scholarly journals A Review of DSP-Based Enabling Technologies for Cloud Access Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (11) ◽  
pp. 109
Author(s):  
Roger Giddings ◽  
Xiao Duan ◽  
Ehab Al-Rawachy ◽  
Mingzhi Mao
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Video On Demand ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Data Networks ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
Optical Channels

Optical access networks, metro networks and mobile data networks are facing rapidly evolving demands, not only is it essential to satisfy the unyielding need for increased user bandwidths, but future networks must also support the growing wide variation in traffic dynamics and characteristics, due to various emerging technologies, such as cloud-based services, the Internet-of-Things (IoT) and 5G mobile systems, and due to growing trends, such as the proliferation of mobile devices and the rapidly increasing popularity of video-on-demand services. To be cost-effective and commercially sustainable, future optical networks must offer features, such as, dynamic reconfigurability, highly efficient use of network resources, elastic bandwidth provisioning with fine granularity, network sliceabilty and software defined networking (SDN). To meet these requirements Cloud Access Networks (CANs) are proposed which require a number of flexible, adaptive and reconfigurable networking elements. By exploiting digital signal processing (DSP) we have proposed a digital orthogonal filter-based multiplexing technique to implement CANs with multiplexed, independent optical channels at the wavelength, sub-wavelength, and orthogonal sub-band levels. This paper reviews the overall CAN concept, the operating principles of the various CAN network elements and presents an overview of the research work we have undertaken in order to validate the feasibility of the proposed technologies which includes real-time DSP-based demonstrations.

scholarly journals DSP-Based 40 GB/s Lane Rate Next-Generation Access Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 118 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jinlong Wei ◽  
Ji Zhou ◽  
Elias Giacoumidis ◽  
Paul Haigh ◽  
Jianming Tang
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
High Speed ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Pulse Amplitude ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Efficient Manner ◽  
Continuous Growth ◽  
Modulation Format

To address the continuous growth in high-speed ubiquitous access required by residential users and enterprises, Telecommunication operators must upgrade their networks to higher data rates. For optical fiber access networks that directly connect end users to metro/regional network, capacity upgrade must be done in a cost- and energy-efficient manner. 40 Gb/s is the possible lane rate for the next generation passive optical networks (NG-PONs). Ideally, existing 10 G PON components could be reused to support 40 Gb/s lane-rate NG-PON transceiver, which requires efficient modulation format and digital signal processing (DSP) to alleviate the bandwidth limitation and fiber dispersion. The major contribution of this work is to offer insight performance comparisons of 40 Gb/s lane rate electrical three level Duobinary, optical Duobinary, and four-level pulse amplitude modulation (PAM-4) for incorporating low complex DSPs, including linear and nonlinear Volterra equalization, as well as maximum likelihood sequence estimation. Detailed analysis and comparison of the complexity of various DSP algorithms are performed. Transceiver bandwidth optimization is also undertaken. The results show that the choices of proper modulation format and DSP configuration depend on the transmission distances of interest.

scholarly journals Programmable Adaptive S-BVTs for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martín González ◽  
Sjoerd van der Heide ◽  
Xuwei Xue ◽  
John van Weerdenburg ◽  
Nicola Calabretta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Discrete Multitone ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Metro Networks

Adaptive Sliceable-Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (S-BVTs) are key enabler for future optical networks. In particular, those based on Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation and Direct Detection (DD) can be considered a flexible solution suitable to address the cost efficiency requirement of optical metro networks. In this paper, we propose to use this cost-effective S-BVT option/implementation in optical metro networks adopting switching nodes based on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) technology. Bit loading (BL) and power loading (PL) algorithms are applied to the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) modules, to maximize the performance and/or the capacity as well as enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the system. Our analysis considers switching nodes based on SOAs with and without filtering elements and fiber spans of 25 km. We present the results up to 100 km, with and without SOA-based nodes. Firstly, we analyze the adaptive BVT transmission using the Margin Adaptive (MA) BL/PL algorithm at a fixed bit rate of 28 Gb/s. The possibility of controlling the SOAs current is a key factor to face the transmission impairments due to the fiber and the filtering elements. We also analyze the system considering Rate Adaptive (RA) transmission at a fixed target BER of 3.8·10−3, showing that a maximum capacity above 34 Gb/s can be achieved for a single span of 25 km. Although the cascading of filtering elements still constitutes a limiting factor, we show that an improvement of the net bit rate performance can be obtained thanks to the combined use of S-BVT and SOA technology at the switching nodes, resulting in a promising approach for designing future optical metro networks.

