scholarly journals Morphology and Physicochemical Properties of Alluvial Soils in Riparian Forests after River Regulation

Forests ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (3) ◽  
pp. 329
Author(s):  
Dorota Kawalko ◽  
Paweł Jezierski ◽  
Cezary Kabala
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Riparian Forests ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
Soil Morphology ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Quantitative Alteration ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The elimination of flooding and lowering of the groundwater table after large-scale river regulation allow deep penetration of soils by plant roots, soil fauna, and microorganisms, thus creating favorable conditions for advanced pedogenesis. Although the changes of the morphology and properties of agriculturally used drained alluvial soils in Central Europe have been well characterized, studies in riparian forests remain insufficient. An analysis of 21 profiles of forest soils located on the Holocene river terrace (a floodplain before river regulation and embankment) in SW Poland confirmed a noticeable pedogenic transformation of soil morphology and properties resulting from river regulation. Gleyic properties were in most profiles replaced with stagnic properties, testifying to a transition from dominant groundwater supply to precipitation-water supply. The development of a diagnostic mollic and cambic horizons, correlated with the shift in soil classification from Fluvisols to Phaeozems, and in the majority, to Cambisols, demonstrated a substantial change in habitat conditions. The transformation of alluvial soils may result in an inevitable modification of forest management in the river valley, including quantitative alteration in species composition of primarily riparian forests.

scholarly journals Anthropogenic transformation of soils in the Barycz valley – conclusions for soil classification / Antropogeniczne przekształcenia gleb w Dolinie Baryczy - wnioski dotyczące klasyfikacji gleb

2014 ◽  
Vol 65 (3) ◽  
pp. 103-110 ◽  
Author(s):  
Beata Łabaz ◽  
Adam Bogacz ◽  
Cezary Kabała
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Parent Material ◽  
Alluvial Soils ◽  
River Terraces ◽  
Anthropogenic Transformation Of Soils ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Humus Horizons

AbstractLarge-scale river regulation, drainage and intense farming in the Barycz valley initiated in 17th century activated a transformation of the initial alluvial and swamp-alluvial soils. Soils on the Holocene flooded terraces have deep, acid humus horizons (umbric) and gleyic properties at shallow depth, but have no stratification of parent material to a depth of 100 cm. Despite the location in the floodplain, soils cannot be classified as black-earth alluvial soils (mady czarnoziemne) using the criteria of Polish soil classification (2011). The soils on the Pleistocene non-flooded terraces have a deep, base-saturated humus horizon (mollic) and gleyic properties in the lower part of soil profile, which allows to classify them as the black earths (czarne ziemie). Prominent stratification of the parent material well preserved in these soils has no influence on their classification (due to the age sediments). Almost all humus horizons of these soils meet the definition of anthric characteristics, and more than half of the studied soils can be classified as culturozemic soils - rigosols - which emphasises the important role of man in the transformation and gaining of morphological features of these soils. The lack of precise criteria for identifying soil types in the chernozemic order of the Polish soil classification (2011) causes difficulties in the classification of soils on the river terraces, in particular, in distinguishing between black-earth alluvial soils and black earths.

scholarly journals Mantle-derived helium released through the Japan trench bend-faults

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jin-Oh Park ◽  
Naoto Takahata ◽  
Ehsan Jamali Hondori ◽  
Asuka Yamaguchi ◽  
Takanori Kagoshima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Upper Mantle ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Japan Trench ◽  
Helium Isotope ◽  
Normal Faults ◽  
Circulation System ◽  
Deep Penetration ◽  
Oceanic Plate ◽  
Seismic Reflection Data ◽  
Reflection Data

AbstractPlate bending-related normal faults (i.e. bend-faults) develop at the outer trench-slope of the oceanic plate incoming into the subduction zone. Numerous geophysical studies and numerical simulations suggest that bend-faults play a key role by providing pathways for seawater to flow into the oceanic crust and the upper mantle, thereby promoting hydration of the oceanic plate. However, deep penetration of seawater along bend-faults remains controversial because fluids that have percolated down into the mantle are difficult to detect. This report presents anomalously high helium isotope (3He/4He) ratios in sediment pore water and seismic reflection data which suggest fluid infiltration into the upper mantle and subsequent outflow through bend-faults across the outer slope of the Japan trench. The 3He/4He and 4He/20Ne ratios at sites near-trench bend-faults, which are close to the isotopic ratios of bottom seawater, are almost constant with depth, supporting local seawater inflow. Our findings provide the first reported evidence for a potentially large-scale active hydrothermal circulation system through bend-faults across the Moho (crust-mantle boundary) in and out of the oceanic lithospheric mantle.

