scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cost-Optimal Method Applied to Existing Schools Considering PV System Optimization

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Cecilia Ciacci ◽  
Neri Banti ◽  
Vincenzo Di Naso ◽  
Frida Bazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The Cost

In Italy in 2020, only 15.5% of school building heritage was retrofitted from an energy and environmental point of view. In this paper, the cost-optimal method was applied to two different school buildings belonging to the same Italian cold climate zone but characterized by different structural and technological solutions. The research aims at defining the cost-effective redevelopment solution among several ones proposed to apply to this building type. At the same time, this paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology applied, highlighting deficiencies related to a not proper evaluation of environmentally friendly retrofitting measures. In a cost-effective context, the main results show that the intervention on the heating system is more convenient than the retrofitting of the envelope. The energy saving is equal to about 35% for both considered schools. Among the different proposed requalification configurations, the adoption of PV (photovoltaic) electric generation is included. In this regard, an optimization procedure was implemented in a generative design environment to maximize energy production with reference to different design parameters. As a result, a solution with south oriented PV modules with a tilt angle of 42° and arranged in 0.7 m spaced rows proved to be the most effective.

scholarly journals Efficient central heating and modern heat sources

2013 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Monika Pawlita
Keyword(s):  
Energy Saving ◽  
Calorific Value ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Heat Pumps ◽  
Single Family ◽  
Heating Source ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Family House

Background: The methods of heating houses with system components determine the energy-saving systems. Energy-saving solutions allow to maintain comfortable conditions in the house, while minimizing the cost associated with its operation and at the same time helping to protect natural environment. The examples of such solutions include condensing boilers, heat pumps and solar collectors.Material and methods: The object of the analysis in this paper is typical single-family house occupying the area of 150 m². The comparison of analyzed heating system for a single-family house, including modern energy sources, allows the assessment of the most cost-effective method of heating. Results: Choosing rational method of heating for a single-family house is dictated mainly by economic reasons. The efficiency of the heating sources is also very important. In addition, an important factor is a heating period, which depends on the weather conditions in a given year.Conclusions: The costs of fuel/energy are still growing. Fuel selection is determined mainly by fuel calorific value and the price. To select the type of the heating source one must take into account the cost of kWh of heat.

STAND ALONE SOLAR PHOTOVOLTAIC FOR RURAL ELECTRIFICATION: A CASE STUDY IN KAMPUNG SG LAH TAPAH MALAYSIA

2015 ◽  
Vol 76 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Z. Ahmad ◽  
M. Y. Halyani ◽  
I. Norain ◽  
H. Windiarti ◽  
H. M. S. Firdaus ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Effective Means ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Simulation Software ◽  
Rural Electrification ◽  
Infrastructure Development ◽  
Site Location ◽  
Pv System ◽  
The Town

This paper presents a case study on a rural electrification for an aborigine community in Kampung Sungai Lah, Tapah. They are isolated in the infrastructure development of society, referred to as undeserved. They are unfortunate as waited around 8 years for electricity supply and the closest transmission line terminate at the town of Chenderiang which is 20km to Kampung Sungai Lah. The site location received an average of 4.68 kWh/m2/day solar radiation with index clearness of 0.48 in average. HOMER simulation software is used for system optimization. The system consists of 8.0 kW Thin Film solar modules, four string inverters, and 32 deep cycle batteries with 250Ah capacity each. The whole system is to be ground mounted preferably in the middle of load distribution. The Stand-alone PV system offers cost effective means to electrify remote area as well as aids in the act of humanity.

