scholarly journals Classifying Wood Properties of Loblolly Pine Grown in Southern Brazil Using NIR-Hyperspectral Imaging

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (6) ◽  
pp. 686
Author(s):  
Laurence Schimleck ◽  
Jorge L. M. Matos ◽  
Antonio Higa ◽  
Rosilani Trianoski ◽  
José G. Prata ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cluster Analysis ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Timber Species ◽  
Southern Brazil ◽  
Improvement Programs

Loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) is one of the most important commercial timber species in the world. While the species is native to the southeastern United States of America (USA), it has been widely planted in southern Brazil, where it is the most commonly planted exotic species. Interest exists in utilizing nondestructive testing methods for wood property assessment to aid in improving the wood quality of Brazilian grown loblolly pine. We used near-infrared hyperspectral imaging (NIR-HSI) on increment cores to provide data representative of the radial variation of families sampled from a 10-year-old progeny test located in Rio Negrinho municipality, Santa Catarina, Brazil. Hyperspectral images were averaged to provide an individual NIR spectrum per tree for cluster analysis (hierarchical complete linkage with square Euclidean distance) to identify trees with similar wood properties. Four clusters (0, 1, 2, 3) were identified, and based on SilviScan data for air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness, clusters differed in average wood properties. Average ring data demonstrated that trees in Cluster 0 had the highest average ring densities, and those in Cluster 3 the lowest. Cluster 3 trees also had the lowest ring MFAs. NIR-HSI provides a rapid approach for collecting wood property data and, when coupled with cluster analysis, potentially, allows screening for desirable wood properties amongst families in tree improvement programs.

Nondestructive estimation of Pinus taeda L. wood properties for samples from a wide range of sites in Georgia

2005 ◽  
Vol 35 (1) ◽  
pp. 85-92 ◽  
Author(s):  
P D Jones ◽  
L R Schimleck ◽  
G F Peter ◽  
R F Daniels ◽  
A Clark III
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Small Sample ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Preliminary studies based on small sample sets show that near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy has the potential for rapidly estimating many important wood properties. However, if NIR is to be used operationally, then calibrations using several hundred samples from a wide variety of growing conditions need to be developed and their performance tested on samples from new populations. In this study, 120 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips (cut from increment cores) representing 15 different sites from three physiographic regions in Georgia (USA) were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the radial longitudinal surface of each strip and split into calibration (nine sites, 729 spectra) and prediction sets (six sites, 225 spectra). Calibrations were developed using untreated and mathematically treated (first and second derivative and multiplicative scatter correction) spectra. Strong correlations were obtained for all properties, the strongest R2 values being 0.83 (density), 0.90 (MFA), and 0.93 (stiffness). When applied to the test set, good relationships were obtained (Rp2 ranged from 0.80 to 0.90), but the accuracy of predictions varied depending on math treatment. The addition of a small number of cores from the prediction set (one core per new site) to the calibration set improved the accuracy of predictions and importantly minimized the differences obtained with the various math treatments. These results suggest that density, MFA, and stiffness can be estimated by NIR with sufficient accuracy to be used in operational settings.

Estimation of the physical wood properties of green Pinus taeda radial samples by near infrared spectroscopy

2003 ◽  
Vol 33 (12) ◽  
pp. 2297-2305 ◽  
Author(s):  
L R Schimleck ◽  
C Mora ◽  
R F Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Moisture Content ◽  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Independent Set ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Green Wood