Analisys of mud inrush water sources into underground working of the Sokolovskoe ore deposit

2020 ◽  
pp. 56-67
Author(s):  
E. Yu. Efremov
Keyword(s):  
Hydraulic Conductivity ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Underground Mining ◽  
Temporal Distribution ◽  
High Water ◽  
The North ◽  
Initial Block ◽  
Groundwater Supply ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Inrush Water

There is a serious threat of groundwater inrush from overlying sedimentary layers for underground mining. When ore is extracted using block caving method, the area of overburden collapse over ore zone disrupts the natural structure of high hydraulic-conductivity and low hydraulic-conductivity layers. This process creates conditions for the accumulation and transfer of groundwater to mine workings, which lead to accidents, up to disastrous proportions. The research aim is to determine the spatio-temporal distribution of mud inrushes, and to identify groundwater supply sources of inrushes to reduce the geotechnical risks of underground mining in Sokolovskaya mine. Research methods include localization, classification, and analysis of monitoring data, comparison of mud inrushes distribution with geostatistical parameters of the main aquifers.The majority of large-scale accidents caused by mud inrushes are confined to the central and northern area of caved rock zone. The most risky stage of the ore body extraction is the initial block at the lower extraction level. The sources of water supply for the majority of the mud inrushes are high water level areas of the Cretaceous aquifer to the north and west of the mine. Rational targeted drainage aimed at draining the identified areas of the aquifer is the best way to reduce the risk of accidents.

scholarly journals Drought dynamics in the East European Plain for the period 1980-2018

2020 ◽  
Vol 163 ◽  
pp. 02004
Author(s):  
Maxim Kharlamov ◽  
Maria Kireeva
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Atmospheric Precipitation ◽  
Summer Rainfall ◽  
Low Flow ◽  
East European Plain ◽  
Winter Period ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
East European ◽  
Huge Impact ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Drought is one of the most dangerous natural hazards that has a huge impact on the economy and population in the world and in Russia as well. A large number of studies speak of an increase in the number of droughts and low flow conditions, including Russia. In this work, an analysis was made of the conditions for droughts in the East European Plain over the past 38 years based on the data from the ERA-5 reanalysis. The atmospheric precipitation, air temperature over the seasons and the Palmer index (as a general indicator) for the study area were analyzed. Much attention was paid to the characteristics of the winter period, since the supposedly mild winters create favorable conditions for the formation of droughts in the summer period. It was found that the main factors affecting the drought formation of 2007-2018 was the lack of summer rainfall, and the remaining factors played a “preparatory” role in the process of the formation of large-scale drought.

scholarly journals Harmonisation of a large-scale historical database with the actual Czech soil classification system

2020 ◽  
Vol 15 (No. 2) ◽  
pp. 101-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tereza Zádorová ◽  
Daniel Žížala ◽  
Vít Penížek ◽  
Aleš Vaněk
Keyword(s):  
Soil Properties ◽  
Classification System ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Soil Classification ◽  
Study Region ◽  
Taxonomic Distance ◽  
Historical Database ◽  
Legacy Data ◽  
Soil Units ◽  
Data Harmonisation

The possibility of the adequate use of data and maps from historical soil surveys depends, to a large measure, on their harmonisation. Legacy data originating from a large-scale national mapping campaign, “Systematic soil survey of agricultural soils in Czechoslovakia (SSS, 1961–1971)”, were harmonised and converted according to the actual system of soil classification and descriptions used in Czechia – the Czech taxonomic soil classification system (CTSCS). Applying the methods of taxonomic distance and quantitative analysis and reclassification of the selected soil properties, the conversion of two types of mapping soil units with different detailed soil information (General soil representative (GSR), and Basic soil representative (BSR)) to their counterparts in the CTSCS has been effectuated. The results proved the good potential of the used methods for the soil data harmonisation. The closeness of the concepts of the two classifications was shown when a number of soil classes had only one counterpart with a very low taxonomic distance. On the contrary, soils with variable soil properties were approximating several related units. The additional information on the soil skeleton content, texture, depth and parent material, available for the BSR units, showed the potential in the specification of some units, though the harmonisation of the soil texture turned out to problematic due to the different categorisation of soil particles. The validation of the results in the study region showed a good overall accuracy (75% for GSR, 76.1% for BSR) for both spatial soil units, when better performance has been observed in BSR. The conversion accuracy differed significantly in the individual soil units, and ranged from almost 100% in Fluvizems to 0% in Anthropozems. The extreme cases of a complete mis-classification can be attributed to inconsistencies originating in the historical database and maps. The study showed the potential of modern quantitative methods in the legacy data harmonisation and also the necessity of a critical approach to historical databases and maps.

