Determining the cost optimum among a discrete set of building technologies to satisfy stringent energy targets

2015 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 417-427
Author(s):  
Brian Simmons ◽  
Matthias H.Y. Tan ◽  
C.F. Jeff Wu ◽  
Godfried Augenbroe
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Algorithm ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Combinatorial Problem ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Operational Energy ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

AbstractThis paper presents the development of an optimization methodology for selecting the lowest monetary cost combinations of building technologies to meet set operational energy reduction targets. The new optimization algorithm introduced in this paper departs from the notion that optimal design choices over a large set of design parameters and properties can be driven by energy targets. We assume that design parameters are determined by many concurrent considerations fighting over the attention span of the design team. Our approach starts from a design outcome and asks the question, which set of discrete technologies are the right mix to reach an energy target in the cost optimal way? Such an approach has to face the challenge that the properties of market-available building technologies have a discrete nature that makes their optimal selection a combinatorial problem. The optimization algorithm searches the discrete combinatoric space by maximizing the following objective function: calculated energy savings divided by premium cost, where cost is defined as the additional cost over a baseline solution. The algorithm is codified into a custom MATLAB script and when compared to prescriptive methodologies is shown to be more cost effective and generically applicable given a palette of building technology alternatives and their corresponding cost data.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cost-Optimal Method Applied to Existing Schools Considering PV System Optimization

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Cecilia Ciacci ◽  
Neri Banti ◽  
Vincenzo Di Naso ◽  
Frida Bazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The Cost

In Italy in 2020, only 15.5% of school building heritage was retrofitted from an energy and environmental point of view. In this paper, the cost-optimal method was applied to two different school buildings belonging to the same Italian cold climate zone but characterized by different structural and technological solutions. The research aims at defining the cost-effective redevelopment solution among several ones proposed to apply to this building type. At the same time, this paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology applied, highlighting deficiencies related to a not proper evaluation of environmentally friendly retrofitting measures. In a cost-effective context, the main results show that the intervention on the heating system is more convenient than the retrofitting of the envelope. The energy saving is equal to about 35% for both considered schools. Among the different proposed requalification configurations, the adoption of PV (photovoltaic) electric generation is included. In this regard, an optimization procedure was implemented in a generative design environment to maximize energy production with reference to different design parameters. As a result, a solution with south oriented PV modules with a tilt angle of 42° and arranged in 0.7 m spaced rows proved to be the most effective.

Cost Comparison of Fan-out Wafer Level Packaging and Flip Chip Packaging

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 (DPC) ◽  
pp. 1-37 ◽  
Author(s):  
Amy Lujan
Keyword(s):  
Flip Chip ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Cost Modeling ◽  
Wafer Level ◽  
Design Features ◽  
Wafer Level Packaging ◽  
Flip Chip Packaging ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

In recent years, there has been increased focus on fan-out wafer level packaging with the growing inclusion of a variety of fan-out wafer level packages in mobile products. While fan-out wafer level packaging may be the right solution for many designs, it is not always the lowest cost solution. The right packaging choice is the packaging technology that meets design requirements at the lowest cost. Flip chip packaging, a more mature technology, continues to be an alternative to fan-out wafer level packaging. It is important for many in the electronic packaging industry to be able to determine whether flip chip or fan-out wafer level packaging is the most cost-effective option. This paper will compare the cost of flip chip and fan-out wafer level packaging across a variety of designs. Additionally, the process flows for each technology will be introduced and the cost drivers highlighted. A variety of package sizes, die sizes, and design features will be covered by the cost comparison. Yield is a key component of cost and will also be considered in the analysis. Activity based cost modeling will be used for this analysis. With this type of cost modeling, a process flow is divided into a series of activities, and the total cost of each activity is accumulated. The cost of each activity is determined by analyzing the following attributes: time required, labor required, material required (consumable and permanent), capital required, and yield loss. The goal of this cost comparison is to determine which design features drive a design to be packaged more cost-effectively as a flip chip package, and which design features result in a lower cost fan-out wafer level package.