scholarly journals A Survey on Multipacket Reception for Wireless Random Access Networks

2012 ◽  
Vol 2012 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jia-Liang Lu ◽  
Wei Shu ◽  
Min-You Wu
Keyword(s):  
Research Work ◽  
Random Access ◽  
Network Capacity ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Cross Layer ◽  
Multipacket Reception ◽  
Scheduling Method ◽  
Full Utilization ◽  
Wireless Mobile

Multipacket reception (MPR) is the capability of simultaneous decoding of more than one packet from multiple concurrent transmissions. Continuous investigations on increasing the reception capability are giving new scientific contributions. In this paper, we provide an overview of MPR-related research work covering (1) the theoretically proved impacts and advantages of using MPR from a channel perspective to network capacity and throughput; (2) the various technologies that enable MPR from transmitter, transreceiver, and receiver perspectives; (3) previous work on protocol improvement to better exploit MPR. Indeed, MPR approaches have been applied in modern wireless mobile systems but the focus of this paper is to discuss MPR in random access wireless networks. Using MPR in such multihop environments calls for new adaptation on protocols, especially a cross-layer approach. To this end, we detail a scheduling method that targets full utilization of MPR capability.

scholarly journals Programmable Adaptive BVT for Future Optical Metro Networks Adopting SOA-Based Switching Nodes

Photonics ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 24 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Martín González ◽  
Sjoerd van der Heide ◽  
Xuwei Xue ◽  
John van Weerdenburg ◽  
Nicola Calabretta ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Direct Detection ◽  
Digital Signal ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
Limiting Factor ◽  
Bit Rate ◽  
Discrete Multitone ◽  
Key Factor ◽  
Metro Networks

Adaptive Sliceable-Bandwidth Variable Transceivers (S-BVTs) are key enablers for future optical networks. In particular, those based on Discrete MultiTone (DMT) modulation and Direct Detection (DD) can be considered a flexible solution suitable to address the cost efficiency requirement of optical metro networks. In this paper, we propose to use a cost-effective S-BVT option/implementation in optical metro networks adopting switching nodes based on Semiconductor Optical Amplifier (SOA) technology. Bit loading (BL) and power loading (PL) algorithms are applied to the Digital Signal Processing (DSP) modules, to maximize the performance and/or the capacity as well as enhance the flexibility and adaptability of the system. Our analysis considers switching nodes based on SOAs with and without filtering elements and fiber spans of 25 km. We present the results up to 100 km, with and without SOA-based nodes. Firstly, we analyze the adaptive BVT transmission using the Margin Adaptive (MA) BL/PL algorithm at a fixed bit rate of 28 Gb/s. The possibility of controlling the SOAs current is a key factor to face the transmission impairments due to the fiber and the filtering elements. We also analyze the system considering Rate Adaptive (RA) transmission at a fixed target Bit Error Rate (BER) of 3.8 × 10−3, showing that a maximum capacity above 34 Gb/s can be achieved for a single span of 25 km. Although the cascading of filtering elements still constitutes a limiting factor, we show that an improvement of the net bit rate performance can be obtained thanks to the combined use of BVT and SOA technology at the switching nodes, resulting in a promising approach for designing future optical metro networks.

scholarly journals Optical Networks for Optimized and cost effective Performance

2019 ◽  
Vol 8 (9S) ◽  
pp. 944-947
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Access Network ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Optical Amplifier ◽  
Access Networks ◽  
Passive Components ◽  
System Architectures ◽  
Modulation Format ◽  
Effective Performance ◽  
Intensive Investigation

Recently there is rapid increase of multimedia applications in the access networks. The focus of this paper is to suggest a novel system architecture that can provide efficient and cost effective solutions for the access networks. To offer economical solutions with higher bandwidth optical networks are designed with passive components. In the presented system, 512 subscribers can access information for aggregated system line rate of 80Gbps. Proposed frameworks are subjected to intensive investigation in terms of Modulation Format, External Modulator, Photo Detector so that system architectures perform at an optimized level. Also, the access network is designed without the use of reach extender devices like optical amplifier or repeater so that installation and the recurring cost are minimized.