Turbulent Mixing of Two Immiscible Fluids

2005 ◽  
Vol 127 (6) ◽  
pp. 1132-1139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thierry Lemenand ◽  
Pascal Dupont ◽  
Dominique Della Valle ◽  
Hassan Peerhossaini
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
High Efficiency ◽  
Size Distribution Function ◽  
Immiscible Fluids ◽  
Turbulent Dissipation ◽  
Large Scale Structures ◽  
Oil In Water ◽  
New Type ◽  
Turbulence Analysis ◽  
Favorable Conditions

The emulsification process in a static mixer HEV (high-efficiency vortex) in turbulent flow is investigated. This new type of mixer generates coherent large-scale structures, enhancing momentum transfer in the bulk flow and hence providing favorable conditions for phase dispersion. We present a study of the single-phase flow that details the flow structure, based on LDV measurements, giving access on the scales of turbulence. In addition, we discuss the liquid-liquid dispersion of oil in water obtained at the exit of the mixer/emulsifier. The generation of the dispersion is characterized by the Sauter diameter and described via a size-distribution function. We are interested in a local turbulence analysis, particularly the spatial structure of the turbulence and the turbulence spectra, which give information about the turbulent dissipation rate. Finally, we discuss the emulsifier efficiency and compare the HEV performance with existing devices.

scholarly journals Isolating causal pathways between flow and fish in the regulated river hierarchy

2015 ◽  
Vol 72 (11) ◽  
pp. 1731-1748 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ryan A. McManamay ◽  
Brandon K. Peoples ◽  
Donald J. Orth ◽  
Charles A. Dolloff ◽  
David C. Matthews
Keyword(s):  
Structural Equation ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Fish Assemblages ◽  
Causal Structure ◽  
River Regulation ◽  
Regulated River ◽  
Equation Modeling ◽  
Regulated Rivers ◽  
Causal Pathways ◽  
The Hierarchical Structure

Unregulated river systems are organized in a hierarchy in which large-scale factors (i.e., landscape and segment scales) influence local habitats (i.e., reach, meso-, and microhabitat scales), and both differentially exert selective pressures on biota. Dams, however, create discontinua in these processes and change the hierarchical structure. We examined the relative roles of hydrology and other instream factors, within a hierarchical landscape context, in organizing fish communities in regulated and unregulated tributaries to the Upper Tennessee River, USA. We used multivariate regression trees to identify factors that partition fish assemblages based on trait similarities, irrespective of spatial scale. We then used classical path analysis and structural equation modeling to evaluate the most plausible hierarchical causal structure of specific trait-based community components, given the data. Both statistical approaches suggested that river regulation affects stream fishes through a variety of reach-scale variables, not always through hydrology itself. Although we observed different changes in flow, temperature, and biotic responses according to regulation types, the most predominant path in which dam regulation affected biota was via temperature alterations. Diversion dams had the strongest effects on fish assemblages. Diversion dams reduced flow magnitudes, leading to declines in fish richness but increased temperatures, leading to lower abundances in equilibrium species and nest guarders. Peaking and run-of-river dams increased flow variability, leading to lower abundances in nest-guarding fishes. Flow displayed direct relationships with biotic responses; however, results indicated that changes in temperature and substrate had equal, if not stronger, effects on fish assemblage composition. The strength and nature of relationships depended on whether flow metrics were standardized for river size. We suggest that restoration efforts in regulated rivers focus on improving flow conditions in conjunction with temperature and substrate restoration.