scholarly journals A comprehensive economic optimization methodology of divided wall columns for biopolyol separation

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (4) ◽  
pp. 191748
Author(s):  
Tao Chen ◽  
Lingjuan Lv ◽  
Yuanzhi Chen ◽  
Peng Bai
Keyword(s):  
Fossil Fuel ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Total Annual Cost ◽  
Economic Optimization ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
Box Behnken Design ◽  
Important Direction ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
The Cost

Global energetic and environmental crises have attracted worldwide attention in recent years. Biomass is an important direction of development for limiting greenhouse gas emissions and replacing fossil fuel. As downstream products of biomass, some industrially valuable polyols are costly to separate via conventional distillation due to their near volatility. The use of fully heat-integrated divided wall columns (DWCs), which carry energy and equipment investment savings, is a promising technique for purifying biopolyol products. However, the design of DWCs is complex because of the greater freedom of units, so the optimization of all variables is essential to minimize the cost of separation. A response surface methodology (RSM)-based Box–Behnken design (BBD) was proposed and applied to study the interactions between groups of factors and the effects of variables on total annual cost (TAC) savings. The optimization of global variables with RSM was confirmed to be a powerful and reliable method, and the TAC savings reached 41.09% compared to conventional distillation. In short, efficient design, lower costs and energy savings for polyol separation will promote the wide application of environmentally friendly biopolyol.

scholarly journals Key Theoretical, Policy, and Implementation Experience Considerations for the Mexican ETS: Toward an Equitable and Cost-Effective Compliance Phase

2021 ◽  
pp. 3-31
Author(s):  
Blas L. Pérez Henríquez
Keyword(s):  
Environmental Economic ◽  
Policy Design ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Industrial Carbon ◽  
Policy Goals ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Environmentally Sound ◽  
The Right

AbstractThis chapter presents a brief overview of the policy design and theoretical environmental economic principles that underpin the concept of emissions trading systems (ETS) as a policy approach to address climate change. It discusses basic environmental economic principles pertinent to the development of market-based solutions to mitigate greenhouse gas (GHG) and co-pollutants. The chapter serves as the technical basis for the broader discussion that this book as a whole presents on the launch of the pilot phase of the Mexican ETS on January 1, 2020. Understanding international program design experiences, theoretical principles, and implementing best practices is key to ensuring Mexico’s success in the transition from the pilot or learning phase to an operational ETS compliance system. This will ensure Mexico fulfills its national climate policy goals and nationally determined contributions (NDC) under the Paris Agreement in a cost-effective manner, while also providing compliance flexibility to the industrial sectors covered under the program. A well-designed ETS ultimately provides the right incentives for industrial carbon emission reductions to drive cost-effective abatement and clean innovation. Secondly, this chapter presents a more in-depth review of policy developments focusing specifically on key implementation lessons from the two most advanced ETS systems in operation to date: (1) the European Union ETS and (2) California’s cap-and-trade program. In short, this chapter outlines a set of key policy lessons and design parameters to support the transition from the pilot Mexican ETS to an operational compliance phase in a socially just, environmentally sound, and cost-effective manner.

scholarly journals Energy-Efficient Design Optimization of a Building Envelope using DOE-2

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (3) ◽  
pp. 1157-1162
Keyword(s):  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Building Envelope ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Efficient Design ◽  
Effective Parameters ◽  
Efficiency Measures ◽  
Optimization Parameters ◽  
Optimization Methodology ◽  
Reported Data

This paper focuses on various design parameters targeted to improve building considering numerous variable such as efficient energy measures, cost effective parameters, indoor & outdoor comfort, environmental problems based on seasonal variations etc. The reported data deals with various optimization parameters of the building envelope located at the GIET University campus, Gunupur, Odisha. The research focuses on optimal choices of cost, energy consumption and efficiency measures. The data analyzed provide qualitative information on optimal cost, energy efficiency solutions, renewable energy production onsite and energy saving potential. This work is intended for optimizing the energy performance of building using Energy Plus and Open studio which is a simulation-based optimization methodology which links the data related to the building optimization model targeting towards net zero energy building.

