scholarly journals Springtime Bark-Splitting of Acer pseudoplatanus in Germany

Forests ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1106
Author(s):  
Ernst Detlef Schulze ◽  
Fritz Schweingruber ◽  
Martin M. Gossner ◽  
Angela Günther ◽  
Ulrich Weber ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Bark Beetles ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Warm Period ◽  
Acer Pseudoplatanus ◽  
Cold Spell ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Extreme Cold ◽  
Cambial Cells ◽  
Wood Boring

A large-scale regional event of springtime bark-splitting in Acer pseudoplatanus was observed in Germany in May 2018, where bark dissected from the wood. In young trees, an average of about 30% of the circumference was affected by cracks that were up to 8 m long. The damage occurred on the south-facing side of the trees after a warm period in March, followed by an extreme cold spell and warm temperatures. In this study, we investigated the possible causes of this damage. The damage occurred in the expanding xylem with cambial cells remaining in the bark. These cells-initiated growths of new, bark-based stems. The unprotected xylem was attacked by several fungi and wood-boring bark beetles. The mode of damage-recovery suggested that this event will eventually lead to a frost-scar-like structure in the future that will not totally heal, because the new stems attached to the old bark were in the process of forming new bark. Due to the increase in variation of springtime temperatures observed over the past 40 years, such damage may become more common in the future.

scholarly journals Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer

2002 ◽  
Vol 49 (2) ◽  
pp. 15-18
Author(s):  
J.A. Wils
Keyword(s):  
Colorectal Cancer ◽  
Adjuvant Treatment ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
New Drugs ◽  
Morbidity And Mortality ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Usa

Colorectal cancer is a leading cause of morbidity and mortality, with approximately 300,000 new cases and 200,000 related deaths in Europe and the USA each year. Adjuvant treatment of colorectal cancer is now widely accepted and can reduce mortality with approximately 10%. This can be considered as one of the major achievements in oncology from the past decade. Current results will be discussed and strategies for the future will be outlined, including on-going or planned large-scale trials with new drugs and approaches.

COMBINING DEFAULT LOGIC DATABASES

1994 ◽  
Vol 03 (03) ◽  
pp. 319-348 ◽  
Author(s):  
CHITTA BARAL ◽  
SARIT KRAUS ◽  
JACK MINKER ◽  
V. S. SUBRAHMANIAN
Keyword(s):  
Knowledge Representation ◽  
Knowledge Base ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Future Generation ◽  
Knowledge Bases ◽  
Default Logic ◽  
Integrity Constraints ◽  
Specialized Knowledge ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

During the past decade, it has become increasingly clear that the future generation of large-scale knowledge bases will consist, not of one single isolated knowledge base, but a multiplicity of specialized knowledge bases that contain knowledge about different domains of expertise. These knowledge bases will work cooperatively, pooling together their varied bodies of knowledge, so as to be able to solve complex problems that no single knowledge base, by itself, would have been able to address successfully. In any such situation, inconsistencies are bound to arise. In this paper, we address the question: "Suppose we have a set of knowledge bases, KB1, …, KBn, each of which uses default logic as the formalism for knowledge representation, and a set of integrity constraints IC. What knowledge base constitutes an acceptable combination of KB1, …, KBn?"

scholarly journals Winter hydrometeorological extreme events modulated by large scale atmospheric circulation in southern Ontario

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Champagne ◽  
Martin Leduc ◽  
Paulin Coulibaly ◽  
M. Altaf Arain
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract. Extreme events are widely studied across the world because of their major implications for many aspects of society and especially floods. These events are generally studied in term of precipitation or temperature extreme indices that are often not adapted for regions affected by floods caused by snowmelt. Rain on Snow index has been widely used but it neglects rain only events which are expected to be more frequent in the future. In this study we identified a new winter compound index and assessed how large-scale atmospheric circulation controls the past and future evolution of these events in the Great Lakes region. The future evolution of this index was projected using temperature and precipitation from the Canadian Regional Climate Model Large Ensemble (CRCM5-LE). These climate data were used as input in PRMS hydrological model to simulate the future evolution of high flows in three watersheds in Southern Ontario. We also used five recurrent large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns in northeastern North America and identified how they control the past and future variability of the newly created index and high flows. The results show that daily precipitation higher than 10 mm and temperature higher than 5 °C were a necessary historical condition to produce high flows in these three watersheds. In the historical period, the occurrences of these heavy rain and warm events as well as high flows were associated to two main patterns characterized by high Z500 anomalies centred on eastern Great Lakes (HP) and the Atlantic Ocean (South). These hydrometeorological extreme events will be more frequent in the near future and will still be associated to the same atmospheric patterns. The future evolution of the index will be modulated by the internal variability of the climate system as higher Z500 in the east coast will amplify the increase in the number of events, especially the warm events. The relationship between the extreme weather index and high flows will be modified in the future as the snowpack reduces and rain becomes the main component of high flows generation. This study shows the values of CRCM5-LE dataset to simulate hydrometeorological extreme events in Eastern Canada and to better understand the uncertainties associated to internal variability of climate.