The application of near infrared (NIR) spectroscopy to the green wood of radial samples (simulated increment cores) and the development of calibrations for the prediction of wood properties are described. Twenty Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) radial strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), and stiffness. NIR spectra were obtained in 10-mm steps from the radial longitudinal and transverse faces of each sample and used to develop calibrations for each property. NIR spectra were collected when the wood was green (moisture content ranged from approximately 100% to 154%) and dried to approximately 7% moisture content. Relationships between measured and NIR estimates for green wood were good; coefficients of determination (R2) ranged from 0.79 (MFA) to 0.85 (air-dry density). Differences between calibrations developed using the radial longitudinal and transverse faces were small. Calibrations were tested on an independent set. Predictive errors were relatively large for some green samples and relationships were moderate; R2p ranged from 0.67 (MFA) to 0.81 (stiffness). Dry wood calibrations demonstrated strong predictive relationships with R2p ranging from 0.87 (air-dry density) to 0.95 (stiffness). NIR spectroscopy has the potential to predict the air-dry density, MFA, and stiffness of 10-mm sections of green P. taeda wood samples.

Comparison of Pinus taeda L. wood property calibrations based on NIR spectra from the radial-longitudinal and radial-transverse faces of wooden strips

Holzforschung ◽  
2005 ◽  
Vol 59 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-218 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Reinhard Stürzenbecher ◽  
Christian Mora ◽  
P. David Jones ◽  
Richard F. Daniels
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Morphological Characteristics ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Increment Core ◽  
Pinus Taeda L ◽  
Radial Strip

Abstract When a radial strip is cut from an increment core it can potentially be cut with two orientations: parallel to longitudinal tracheids, i.e., a radial-longitudinal (RL) strip (the orientation of SilviScan samples), or at an orientation of 90° to the tracheids, i.e., a radial-transverse (RT) strip. Both strips could be used for near-infrared (NIR) analysis, but it is unknown how calibrations based on RT-face NIR spectra compare with those based on RL-face NIR spectra. A total of 20 Pinus taeda L. (loblolly pine) RL strips were characterized in terms of air-dry density, microfibril angle (MFA), stiffness and several tracheid morphological characteristics. NIR spectra were collected in 10-mm increments from the RL and RT faces of matching strips and used to develop calibrations for each property. In general, RL-face NIR spectra gave calibrations that provided stronger relationships. Differences between the two sets of calibrations were small, indicating that either face could be used for NIR analysis.

Near-infrared spectroscopy and hyperspectral imaging can aid in the prediction and mapping of polyploid acacia hybrid wood properties in tree improvement programs

Holzforschung ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Dang Duc Viet ◽  
Te Ma ◽  
Tetsuya Inagaki ◽  
Nguyen Tu Kim ◽  
Satoru Tsuchikawa
Keyword(s):  
Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Hyperspectral Imaging ◽  
Near Infrared Spectroscopy ◽  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Tree Improvement ◽  
Partial Least Square ◽  
Important Species ◽  
Improvement Programs

Abstract Acacia, including Acacia hybrids, are some of the most important species grown as part of the Vietnamese wood industry. Rapid methods to identify the variations in the wood properties of Acacia hybrids however, are a currently lacking and creating limits for their breeding programs. In this study, nine Acacia hybrid clones, including those that were diploid, triploid, and tetraploid were evaluated using near-infrared spectroscopy (NIR) and hyperspectral imaging (HSI). The standard normal variate (SNV) and second derivative (SP2D) were applied to compare the performances of NIR and HSI using partial least square regression. The HSI images were acquired at wavelengths from 1033 to 2230 nm and the SNV and SP2D described the variations in the wood properties. The NIR predicted the wood physical properties better than HSI, while they provided similar predictions for the mechanical properties. The mapping results showed low densities around the pith area and high densities near the bark. They also revealed that the air-dry moisture content changed at different positions within a disk and was dependent on its position within the tree. Overall, NIR and HSI were found to be potential wood property prediction tools, suitable for use in tree improvement programs.