scholarly journals Drivers of Home Healthcare Industry: Contrasting Views of Users and Providers in a Developing Country

2021 ◽  
pp. 72-80
Author(s):  
Ankit Singh ◽  
Ajeya Jha ◽  
Shankar Purbey
Keyword(s):  
Institutional Care ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Home Health ◽  
Home Healthcare ◽  
Health Providers ◽  
Survey Analysis ◽  
Service Usage ◽  
Home Health Agencies ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

Home healthcare fills an important void in a country's healthcare system; factors promoting home healthcare growth vary. In this study, the perceptions of the users and providers are analyzed to identify the important factors. Survey analysis was done for ten identified factors on 378 nurses and 394 patients. Responses were analyzed with Garret Ranking Method. The systematic random sampling method was used after acquiring the list of nurses working in home health organizations. The preference should be given to the user's perception as the customer is the king; it is encouraging for Indian home health providers that users are feeling they are deriving benefits from home health service usage; however, this feeling can be further enhanced by focusing on the right factors such as doctors recommendation, the rise of chronic diseases and the cost advantage associated with home health over Institutional care. Results revealed a disparity between the perceptions of the providers and users. This study suggests that home health agencies highlight features, such as cost-effective care, medical professionals' recommendation, and utility in providing relief to chronic disease patients.

scholarly journals Design Approach for Sub-surface Flow Constructed Wetlands

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
pp. 42-47
Author(s):  
Anish Ghimire ◽  
Ajay Kumar KC ◽  
Bijay Thapa
Keyword(s):  
Wastewater Treatment ◽  
Constructed Wetlands ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Surface Flow ◽  
Design Approach ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Physical And Chemical ◽  
Effective Design ◽  
Surface Flow Constructed Wetlands

Constructed Wetlands are an engineered wastewater treatment system that tries to mimic the natural biological, physical and chemical processes to treat wastewater. It is emerging as a cost-effective decentralized wastewater treatment solution in the communities where there is availability of inexpensive lands and lack of skilled operators. Different design approaches have been followed and design parameters based on different literatures have been chosen to design a Sub-surface Flow Constructed Wetlands. A simplified design approach well suited to climatic needs to be developed to maintain the cost effectiveness of the system. The kinetic parameters involved in the treatment should be selected properly in order to get the effective design of the system.DOI: http://dx.doi.org/10.3126/hn.v10i0.7102 Hydro Nepal Vol.10 January 2012 42-47

Volume Warrant for Free Right-Turn Lanes at Unsignalized Intersections on Rural Two-Lane Highways

1996 ◽  
Vol 1523 (1) ◽  
pp. 83-90 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick T. Mccoy ◽  
James A. Bonneson
Keyword(s):  
Cost Benefit Analysis ◽  
Cost Benefit ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Flow Models ◽  
Unsignalized Intersections ◽  
Annual Average Daily Traffic ◽  
Traffic Flow Models ◽  
Design Speed ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The objective of the research presented in this paper was to develop a volume warrant for free right-turn (FRT) lanes at unsignalized intersections on rural two-lane highways. The warrant was based on a cost-benefit analysis that determined the right-turn volumes required to justify the construction and maintenance of FRT lanes at such locations. The research involved the evaluation of the safety and operational effects of FRT lanes. The safety effects of FRT lanes were determined from a comparison of the accident experience at intersections with and without FRT lanes. The operational effects of FRT lanes were analyzed using kinematic and traffic flow models. FRT lanes were not found to affect the frequency, severity, or types of accidents that occur at unsignalized intersections on rural two-lane highways. Thus, the benefits of FRT lanes are limited to improving the efficiency of right-turn movements. The results of the research indicate that design-year right-turn annual average daily traffic ranging from 440 to 825 vehicles per day, depending on the percentage of trucks, is required to warrant an FRT lane. A design speed of 64 km/h (40 mph) was found to be the most cost-effective design speed for FRT lanes. However, design speeds up to 89 km/h (55 mph) do not significantly reduce the cost effectiveness of an FRT lane.