scholarly journals Winter hydrometeorological extreme events modulated by large-scale atmospheric circulation in southern Ontario

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 301-318 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olivier Champagne ◽  
Martin Leduc ◽  
Paulin Coulibaly ◽  
M. Altaf Arain
Keyword(s):  
Atmospheric Circulation ◽  
Extreme Events ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Internal Variability ◽  
Southern Ontario ◽  
Future Evolution ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
High Flows ◽  
Large Scale Atmospheric Circulation

Abstract. Extreme events are widely studied across the world because of their major implications for many aspects of society and especially floods. These events are generally studied in terms of precipitation or temperature extreme indices that are often not adapted for regions affected by floods caused by snowmelt. The rain on snow index has been widely used, but it neglects rain-only events which are expected to be more frequent in the future. In this study, we identified a new winter compound index and assessed how large-scale atmospheric circulation controls the past and future evolution of these events in the Great Lakes region. The future evolution of this index was projected using temperature and precipitation from the Canadian Regional Climate Model large ensemble (CRCM5-LE). These climate data were used as input in Precipitation Runoff Modelling System (PRMS) hydrological model to simulate the future evolution of high flows in three watersheds in southern Ontario. We also used five recurrent large-scale atmospheric circulation patterns in north-eastern North America and identified how they control the past and future variability of the newly created index and high flows. The results show that daily precipitation higher than 10 mm and temperature higher than 5 ∘C were necessary historical conditions to produce high flows in these three watersheds. In the historical period, the occurrences of these heavy rain and warm events as well as high flows were associated with two main patterns characterized by high Z500 anomalies centred on eastern Great Lakes (HP regime) and the Atlantic Ocean (South regime). These hydrometeorological extreme events will still be associated with the same atmospheric patterns in the near future. The future evolution of the index will be modulated by the internal variability of the climate system, as higher Z500 on the east coast will amplify the increase in the number of events, especially the warm events. The relationship between the extreme weather index and high flows will be modified in the future as the snowpack reduces and rain becomes the main component of high-flow generation. This study shows the value of the CRCM5-LE dataset in simulating hydrometeorological extreme events in eastern Canada and better understanding the uncertainties associated with internal variability of climate.

Sibling Rivals

2020 ◽  
pp. 3-11
Author(s):  
Kenneth P. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Natural Resources ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Sibling Rivalry ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future

This chapter introduces the Texas-California sibling rivalry. All states can be considered “siblings,” but the connections between Texas and California are especially strong. The ties include common origins as territories of Spain and Mexico, Sun Belt geography, rich natural resources, vibrant economies, large-scale immigration, and comparable demographics. Moreover, in the past, Texas and California agreed on a range of political questions. In the 1990s, however, the two states began to divide. In the years since, they have hardened their partisan identities and come to advocate more sharply opposing visions of government. More than other states, California and Texas have driven our contemporary national polarization. The chapter presents the book’s central questions: Why, despite their similarities, have Texas and California divided? How have these states translated their competing visions into policy? And what does the future hold for these models—both for these two states and for the nation as a whole?

scholarly journals „Kormányablakok a kirakatban” Az integrált ügyintézési pontok hazai fejlődésének legfontosabb állomásai

2016 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 75-83
Author(s):  
Viktória Jakab
Keyword(s):  
Public Administration ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Administrative System ◽  
Comprehensive View ◽  
The Past ◽  
Current State ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Government

The ever-increasing pace of development, experienced in all aspects of life, has become a major factor of our times. Public administration is no exception to this tendency. I have chosen the government windows (and other miscellaneous administrative bodies operating alongside them) established in the past five years as the topic of my study exactly because of this – their development is expected to remain unbroken in the future as well. During my research, I paid special attention to past and current legal changes, aiming to provide a comprehensive view on the establishment, operation, and evolution of the integrated administration points in Hungary. My study also covers the current state and the expected developments of domestic e-Administration solutions. Finally, I also offer some conclusions and recommendations regarding the large-scale deployment of the planned single-window administrative system.

