Statement ◽  
Basic Ideas ◽  
Double Entry ◽  
The Way

‘The fundamentals of financial accounting’ explores the basic ideas of financial accounting: the way accounting actually works, the logic behind the double-entry recording system, and the contents of the basic financial statements (balance sheet, income statement, and cash flow statement). The following questions are addressed: What does a balance sheet try to show? Why does it balance? How is it that any one transaction has two accounting effects? Which costs lead to assets and which lead to expenses? How do cash flows fit in? How can a profitable company go bust because of a lack of cash?

scholarly journals KEWAJARAN NILAI PASAR SAHAM PERUSAHAAN PASCA RIGHT ISSUE

2017 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rifki Khoirudin ◽  
Desta Rizky Kusuma
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Stock Price ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Financial Statements ◽  
Fair Value ◽  
Free Cash Flow ◽  
Discounted Cash Flow ◽  
Rights Issue ◽  
Relative Valuation

<p><em><span>This study aims to estimate the fair value per share of PT BW Plantation Tbk after the company offered right issue. This study is also intended to find out the fair market value per share of PT BW Plantation Tbk post-rights issue. The information used in this study was obtained from secondary data from the financial statements of PT BW Plantation Tbk., which were audited by public accountants and other information available in the financial statements. BW Plantation Tbk., The company's financial statements comparison, and the company's stock price data comparison. The methods of analysis used in determining the fair value per share is the Discounted Cash Flow and Relative Valuation. Discounted Cash Flow analysis was done by: projections of financial statements i.e. balance sheet and income statement, the projected Free Cash Flow to Equity (FCFE), the determination of the discount rate, the determination of Terminal Value, and the estimated fair value of equity. Analysis of Relative Valuation begins with finding the comparison companies in the same business line, select and assign the appropriate multiple of the comparison companies. Multiple used are: Price Earnings Ratio (PER), Price to Book Value (PBV), and Price to Sales Ratio (P / S).</span></em></p><p><em><span>Keywords: valuation of shares, rights issue, discounted cash flow, relative valuation</span></em></p>

Where Did All the Dollars Go? The Effect of Cash Flows on Capital and Asset Structure

2011 ◽  
Vol 46 (5) ◽  
pp. 1259-1294 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sudipto Dasgupta ◽  
Thomas H. Noe ◽  
Zhen Wang
Keyword(s):  
Cash Flow ◽  
Economic Effect ◽  
Balance Sheet ◽  
Cash Flows ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Goods Market ◽  
Short Run ◽  
Debt Market ◽  
Short And Long Term

AbstractThis paper documents the short- and long-term balance sheet effect of cash flows. We show that cash savings in the short run and debt reduction in both the short and the long run account for a substantial fraction of cash flow use. Although, in the long run, investment exhibits substantial sensitivity to cash flows, investment does not absorb the entire cash flow shock. In fact, the tighter the financial constraints, the smaller the fraction of cash flow absorbed by investment and the more by leverage reduction. Firms stage their response to increases in cash flow, delaying investment while building up cash stocks and reducing leverage. These results suggest that much of the short-run economic effect of cash flow shocks to the corporate sector may be channeled into the corporate debt market rather than the capital goods market, especially when financing constraints tighten.

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