scholarly journals STUDY OF THE PROBLEM OF OPTIMAL MAINTENANCE OF UNMANNED AERIAL VEHICLES IN CONDITIONS OF A SHORTAGE OF VEHICLES

2020 ◽  
Vol 2 ◽  
pp. 47-57
Author(s):  
Denys Medynskyi ◽  
Iryna Borets
Keyword(s):  
Unmanned Aerial Vehicles ◽  
Research Methods ◽  
Optimization Problems ◽  
Algebraic Approach ◽  
Matrix Analysis ◽  
Transport Systems ◽  
Large Set ◽  
Aerial Vehicles ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost

The ways to find the ways of solving the problem of optimal service for unmanned aerial vehicles in the conditions of vehicle shortage are explored. In the study of theory of optimal control and discrete optimization insufficiently explored the problem of optimal graph coverage by the chains of a fixed pattern with the help of a description system of ordinary differential equations. With the help of the graph theory investigated the optimization problem of the «Upper Cover» for unmanned aerial vehicles service in the conditions of vehicle shortage has been solved. Study of the problem relates to the mathematical dependence of transport systems. It can be used for determination of the optimal ratio between the amount of Unmanned Aerial Vehicles and fuel (electricity) reserves used by the Unmanned Aerial Vehicles. The method of solving the problem of determining the weight of the arcs of the graph and the problem of constructing a chain is based on that dependence. Part of the problem is the task of docking. The combinatorial task of choosing a set of stations for servicing points of the initial unmanned aerial vehicles dislocation is based on the dependence mentioned. Effective method for solving the problem of optimal coverage of a graph for supply chains with constraints is developed on the bases of the dependence. The proposed research methods can significantly reduce the cost of delivery of urgent goods using unmanned aerial vehicles. The proposed research methods can significantly reduce the cost of delivery of urgent goods using unmanned aerial vehicles. Perspective of further researches is studying of mathematical model of optimal servicing the delivery areas in the conditions of the lack of UAV. The constraints for practical purposes must have a group-theoretical approach to solving optimization problems and be reduced for the constructing an optimal cost matrix analysis. Algebraic approach is used, when there is a need in solving a large set of similar types of optimization problems with different constraints in the right hand side only. It is possible to apply a heuristic algorithm for solving the problem of optimal UAV service. The problem means optimal coverage of a special graph with chains with restriction on the chain length

scholarly journals ModSCO a Web Application Based on a Grey-Box Model to Support the Estimation of the Energy Savings in Building Retrofits

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Alessandro Piccinini ◽  
Federico Seri ◽  
Letizia D’Angelo ◽  
Shima Yousefigarjan ◽  
Marcus M. Keane
Keyword(s):  
Web Application ◽  
Energy Savings ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Box Model ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Building Stock ◽  
Existing Building ◽  
Performance Contracting ◽  
The Cost

Energy Performance Contracting (EPC) can help the European Union (EU) in accelerating the cost-effective renovation of existing building stock. However, there are many risks and barriers that can inhibit the application of EPC. These barriers include uncertainty about building data, lack of quality assurance regarding the post-renovation energy performance, and process complexity. In order to cross these barriers, this paper presents ModSCO. ModSCO is a web application based on a Reduced Order grey-box Model (ROM) able to systematically quantify the energy savings achieved through Energy Conservation Measures (ECMs) utilising the schema of the International Performance Measurement and Verification Protocol (IPMVP). The benefits of utilising ModSCO in terms of accuracy and time savings are demonstrated with a comparison with a whole building energy model developed with IES-VE.

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