Looking back to the past and thinking of the future

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Surendra Kumar Sharma
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Resource Consumption ◽  
High Rate ◽  
World Population ◽  
Natural Ecosystem ◽  
Resource Exploitation ◽  
The Past ◽  
Environmental Deterioration ◽  
The Future

<p>Earth is the only planet in our solar system where life is known to exist.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The 18 – 20th centuries, especially the last one, is characterized by an unprecedented rapid advance in science and technology, as well as economic growth. These factors, combined together, have provided us with an affluent society and luxurious lifestyle we have never experienced before.   However, such a high standard of living  coupled with a rapid growth of the world population  has necessarily  resulted in  in a high rate of resource consumption to a degree that may be termed almost mass wasting. Such an increase rate of resource consumption has inevitably placed a heavy burden on the environment, and consequently has led to serious environmental deterioration on local and global scales from two aspects : large scale destruction of natural ecosystem due to imprudent resource exploitation, and broadcast pollution resulting from the mass consumption of materials and subsequent discharge of pollutants.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The global-scale environmental deterioration may be regarded as another characteristic of the century as the anthropogenic impact on the environment has reached beyond the tolerable limits of the biosphere.  Human activities influencing the biosphere can limit it.  It is a time both to look back to the past and to think of the future.</p><p> </p><p> </p><p>The 21st century is the age of the Environment. In such an age, students need to be more wise to manage the present as well as the future environment based on their current knowledge of the environment. In order to spread the message among young learners  that the environment is to be protected and improved, the present paper is written.  I am sure that the paper will stimulate interest among participants to find answers for concreate environmental problems on the local and national and global level.</p>

The formation of the United Irish League, 1898–1900: the dynamics of Irish agrarian agitation

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (132) ◽  
pp. 404-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip Bull
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Extensive Literature ◽  
Irish Nationalism ◽  
Secret Societies ◽  
The Past ◽  
Precise Analysis ◽  
The Future ◽  
National League ◽  
Cumulative Experience ◽  
Published Account

There is now an extensive literature on agrarian protest and unrest in Ireland from the eighteenth to the twentieth centuries, ranging from studies of secret societies to large-scale organisations such as the Land League. There has not, however, been any detailed published account of the dynamics and character of a most extensive and significant Irish agitation, the United Irish League, which was launched in January 1898. A study of this body is important, not only in its own terms, but for the light it throws on the nature of Irish agrarian agitation generally, especially as there exist more extant records than for earlier examples. By early 1900 this organisation had spread across most of Ireland, and it was to have major implications for the future course of Irish nationalism. Its methods were partly a consequence of a cumulative experience from the past, focused particularly on its immediate predecessors, the Land League of 1879–82, the subsequent Irish National League, and the Plan of Campaign in the latter half of the 1880s. Its political and agrarian purposes were to an unusual degree clearly articulated, thereby enabling a more precise analysis of the way in which particular methods of protest were related to objectives.

Past and Future of Industrial Cogeneration in The Netherlands

1992 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kornelis Blok ◽  
Wim C. Turkenburg
Keyword(s):  
Power Generation ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
Computer Model ◽  
Gas Turbines ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Electricity Production ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
Government Incentives ◽  
Stimulation Of

Gas turbine based combined heat and power generation (cogeneration) has developed strongly in the Netherlands in the past twenty years and has the potential to do so also in the future. In this paper the effect of government incentives, both in the past and in the future, is explored. In the years 1968 through 1988 1200 MW of industrial cogeneration capacity was installed, based primarily on gas turbines technology. This brought total cogeneration capacity to 1800 MW. The amount of electricity generated by private companies tripled in the period 1968 through 1988. In 1988 industrial power generation supplied 37 MJe, which is equal to nearly 15% of the total amount of electricity consumed in the Netherlands. In the period up to 1978 there was hardly any governmental policy directed towards stimulation of industrial cogeneration. From 1978 onwards a number of stimulating measures have been brought into operation. From an analysis of implementation and effects of government incentives we conclude that the investment grants provided by the government had a considerable effect on the profitability of cogeneration investments. To a lesser extent this was also valid for relatively cheap standby power contracts that were provided by the utilities. However, stimulation of cogeneration only occurred as far as it concerned electricity production for owner consumption. The production of electricity which had to be sold to the utility grid has never been profitable enough from the industrial viewpoint, notwithstanding the provided incentives, like improved buy-back tariffs. The future potential of industrial cogeneration has been calculated using a computer model in which a simulation and economic optimization is carried out individually for each of the 300 largest industrial plants in the Netherlands. Using this computer model it can be calculated that in principle the cogeneration capacity in the Netherlands can still be doubled. The cogeneration capacity that can be expected to be realized without any government incentive is estimated to be less than 400 MW. The application of investment grants up to 40% can at best double this figure. Carbon taxes of up to $150 per tonne C are somewhat more effective. In order to realize a large part of the ultimate potential stronger policy measures are necessary, which could be regulation which forbids the use of large-scale steam raising in conventional boilers. Without the application of such physical regulation not much may be expected of private industrial investments in cogeneration. However, utility initiatives presented recently hold the promise of realizing a large part of the potential of industrial cogeneration in the Netherlands.

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