scholarly journals Rentian scaling for the measurement of optimal embedding of complex networks into physical space

2016 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 199-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan M. Sperry ◽  
Qawi K. Telesford ◽  
Florian Klimm ◽  
Danielle S. Bassett
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Embedding Efficiency ◽  
Self Organized ◽  
Scaling Relationship ◽  
The Cost

The London Underground is one of the largest, oldest and most widely used systems of public transit in the world. Transportation in London is constantly challenged to expand and adapt its system to meet the changing requirements of London’s populace while maintaining a cost-effective and efficient network. Previous studies have described this system using concepts from graph theory, reporting network diagnostics and core–periphery architecture. These studies provide information about the basic structure and efficiency of this network; however, the question of system optimization in the context of evolving demands is seldom investigated. In this paper we examined the cost effectiveness of the topological–physical embedding of the Tube using estimations of the topological dimension, wiring length and Rentian scaling, an isometric scaling relationship between the number of elements and connections in a system. We measured these properties in both two- and three-dimensional embeddings of the networks into Euclidean space, as well as between two time points, and across the densely interconnected core and sparsely interconnected periphery. While the two- and three-dimensional representations of the present-day Tube exhibit Rentian scaling relationships between nodes and edges of the system, the overall network is approximately cost-efficiently embedded into its physical environment in two dimensions, but not in three. We further investigated a notable disparity in the topology of the network’s local core versus its more extended periphery, suggesting an underlying relationship between meso-scale structure and physical embedding. The collective findings from this study, including changes in Rentian scaling over time, provide evidence for differential embedding efficiency in planned versus self-organized networks. These findings suggest that concepts of optimal physical embedding can be applied more broadly to other physical systems whose links are embedded in a well-defined space, and whose topology is constrained by a cost function that minimizes link lengths within that space.

Building back smarter—part one: the case for more modular facilities in the NHS

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (9) ◽  
pp. 1-9
Author(s):  
Isobel Clough
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Physical Space ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Healthcare Services ◽  
Business Case ◽  
Care Quality ◽  
Healthcare Facilities ◽  
Building Maintenance ◽  
Cost Implications ◽  
The Cost

The NHS is facing an unprecedented backlog in both patient care and building maintenance, with severe implications for service delivery, finance and population wellbeing. This article is the first in a series discussing modular healthcare facilities as a potential solution to these issues, providing flexible and cost-effective spaces to allow services to increase capacity without sacrificing care quality. The first of three instalments, this paper will outline the problems facing the NHS estate, many of which have been exacerbated to critical levels by the COVID-19 pandemic, and what this means for service delivery. It will then make the case for modular infrastructure, outlining the potential benefits for healthcare services, staff and patients alike. Using modern methods of construction, this approach to creating physical space in healthcare can provide greater flexibility and a reduced impact on the environment. The next two articles in this series will go on to provide detailed case studies of successful modular implementation in NHS trusts, an analysis of the cost implications and guidance on the commissioning process and building a business case.

scholarly journals Evaluation of the Cost-Optimal Method Applied to Existing Schools Considering PV System Optimization

Energies ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 15 (2) ◽  
pp. 611
Author(s):  
Cecilia Ciacci ◽  
Neri Banti ◽  
Vincenzo Di Naso ◽  
Frida Bazzocchi
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Procedure ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Heating System ◽  
System Optimization ◽  
Cold Climate ◽  
Design Parameters ◽  
Design Environment ◽  
Pv System ◽  
Optimal Method ◽  
The Cost

In Italy in 2020, only 15.5% of school building heritage was retrofitted from an energy and environmental point of view. In this paper, the cost-optimal method was applied to two different school buildings belonging to the same Italian cold climate zone but characterized by different structural and technological solutions. The research aims at defining the cost-effective redevelopment solution among several ones proposed to apply to this building type. At the same time, this paper provides a critical analysis of the methodology applied, highlighting deficiencies related to a not proper evaluation of environmentally friendly retrofitting measures. In a cost-effective context, the main results show that the intervention on the heating system is more convenient than the retrofitting of the envelope. The energy saving is equal to about 35% for both considered schools. Among the different proposed requalification configurations, the adoption of PV (photovoltaic) electric generation is included. In this regard, an optimization procedure was implemented in a generative design environment to maximize energy production with reference to different design parameters. As a result, a solution with south oriented PV modules with a tilt angle of 42° and arranged in 0.7 m spaced rows proved to be the most effective.

A case history of a cost effective 3D seismic survey over the Perth Basin, Western Australia

1989 ◽  
Vol 20 (2) ◽  
pp. 229
Author(s):  
S.C. Stewart ◽  
B.J. Evans
Keyword(s):  
Western Australia ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Cost Comparison ◽  
Seismic Survey ◽  
3D Seismic ◽  
Seismic Surveying ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Funded Research Project

As part of an industry funded research project into the application of the technique of LOFOLD3D land seismic surveying, a four fold three dimensional seismic survey was performed in the Perth Basin at Moora, Western Australia in July 1987. The volume covered an area of four kilometres by just under two kilometres, producing a total of 23,000 common midpoint traces. The objective was to collect and process the data in such a manner that a three dimensional structural interpretation would result, which would be the same as that resulting from a conventional three dimensional survey. A cost comparison indicates that a commercial LOFOLD3D survey would reduce the cost of performing a land 3D survey to an estimated 20% of the full fold equivalent, and the technique therefore offers potential for substantial savings if it is adopted on a commercial basis.