Twenty five years of operational experience using GW modeling to evaluate sustainable use of coastal aquifers for major water supplies

2015 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 465-473
Author(s):  
B. M. Harley ◽  
M. Gamache ◽  
K. K. Masterson ◽  
R. H. Fitzgerald
Keyword(s):  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Coastal Aquifers ◽  
Saltwater Intrusion ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Groundwater Resources ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Operational Experience ◽  
Aquifer System ◽  
Southeastern Us ◽  
Groundwater Supply

The sustainable development and management of groundwater resources in coastal aquifers is complex and, historically, challenging to accomplish. Groundwater models play an essential role in addressing these complexities and providing the basis for planning future sustainable development. For more than 25 years, the authors have applied three-dimensional groundwater models to manage large scale coastal aquifers. The paper will present case studies demonstrating the application of groundwater models to evaluate conditions in complex coastal environments and to develop sustainable groundwater management strategies. These studies include Long Island, a sole source aquifer system in New York serving nearly 3 million people; aquifers in Southern California where injection barriers are used to prevent saltwater intrusion; and Savannah, Georgia in the southeastern US, where concentrated groundwater pumping has contributed to saltwater intrusion at a nearby resort island, and planning is underway to ensure a sustainable groundwater supply to both local industries and municipalities.

scholarly journals Structure and Environment of Polar Mesocyclones over the Northeastern Part of the Sea of Japan

2017 ◽  
Vol 145 (6) ◽  
pp. 2217-2233 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shun-ichi I. Watanabe ◽  
Hiroshi Niino ◽  
Wataru Yanase
Keyword(s):  
Numerical Simulation ◽  
Sea Of Japan ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Polar Front ◽  
The Sea Of Japan ◽  
Northeastern Part ◽  
Sensitivity Experiments ◽  
Mesoscale Structures ◽  
Boundary Fields ◽  
Favorable Conditions

Abstract Polar mesocyclones (PMCs) are mesoscale cyclonic vortices that develop poleward of the main polar front. The Sea of Japan is one region where PMCs frequently occur during winter. In this paper, the general characteristics of the structure and environment of PMCs that form over the northeastern part of the Sea of Japan and move southward are examined using composite analysis and numerical simulation. The composite analyses show that the synoptic-scale environment of the PMCs is characterized by a zonal temperature gradient at lower levels and a trough accompanied by cold air at upper levels. These elements of the environmental field form a reverse shear. The mesoscale structure of the PMCs exhibits characteristics of baroclinic development, while it is also accompanied by condensational heating. The numerical simulation in which the composite fields are used for the initial and boundary conditions successfully reproduces a realistic PMC. In this numerical simulation, the mesoscale structures are almost smoothed out in the initial and boundary fields, indicating that the PMCs spontaneously form and develop when the large-scale environment becomes favorable. Sensitivity experiments in which moisture is removed demonstrate that condensational heating is crucial for the genesis and development of the PMC. The sensitivity experiments also show that the warm sea surface temperature in the Strait of Tartary and the Sea of Japan to the west of Hokkaido Island, and the topography of the Sikhote-Alin mountain region provide favorable conditions for the development of the PMCs.

scholarly journals METHODOLOGICAL FACTORS FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF EUROREGIONAL COOPERATION

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Victor Tsekhanovych ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Qualitative Change ◽  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
European Continent ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Cross Border ◽  
Methodological Problems ◽  
Favorable Conditions ◽  
Cross Border Cooperation

The article examines the theoretical and methodological problems of euroregions. Theoretical and methodological foundations are studied through the prism of the role of regions in cross-border cooperation. Euroregions are the highest institutional form of cross-border cooperation. The role and place of euroregions in the system of cross-border cooperation are crucial. Currently, euroregions play an important role in creating favorable conditions for the development of relations between Ukraine and the EU. To do this, it is necessary to identify factors affecting the development of euroregional cooperation. Large-scale euroregional cooperation on the rights of free participation forms a kind of Free Trade Zones, where not only EU members, but also states that are members of euroregions (Ukraine, Moldova, Belarus) carry out their activities. But the most important thing is that large investments in the form of foreign direct investment are directed to these zones, which contributes to the recovery of these border areas and leads to the implementation of significant investment and integration projects in these territories. The development and implementation of fundamentally new approaches to the development of euroregions in Ukraine in the context of EU enlargement require radical changes in the geopolitical situation on the European continent and a change in the geopolitical status of euroregions after a large-scale expansion of the European Community. Today, Ukraine, adapting the pan-European principles of euroregional cooperation as much as possible, should not only use the generally accepted definitions and categories of cross-border cooperation as much as possible, but also implement them in detail. Thus, the new realities of an international nature in the XXI century in the context of the deepening and spread of the European integration process also determine the need for a qualitative change in the system of euroregional cooperation of Ukraine and the activation of the main subjects of cross – border relations-regions.

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