Using Homer Software for Cost Analysis of Stand-Alone Power Generation for Small Scale Industry in Nigeria: A Case Study Lumatec Aluminium Products

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 90-102
Author(s):  
Luqman Raji ◽  
Zhigilla Y.I ◽  
Wadai J
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
Cost Analysis ◽  
Oil And Gas ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scale Industry ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Small Scale Industries

Nigeria is one of developing countries in the world that experience shortage of electricity for her economic and social development. In Nigeria, most of the small-scale industries use diesel/petrol-based systems to generate their electricity. However, due to the cost fluctuation of oil and gas fuel, an alternative power generation should be considered. This paper targets to examine the cost analysis of system for supplying electricity to LUMATEC Aluminium products shop in Mubi, Adamawa state Nigeria. Hybrid Optimization Model for Electric Renewable (HOMER) is used as a tool for cost analysis. The scenario consider in this study was only stand-alone with battery system. Results revealed that the system have 10kW PV with cost of electricity (COE) of $0.312/kW. The initial capital cost and total net present cost (NPC) are $21.775 and $26.148 respectively, with payback period of 5.8years. In conclusion, this study provides the solution of power supply to the small-scale industries at cost effective and available throughout the year and it is feasible to solve the small-scale industries, rural and urban electricity supplying in this country (Nigeria). It is recommended that Nigerian Government & Law makers should promotes the use of standalone PV system for domestic and small-scale industry by providing financial assistance through soft loans, subsides and grants.

OPTIMUM DESIGN OF REINFORCED CONCRETE FOUNDATIONS

2020 ◽  
Vol 14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Osama Bedair
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Cost Function ◽  
Numerical Procedure ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Analytical Models ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Foundation Design ◽  
Programming Technique ◽  
Concrete Foundation ◽  
The Cost

Background: Optimization of reinforced concrete foundation is a challenging problem in practice due to interaction between the design variables and constraints. Classical design methods may overestimate the size of the foundation, thus leading to excessive cost. By using current advances in computer technologies and numerical optimization procedures, it is possible to find the optimum combinations of foundations design parameters that minimize the cost. Objectives: The paper presents a numerical strategy to optimize the design of reinforced concrete foundation. Method: The cost function is first derived in terms of the foundation design parameters. Mathematical programming technique is utilized to minimize the cost function. Design constraints are used against soil bearing capacity, concrete shear strength, flexural strength and column bearing. Simplified analytical models are developed to idealize the soil stress distribution. The numerical procedure is then automated in a computer Program “OSFD” to perform sensitivity analysis and provide guidelines that can be utilized in practice. Results: Design examples are provided to illustrate efficiency of the optimization procedure. Results are compared with exiting conventional design procedures, commercial softwares and design handbooks available in practice. Conclusions: The described procedure is very cost effective that can be effectively utilized by practicing Engineers in the industry to optimize the design of reinforced concrete foundation.

scholarly journals Cost optimal energy performance renovation measures in a municipal service building in a cold climate

2019 ◽  
Vol 111 ◽  
pp. 03022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Juha Jokisalo ◽  
Paula Sankelo ◽  
Juha Vinha ◽  
Kai Sirén ◽  
Risto Kosonen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficiency ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
District Heating ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Optimal Solutions ◽  
Target Energy ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Service Building

The energy saving potential of existing buildings is significant compared to new buildings in the EU region. To reduce significantly the CO2 emissions of buildings, energy efficiency of old buildings need to be improved. Aim of this study is to determine cost-optimal solutions for energy renovation and renewable energy production systems for an old existing service building. The example building of this study is a residence for elderly people, which was built in 1955 and located in Finland. This study was carried out by a dynamic building simulation tool IDA-ICE and multi objective optimization tool MOBO. The cost-optimal renovation concepts were determined from over 2.6 billion renovation measure combinations to minimize both target energy consumption and life-cycle costs over 20 years. The results show that air-to-water heat pump is more cost effective heating system for the studied building than district heating from the building owner point of view. Improving thermal insulation level of the external walls from the original level is not the most cost-effective option to improve the energy efficiency of the building. Instead of that, for example, installation of PV and solar thermal systems are recommended in all the cost-optimal solutions regardless of the target energy consumption level.