Optimization Design of Hydraulic Cylinder Based on ANSYS

2012 ◽  
Vol 562-564 ◽  
pp. 709-712
Author(s):  
Yi Lun Han ◽  
Li Jun Huang ◽  
Xue Lei Wen
Keyword(s):  
Optimization Design ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Basic Structure ◽  
Hydraulic Cylinder ◽  
Stress And Strain ◽  
Dimensional Model ◽  
Three Dimensional Model ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
The Finite Element Analysis ◽  
The Cost

The basic structure of the piston hydraulic cylinder was introduced. A three-dimensional model was carried out for the hydraulic cylinder by using Pro/E soft，the finite element analysis to the largest hydraulic condition while hydraulic cylinder working by using ANSYS soft，and the distribution of the stress and strain of hydraulic cylinder was derived from it. It optimized the structure of hydraulic cylinder effectively and the cost was saved.

Adding Realism to Tabletop Exercises

1999 ◽  
Vol 1999 (1) ◽  
pp. 555-560
Author(s):  
Joseph J. Leonard ◽  
Melissia G. Roberson
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Two Dimensions ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Field Environment ◽  
World Energy ◽  
Cost Effective Alternative ◽  
Type Of Exercise ◽  
Actual Response ◽  
Computer Imagery

ABSTRACT Tabletop exercises are among the most widely conducted exercises. Unfortunately, it is very difficult to introduce realism into these kinds of exercises. Some attempts have been made to enhance these exercises with overhead displays or computer imagery. Overhead displays still document the incident in only two dimensions, while computer imagery can be quite costly. A cost-effective alternative may be the three-dimensional tabletop exercise. With a 3-D tabletop exercise, many of the benefits of a full-scale deployment exercise are gained, while minimizing costs to almost the same level as the old-fashioned tabletop exercise. Response managers can still test their plans or refine their operations, while at the same time deploying resources and personnel during a simulated incident. Even cost accounting and maintenance problems can be easily inserted into the exercise, enabling personnel from the Logistics and Finance/Administration Sections to be active participants. The scale that is chosen is entirely up to the organization wishing to be exercised, but HO scale (approximately 1/72 scale) seems to work the best because of the availability of response resources that can be found in most toy or hobby stores. Resources, such as skimmers, vacuum trucks, boats, and personnel can be easily modeled with minimal cost, enabling exercise personnel to direct and employ the very same resources they would use in an actual response operation. In addition, this type of exercise can prove very valuable prior to executing a full-scale drill, as many of the drill problems—especially logistical issues—can be resolved before resources are actually deployed to a field environment. Response managers will become more familiar with their resources, thus making them more effective in an actual response operation and lowering overall costs for the responsible party. This type of drill prepared response managers and supervisors of the M/V Stolt Spirit fire, the M/V Katania fire and hazardous materials response, and the 1998 World Energy Conference to better plan and employ resources during these lengthy operations.

scholarly journals Analysis of the Sensing Margin of Silicon and Poly-Si 1T-DRAM

Micromachines ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 228
Author(s):  
Hyeonjeong Kim ◽  
Songyi Yoo ◽  
In-Man Kang ◽  
Seongjae Cho ◽  
Wookyung Sun ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Random Access Memory ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Dynamic Random Access Memory ◽  
Silicon On Insulator ◽  
Floating Body ◽  
Thin Body ◽  
Access Memory ◽  
The Cost

Recently, one-transistor dynamic random-access memory (1T-DRAM) cells having a polysilicon body (poly-Si 1T-DRAM) have attracted attention as candidates to replace conventional one-transistor one-capacitor dynamic random-access memory (1T-1C DRAM). Poly-Si 1T-DRAM enables the cost-effective implementation of a silicon-on-insulator (SOI) structure and a three-dimensional (3D) stacked architecture for increasing integration density. However, studies on the transient characteristics of poly-Si 1T-DRAM are still lacking. In this paper, with TCAD simulation, we examine the differences between the memory mechanisms in poly-Si and silicon body 1T-DRAM. A silicon 1T-DRAM cell’s data state is determined by the number of holes stored in a floating body (FB), while a poly-Si 1T-DRAM cell’s state depends on the number of electrons trapped in its grain boundary (GB). This means that a poly-Si 1T-DRAM can perform memory operations by using GB as a storage region in thin body devices with a small FB area.