The Effect of Mid-Rotation Fertilization on the Wood Properties of Loblolly Pine (Pinus Taeda)

IAWA Journal ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-58 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Lewis Jordan ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Alexander Clark III
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Fertilizer Treatment ◽  
Annual Growth Rings ◽  
Anatomical Properties ◽  
Four Levels

Mid-rotation fertilization is a common practice in the management of loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.) plantations, typically providing large improvements in growth. However, concerns exist about the quality of wood produced following fertilization. The objective of this study was to develop an understanding of wood property changes following fertilization. Wood samples from a study involving four levels of fertilization applied to a thinned mid-rotation loblolly pine plantation located on the lower coastal plain of North Carolina were sampled. The study was laid out in a randomized complete block design involving four blocks and four levels of nitrogen fertilizer: Control-000, 112, 224 and 336 kg/ha, along with 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with all treatments. Thirty-two trees were felled and disks were cut at five heights from each tree. Wood properties including modulus of elasticity, air-dry density and tracheid anatomical properties were measured for each of the three post-fertilization annual growth rings using near infrared (NIR) spectra obtained from the radial face of strips cut from the disks. An analysis of variance was conducted on three-year basal area weighted average stiffness, air-dry density, and tracheid anatomical properties. A decrease in stiffness, air-dry density, tracheid wall thickness, and an increase in tracheid radial diameter were observed for the heaviest fertilizer treatment (336 kg/ha) compared to the control and 112 kg/ha of nitrogen. Microfibril angle (MFA), cell tangential diameter, and tracheid perimeter showed little change. Wood properties of trees receiving fertilizer rates of 112 and 224 kg/ha were not significantly affected.

Characterization of the wood quality of pernambuco (Caesalpinia echinata Lam) by measurements of density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness, color, and NIR spectroscopy

Holzforschung ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Charles Espey ◽  
Christian R. Mora ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Adam Taylor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Near Infrared ◽  
Wood Quality ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Nir Spectroscopy ◽  
Principal Component ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Average Density ◽  
Dry Density ◽  
Caesalpinia Echinata

Abstract A total of 30 Caesalpinia echinata (pernambuco) sticks were ranked based on their suitability for making high quality bows and were assigned to one of the three following categories: 0=very poor to poor, 1=good to very good, and 2=excellent. From the end of each stick a sample was cut for wood property and near infrared (NIR) spectroscopic analysis. Wood properties measured included air-dry density, extractives content, microfibril angle, stiffness and wood color. NIR spectra were evaluated by principal component analysis (PCA) and on the PC scores. Poor quality samples were discriminated from those of good to very good and excellent quality; however, samples from the two higher quality groups were mixed. Based on relationships observed between PC scores and wood properties, we suggest that, of the measured properties, density and stiffness were the most important in sample discrimination based on quality. Samples ranked in the excellent category had high average density (1119 kg m-3) and stiffness (25.2 GPa) and relatively low extractives content (21.2%) compared to samples in the very poor to poor category (density= 938 kg m-3, stiffness=18.9 GPa and extractives content=24.9%).

Effect of midrotation fertilization on growth and specific gravity of loblolly pine

2009 ◽  
Vol 39 (5) ◽  
pp. 928-935 ◽  
Author(s):  
Finto Antony ◽  
Lewis Jordan ◽  
Richard F. Daniels ◽  
Laurence R. Schimleck ◽  
Alexander Clark ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Specific Gravity ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Block Design ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Basal Area ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Fertilization Rate ◽  
Breast Height ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
Property Changes

Wood properties and growth were measured on breast-height cores and on disks collected at different heights from a thinned and fertilized midrotation loblolly pine ( Pinus taeda L.) plantation in the lower Coastal Plain of North Carolina. The study was laid out in a randomized complete-block design receiving four levels of nitrogen (N) fertilizer: unfertilized control and 112, 224, and 336 kg/ha plus 28 kg/ha of phosphorus with each treatment. The effect of fertilization was analyzed for the whole-disk and for a 4 year average following fertilization on data collected from breast-height cores and from disks. The fertilization treatments did not significantly affect whole-disk wood properties but significantly increased radial growth. Fertilization rate of 336 kg/ha N significantly reduced 4 year average ring specific gravity and latewood specific gravity. Wood properties of trees that received 112 and 224 kg/ha N were not affected following treatment. There was no height related trend in wood property changes due to fertilization. Fertilization significantly increased ring basal area and earlywood basal area. In summary, there was a decline in wood properties and an increase in basal area growth immediately after fertilization; both depended on the rate of fertilizer applied irrespective of height.