Need of Algorithm Selection in Next Generation Optical Networks

2018 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-92
Author(s):  
P. Selvaraj ◽  
V. Nagarajan
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Data Networks ◽  
Next Generation ◽  
Algorithm Selection ◽  
Automated Algorithm ◽  
Path Computation ◽  
Computation Algorithm ◽  
Selection Methodology

The IP-based data networks and optical networks have been managed independently with layered protocol stack approach. Both of them were over-provisioned to manage any traffic anomalies and failures. The next generation optical network is expected to handle the needs of the emerging applications in a cost-effective way while satisfying the required QoT. In such scenario, the intents of the application layer must be accounted in the path computation. There is no single path computation algorithm exists which behave optimally under varying traffic conditions. Hence the need for the intent-driven automated algorithm selection was identified. The authors have phrased this intent specific lightpath provisioning problem as the path computation algorithm selection problem. An algorithm selection methodology was proposed with the study of the least congested path in ONOS based software defined controller environment. This approach is claimed as an amenable candidate for the next generation software-defined optical network.

Knee Muscle Force Estimating Model Using Machine Learning Approach

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anurag Sohane ◽  
Ravinder Agarwal
Keyword(s):  
Machine Learning ◽  
Random Forest ◽  
Muscle Force ◽  
Vastus Lateralis ◽  
Input Parameter ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Coefficient Of Determination ◽  
Muscle Forces ◽  
Knee Muscle

Abstract Various simulation type tools and conventional algorithms are being used to determine knee muscle forces of human during dynamic movement. These all may be good for clinical uses, but have some drawbacks, such as higher computational times, muscle redundancy and less cost-effective solution. Recently, there has been an interest to develop supervised learning-based prediction model for the computationally demanding process. The present research work is used to develop a cost-effective and efficient machine learning (ML) based models to predict knee muscle force for clinical interventions for the given input parameter like height, mass and angle. A dataset of 500 human musculoskeletal, have been trained and tested using four different ML models to predict knee muscle force. This dataset has obtained from anybody modeling software using AnyPyTools, where human musculoskeletal has been utilized to perform squatting movement during inverse dynamic analysis. The result based on the datasets predicts that the random forest ML model outperforms than the other selected models: neural network, generalized linear model, decision tree in terms of mean square error (MSE), coefficient of determination (R2), and Correlation (r). The MSE of predicted vs actual muscle forces obtained from the random forest model for Biceps Femoris, Rectus Femoris, Vastus Medialis, Vastus Lateralis are 19.92, 9.06, 5.97, 5.46, Correlation are 0.94, 0.92, 0.92, 0.94 and R2 are 0.88, 0.84, 0.84 and 0.89 for the test dataset, respectively.

scholarly journals Using Aerial and Vehicular NFV Infrastructures to Agilely Create Vertical Services

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1342
Author(s):  
Borja Nogales ◽  
Miguel Silva ◽  
Ivan Vidal ◽  
Miguel Luís ◽  
Francisco Valera ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ad Hoc Network ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Network Services ◽  
Network Function Virtualization ◽  
Mobile Environments ◽  
Network Resources ◽  
The Public ◽  
Network Function ◽  
And Performance