Design of a 3D Wing Honeycomb Core Based on Origami Techniques

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuya Saito ◽  
Akinobu Fujimoto ◽  
Yoji Okabe
Keyword(s):  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Rotor Blades ◽  
Tidal Power ◽  
Manufacturing Method ◽  
Core Thickness ◽  
Honeycomb Cores ◽  
Tidal Power Generation ◽  
The Cost ◽  
3D Wing

Honeycomb cores, which offer substantial weight reductions in design, are used in various engineering fields. For antenna reflector and rotor blade designs, Three-dimensional (3D) honeycomb cores are in considerable demand. 3D honeycombs are typically manufactured by curving or carving flat honeycombs. High associated manufacturing costs have limited their application. The authors of this paper investigated a new honeycomb design and manufacturing method called “kirigami honeycomb.” Resembling origami, kirigami honeycomb allows a single flat sheet of material with periodic slits to be folded into a honeycomb shape. Previous studies have reported successful use of this method to create various honeycomb shapes, changing only the folding line diagrams (FLDs). These previous studies have, however, considered only one-directional cross-section modifications; the core thickness and curvature changed in only the W-direction. This study proposes a new method that will support complex 3D double-curved honeycomb designs made from single flat sheets. A newly defined crease pattern conversion method provides arbitrary scaling of the honeycomb shape in the L-direction. The combined FLD and pattern conversion design methods encourage the cost-effective manufacture of 3D wing shaped honeycombs from single flat paper sheets. Wind or tidal power generation industries that use rotor blades could benefit from this design.

scholarly journals Additive Manufacturing in the Construction Industry: The Comparative Competitiveness of 3D Concrete Printing

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 3865
Author(s):  
Siavash H. Khajavi ◽  
Müge Tetik ◽  
Ashish Mohite ◽  
Antti Peltokorpi ◽  
Mingyang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Additive Manufacturing ◽  
Construction Industry ◽  
Positive Impact ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Robotic Arm ◽  
Process Time ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Cost ◽  
The Impact

The construction industry is facing increasing pressure to improve productivity and decrease its environmental impact. Additive manufacturing (AM) technologies, especially three-dimensional concrete printing (3DCP) technology, have provided many benefits for construction. However, holistic comparative studies of the competitiveness of 3DCP and conventional methods, from cost and time perspectives, are lacking. Choosing between the methods is difficult for practitioners. In this study, we investigated the current state of 3DCP in the construction industry using seven distinct scenarios. Our analysis was performed to illustrate the impact of design and supply chain configurations on performance. The results prove the notable competitiveness of 3DCP. In contrast to the conventional construction method, the more complex round design had a positive impact on the cost and process time in 3DCP scenarios. Additionally, we show that on-site 3DCP using a robotic arm was more cost-effective than off-site 3DCP.

scholarly journals Crack engineering for the construction of arbitrary hierarchical architectures

2019 ◽  
Vol 116 (48) ◽  
pp. 23909-23914 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanbo Li ◽  
Miao Yu ◽  
Jing Sun ◽  
Kentaro Mochizuki ◽  
Siyu Chen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Signal Transmission ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Hierarchical Structures ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Scale Production ◽  
Biomimetic Materials ◽  
Large Scale Production ◽  
Elastic Crack ◽  
The Cost

Three-dimensional hierarchical morphologies widely exist in natural and biomimetic materials, which impart preferential functions including liquid and mass transport, energy conversion, and signal transmission for various applications. While notable progress has been made in the design and manufacturing of various hierarchical materials, the state-of-the-art approaches suffer from limited materials selection, high costs, as well as low processing throughput. Herein, by harnessing the configurable elastic crack engineering—controlled formation and configuration of cracks in elastic materials—an effect normally avoided in various industrial processes, we report the development of a facile and powerful technique that enables the faithful transfer of arbitrary hierarchical structures with broad material compatibility and structural and functional integrity. Our work paves the way for the cost-effective, large-scale production of a variety of flexible, inexpensive, and transparent 3D hierarchical and biomimetic materials.

scholarly journals Folded structures in modern architecture

2012 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-16 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nenad Sekularac ◽  
Jelena Ivanovic-Sekularac ◽  
Jasna Cikic-Tovarovic
Keyword(s):  
Reinforced Concrete ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Modern Architecture ◽  
Site Development ◽  
Folded Structure ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Folded Structures ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Made In

Folded structures are three-dimensional structures - spatial structures and they belong to the structural systems. The term folded structure defines a folded form of construction, including structures derived from elements which form a folded structure by their mutual relationship in space. For very long time this type of construction has been realized in practice only in of reinforced concrete and made on site, which conditioned the use of a very complicated shell. Development of prefabricated building led to improvements of this type of construction so that the folded structures could be derived by assembly of prefabricated elements and their relationship - monolithization on site. Development of the research of folded structures, starting from their earliest days to today, followed the innovations and latest developments in terms of applied materials and methods of connection. The tendency for the cost effective and quicker construction pushed the folded structures made in reinforced concrete, and led to the construction realized in wood, steel and other modern materials that eventually experienced expansion.

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