Identification of QTLs influencing wood property traits in loblolly pine (Pinus taeda L.). II. Chemical wood properties

2002 ◽  
Vol 104 (2) ◽  
pp. 214-222 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. M. Sewell ◽  
M. F. Davis ◽  
G. A. Tuskan ◽  
N. C. Wheeler ◽  
C. C. Elam ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pinus Taeda ◽  
Loblolly Pine ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Pinus Taeda L

Temporal variation in δ13C, wood density and microfibril angle in variously irrigated Eucalyptus nitens

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (1) ◽  
pp. 1 ◽  
Author(s):  
David M. Drew ◽  
E. Detlef Schulze ◽  
Geoffrey M. Downes
Keyword(s):  
Water Stress ◽  
Temporal Variation ◽  
Wood Density ◽  
Stable Carbon Isotope ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Eucalyptus Nitens ◽  
Stable Carbon ◽  
Over Time

Wood can serve as a record of past climate, recording tree responses to changing conditions. It is also valuable in understanding tree responses to environment to optimise forest management. Stable carbon isotope ratios (δ13C), wood density and microfibril angle (MFA) are potentially useful wood property parameters for these purposes. The goal of this study was to understand how δ13C varied over time in response to cycles of soil drying and wetting and to variation in temperature in Eucalyptus nitens Deane & Maiden, in concert with wood density and MFA. δ13C increases did not necessarily occur when water stress was highest, but, rather, when it was relieved. Our hypothesis is that this was a result of the use of previously fixed carbohydrate reserves when growth and metabolic activity was resumed after a period of dormancy. MFA in particular showed concomitant temporal variation with δ13C. A peak in δ13C may not coincide temporally with an increase in water stress, but with a decrease, when higher growth rates enable the final incorporation of earlier stored photosynthate into mature wood. This has implications for using δ13C as a tool to understand past environmental conditions using radial measurements of wood properties. However, interpreting this data with other wood properties may be helpful for understanding past tree responses.

Evaluating growth strain of Eucalyptus globulus Labill. from SilviScan measurements

Holzforschung ◽  
2006 ◽  
Vol 60 (5) ◽  
pp. 574-579 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Li Yang ◽  
Henri Baillères ◽  
Robert Evans ◽  
Geoff Downes
Keyword(s):  
Eucalyptus Globulus ◽  
High Spatial Resolution ◽  
Microfibril Angle ◽  
Wood Property ◽  
Wood Properties ◽  
Surface Strain ◽  
Longitudinal Displacement ◽  
Cellulose Crystallite ◽  
Measured Strain

Abstract Longitudinal surface strain was measured or estimated using three different methods along the stems of nine trees of 10-year-old Eucalyptus globulus Labill. Wood samples were collected close to the location where the strain was measured or estimated. Microfibril angle (MFA), cellulose crystallite width (Wcryst), microdensity and Young's modulus along the grain (EL) were determined using the SilviScan-2 technology at high spatial resolution. Relationships of measured strain and estimated strain to wood properties were established. The quality of the relationships depends on a particular wood property. Strain was more closely related to mean Wcryst than to any other wood properties. Its relationship with MFA was the next closest. Based on the results of regression analysis, we propose that Wcryst may be suitable for the prediction of surface strain at a moderate level of reliability. Adding measurement of MFA, microdensity and EL does not significantly improve the prediction quality. The strain measurement method also affects the results. The best relationships were obtained with longitudinal displacement measured by the CIRAD method. Strain measured by the strain gauge method gave weak relationships, possibly owing to variation in the cambium age of the specimens.

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