5G communications have become an enabler for the creation of new and more complex networking scenarios, bringing together different vertical ecosystems. Such behavior has been fostered by the network function virtualization (NFV) concept, where the orchestration and virtualization capabilities allow the possibility of dynamically supplying network resources according to its needs. Nevertheless, the integration and performance of heterogeneous network environments, each one supported by a different provider, and with specific characteristics and requirements, in a single NFV framework is not straightforward. In this work we propose an NFV-based framework capable of supporting the flexible, cost-effective deployment of vertical services, through the integration of two distinguished mobile environments and their networks: small sized unmanned aerial vehicles (SUAVs), supporting a flying ad hoc network (FANET) and vehicles, promoting a vehicular ad hoc network (VANET). In this context, a use case involving the public safety vertical will be used as an illustrative example to showcase the potential of this framework. This work also includes the technical implementation details of the framework proposed, allowing to analyse and discuss the delays on the network services deployment process. The results show that the deployment times can be significantly reduced through a distributed VNF configuration function based on the publish–subscribe model.

scholarly journals Modelling and Optimization of Multi-Service Optical Switching Networks with Threshold Management Mechanisms

Electronics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (13) ◽  
pp. 1515
Author(s):  
Maciej Sobieraj ◽  
Piotr Zwierzykowski ◽  
Erich Leitgeb
Keyword(s):  
Optical Networks ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
Optical Switching ◽  
Optical Network ◽  
Research Work ◽  
Simulation Environment ◽  
Switching Networks ◽  
Traffic Characteristics ◽  
Threshold Mechanism ◽  
Optical Switching Networks

DWDM networks make use of optical switching networks that allow light waves of multiple lengths to be serviced and provide the possibility of converting them appropriately. Research work on optical switching networks focuses on two main areas of interest: new non-blocking structures for optical switching networks and finding traffic characteristics of switching networks of the structures that are already well known. In practical design of switching nodes in optical networks, in many cases, the Clos switching networks are successfully used. Clos switching networks are also used in Elastic Optical Networks that can effectively manage allocation of resources to individual multi-service traffic streams. The research outcomes presented in this article deal with the problems of finding traffic characteristics in blocking optical switching networks with known structures. This article aims at presenting an analysis of the influence of traffic management threshold mechanisms on the traffic characteristics of multi-service blocking Clos switching networks that are used in the nodes of elastic optical networks as well as their influence on the traffic efficiency of network nodes. The analysis was carried out on the basis of research studies performed in a specially dedicated purpose-made simulation environment. The article presents a description of the simulation environment used in the experiments. The study was focused on the influence of the threshold mechanism, which is one of the most commonly used and elastic traffic management mechanisms, and on the traffic characteristics of switching networks that service different mixtures of multi-service Erlang, Engset and Pascal traffic streams. The conducted study validates the operational effectiveness and practicality of the application of the threshold mechanism to model traffic characteristics of nodes in an elastic optical network.

scholarly journals Pressure Sensor System for Customized Scoliosis Braces

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (4) ◽  
pp. 1153
Author(s):  
Franz Konstantin Fuss ◽  
Asliza Ahmad ◽  
Adin Ming Tan ◽  
Rizal Razman ◽  
Yehuda Weizman
Keyword(s):  
Pressure Sensor ◽  
Testing Machine ◽  
Force Plate ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Mobile Systems ◽  
Sensor System ◽  
Closed Cell ◽  
Hard Shell ◽  
Energy Absorbers ◽  
Material Testing Machine

Hard-shell thoracolumbar sacral orthoses (TLSOs) are used for treating idiopathic scoliosis, a deformation of the spine with a sideways curvature. The pressure required inside the TLSO for ideal corrective results remains unclear. Retrofitting TLSOs with commercially available pressure measurement systems is expensive and can only be performed in a laboratory. The aim of this study was to develop a cost-effective but accurate pressure sensor system for TLSOs. The sensor was built from a piezoresistive polymer, placed between two closed-cell foam liners, and evaluated with a material testing machine. Because foams are energy absorbers, the pressure-conductance curve was affected by hysteresis. The sensor was calibrated on a force plate with the transitions from loading to unloading used to establish the calibration curve. The root mean square error was 12% on average within the required pressure range of 0.01–0.13 MPa. The sensor reacted to the changing pressure during breathing and different activities when tested underneath a chest belt at different tensions. The peak pressure reached 0.135 MPa. The sensor was further tested inside the scoliosis brace during different activities. The measured pressure was 0.014–0.124 MPa. The results from this study enable cheaper and mobile systems to be used for clinical studies on the comfort and pressure of braces during daily activities.

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