Cost-Effectiveness of a Photovoltaic-Powered Heat Pump Water Heating System vs. Solar Thermal Water Heating

2009 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eric J. H. Wilson ◽  
John J. Burkhardt
Keyword(s):  
Life Cycle ◽  
Cost Effectiveness ◽  
Thermal Water ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
The Other ◽  
Cooling Effect ◽  
Solar Thermal ◽  
Water Heating ◽  
Pv System

The cost-effectiveness of a photovoltaic (PV) powered heat pump water heater (HPWH) system is compared to that of a traditional solar thermal water heating system. HPWH evaporators are most often located inside the conditioned building space, resulting in a year-round cooling effect in the building. This effect is beneficial during the cooling season but detrimental during the heating season. The significance of this cooling effect was evaluated as part of the life cycle cost (LCC) analysis of the PV-powered HPWH system. Four different locations were considered: Boulder, CO; Miami, FL; Chicago, IL; and Seattle, WA. For the solar thermal analysis, both electric resistance and gas-fired auxiliary water heating scenarios were considered. Life cycle costs for the PV-HPWH system were calculated for the case of a PV system dedicated to providing electricity for the HPWH, and for the case of a previously planned residential PV system being increased in size to accommodate the HPWH. This latter case uses a lower, incremental cost of increasing the size of the PV system. The most notable results of the analysis are summarized below: • In general, the solar thermal system is more cost effective than the PV-HPWH system, even using the incremental cost of increasing the size of a planned PV system. • In locations where there are incentives that apply to PV but not solar thermal systems, as in much of Colorado, the PV-HPWH system will be more cost-effective than solar thermal. • The cooling effect of the HPWH evaporator is a net benefit in Miami, FL, but a net penalty in the other three locations. • The PV-HPWH system becomes more cost-effective than solar thermal with gas auxiliary in Miami when the price of natural gas is increased from $1 to $1.50 per therm. • Increasing the price of gas in the other locations does not make the PV-HPWH system compete against solar thermal because the cooling effect penalty also increases with the price of natural gas.

scholarly journals Two-Stage Optimization Method for the Bearing Layout of Isolated Structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Yu Dang ◽  
GenXiong Zhao ◽  
HongTu Tian ◽  
Guobao Li
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Technique ◽  
Optimal Solution ◽  
Nonlinear Behavior ◽  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Optimization Method ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Two Stage ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Lead Rubber Bearing ◽  
The Cost

Design of seismic isolated building is often a highly iterative and tedious process due to the nonlinear behavior of the system, a large range of design parameters, and uncertainty of ground motions. It is needed to consider a comprehensive optimization procedure in the design of isolated buildings with optimized performances. This can be accomplished by applying a rigorous optimization technique. However, due to many factors affecting the performance of isolated buildings, possible solutions are abundant, and the optimal solution is difficult to obtain. In order to simplify the optimization process, an isolated building is always modeled as a shear-type structure supported on the isolated layer, and the optimal results are the parameters of the isolated layer which could not be used as a practical design of the isolated structure. A two-stage optimization method for designing isolated buildings as a practical and efficient guide is developed. In the first stage, a 3D isolated building model is adopted that takes into account of nonlinear behavior in building and isolation devices. The isolation devices are simplified as a kind of lead-rubber bearing. The genetic algorithm is used to find the optimal parameters of the isolated layer. In the second stage, the location parameters of isolation bearing layout are optimized. Moreover, the cost of the isolation bearing layout should be as low as possible. An integer programming method is adopted to optimize the number of each type of isolator. Considering vertical bearing capacity of isolators and the minimum eccentricity ratio of the isolated layer, the optimal bearing layout of the isolated building can be obtained. The proposed method is demonstrated in a typical isolated building in China. The optimum bearing layout of the isolated building effectively suppresses the structural seismic responses, but the cost of the isolated layer might slightly increase.

Determining the cost optimum among a discrete set of building technologies to satisfy stringent energy targets

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-427
Author(s):  
Brian Simmons ◽  
Matthias H.Y. Tan ◽  
C.F. Jeff Wu ◽  
Godfried Augenbroe
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combinatorial Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an optimization methodology for selecting the lowest monetary cost combinations of building technologies to meet set operational energy reduction targets. The new optimization algorithm introduced in this paper departs from the notion that optimal design choices over a large set of design parameters and properties can be driven by energy targets. We assume that design parameters are determined by many concurrent considerations fighting over the attention span of the design team. Our approach starts from a design outcome and asks the question, which set of discrete technologies are the right mix to reach an energy target in the cost optimal way? Such an approach has to face the challenge that the properties of market-available building technologies have a discrete nature that makes their optimal selection a combinatorial problem. The optimization algorithm searches the discrete combinatoric space by maximizing the following objective function: calculated energy savings divided by premium cost, where cost is defined as the additional cost over a baseline solution. The algorithm is codified into a custom MATLAB script and when compared to prescriptive methodologies is shown to be more cost effective and generically applicable given a palette of building technology alternatives and their corresponding cost data.

scholarly journals Rentian scaling for the measurement of optimal embedding of complex networks into physical space

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Sperry ◽  
Qawi K. Telesford ◽  
Florian Klimm ◽  
Danielle S. Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Embedding Efficiency ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
The Cost

The London Underground is one of the largest, oldest and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. Transportation in London is constantly challenged to expand and adapt its system to meet the changing requirements of London’s populace while maintaining a cost-effective and efficient network. Previous studies have described this system using concepts from graph theory, reporting network diagnostics and core–periphery architecture. These studies provide information about the basic structure and efficiency of this network; however, the question of system optimization in the context of evolving demands is seldom investigated. In this paper we examined the cost effectiveness of the topological–physical embedding of the Tube using estimations of the topological dimension, wiring length and Rentian scaling, an isometric scaling relationship between the number of elements and connections in a system. We measured these properties in both two- and three-dimensional embeddings of the networks into Euclidean space, as well as between two time points, and across the densely interconnected core and sparsely interconnected periphery. While the two- and three-dimensional representations of the present-day Tube exhibit Rentian scaling relationships between nodes and edges of the system, the overall network is approximately cost-efficiently embedded into its physical environment in two dimensions, but not in three. We further investigated a notable disparity in the topology of the network’s local core versus its more extended periphery, suggesting an underlying relationship between meso-scale structure and physical embedding. The collective findings from this study, including changes in Rentian scaling over time, provide evidence for differential embedding efficiency in planned versus self-organized networks. These findings suggest that concepts of optimal physical embedding can be applied more broadly to other physical systems whose links are embedded in a well-defined space, and whose topology is constrained by a cost function that minimizes link lengths within that space.

scholarly journals Design and Implementation of a Discrete-Time Proportional Integral (PI) Controller for the Temperature Control of a Heating Pad

2018 ◽  
Vol 23 (6) ◽  
pp. 614-623
Author(s):  
Pathan Fayaz Khan ◽  
S. Sengottuvel ◽  
Rajesh Patel ◽  
K. Gireesan ◽  
R. Baskaran ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Electric Heating ◽  
Heating System ◽  
Pi Controller ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Contact Heat ◽  
Proportional Integral ◽  
Contact Heat Evoked Potentials ◽  
Custom Made ◽  
Novel Design

Contact heat evoked potentials (CHEPs) are recorded from the brain by giving thermal stimulations through heating pads kept on the surface of the skin. CHEP signals have crucial diagnostic implications in human pain activation studies. This work proposes a novel design of a digital proportional integral (PI) controller based on Arduino microcontroller with a view to explore the suitability of an electric heating pad for use as a thermode in a custom-made, cost-effective CHEP stimulator. The purpose of PI controller is to set, regulate, and deliver desired temperatures on the surface of the heating pad in a user-defined pattern. The transfer function of the heating system has been deduced using the parametric system identification method, and the design parameters of the controller have been identified using the root locus technique. The efficiency of the proposed PI controller in circumventing the well-known integrator windup problem (error in the integral term builds excessively, leading to large transients in the controller output) in tracking the reference input and the controller effort (CE) in rejecting output disturbances to maintain the set temperature of the heating pad have been found to be superior compared with the conventional PI controller and two of the existing anti-windup models.

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