Antimicrobial and Toxic Activity of Citronella Essential Oil (Cymbopogon nardus), and Its Effect on the Growth and Metabolism of Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata L.)

Aquaculture procedures usually induce stress that affects the physiological status of fish. For this reason, the inclusion of additives in fish feeds to palliate stress might be a good alternative. This study aimed to assess the antimicrobial activity of citronella (Cymbopogon nardus) essential oil (CEO) against bacterial pathogens and to determine its dietary impact on the growth performance of Sparus aurata. In vitro tests confirmed that CEO possesses antimicrobial activity against several fish-specific pathogens. For the in vivo tests, three experimental groups were fed for 60 days with different concentrations of CEO: CTRL (0 mL kg−1 fish feed); CEO1 (1 mL kg−1 fish feed); and CEO2 (2 mL kg−1 fish feed). At the end of the experiment, the physiological status was characterized. Subsequently, the specimens of the CTRL and CEO2 groups were subjected to a challenge with an injection of Poly I:C for immune stimulation. Although S. aurata individuals tolerated CEO inclusion without compromising growth performance, it significantly reduced glycogen in the CEO2 group, concomitant to an increment of total peripheral leucocytes. Moreover, different hematological profiles’ responsive patterns against an inflammatory stimulus were observed. In conclusion, our results suggest that the use of CEO as a fish feed additive can prevent bacterial outbreaks and improve potential in vivo disease resistance in S. aurata without negatively affecting growth.

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Dysregulation of Intestinal Physiology by Aflatoxicosis in the Gilthead Seabream (Sparus aurata)

Frontiers in Physiology ◽

10.3389/fphys.2021.741192 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 12 ◽

Author(s):

Andre Barany ◽

Milagrosa Oliva ◽

Silvia Filipa Gregório ◽

Gonzalo Martínez-Rodríguez ◽

Juan Miguel Mancera ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Short Circuit ◽

Short Circuit Current ◽

Gastrointestinal System ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Fish Feed ◽

Ussing Chambers ◽

Molecular Approaches

Aflatoxin B1 (AFB1) is a mycotoxin often present in food. This study aimed to understand the physiological effects of AFB1 on the seabream (Sparus aurata) gastrointestinal system. In a first in vitro approach, we investigated ion transport using the short-circuit current (Isc) technique in Ussing chambers in the anterior intestine (AI). Application of apical/luminal AFB1 concentrations of 8 and 16 μM to healthy tissues was without effect on tissue transepithelial electrical resistance (TER), and apparent tissue permeability (Papp) was measured using fluorescein FITC (4 kD). However, it resulted in dose-related effects on Isc. In a second approach, seabream juveniles fed with different AFB1 concentrations (1 and 2 mg AFB1 kg−1 fish feed) for 85 days showed significantly reduced gill Na+/K+-ATPase (NKA) and H+-ATPase (HA) activities in the posterior intestine (PI). Moreover, dietary AFB1 modified Isc in the AI and PI, significantly affecting TER in the AI. To understand this effect on TER, we analyzed the expression of nine claudins and three occludins as markers of intestinal architecture and permeability using qPCR. Around 80% of the genes presented significantly different relative mRNA expression between AI and PI and had concomitant sensitivity to dietary AFB1. Based on the results of our in vitro, in vivo, and molecular approaches, we conclude that the effects of dietary AFB1 in the gastrointestinal system are at the base of the previously reported growth impairment caused by AFB1 in fish.

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Probiotic properties and fatty acid composition of the yeast Kluyveromyces lactis M3. In vivo immunomodulatory activities in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Fish & Shellfish Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.fsi.2019.09.024 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 94 ◽

pp. 389-397 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Crystal Guluarte ◽

Martha Reyes-Becerril ◽

Daniel Gonzalez-Silvera ◽

Alberto Cuesta ◽

Carlos Angulo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Fatty Acid Composition ◽

Fatty Acid ◽

Acid Composition ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Kluyveromyces Lactis ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Probiotic Properties

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Biochemical response in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) to in vivo exposure to pyrene and fluorene

Journal of Experimental Marine Biology and Ecology ◽

10.1016/j.jembe.2009.02.004 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 372 (1-2) ◽

pp. 49-57 ◽

Cited By ~ 29

Author(s):

Justyna Kopecka-Pilarczyk ◽

Ana Dulce Correia

Keyword(s):

Sparus Aurata ◽

Biochemical Response ◽

Gilthead Seabream

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Study of the dose of thyme essential oil in feed to prolong the shelf life of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata)

Aquaculture Nutrition ◽

10.1111/anu.12196 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 21 (5) ◽

pp. 740-749 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

A. Hernández ◽

B. García García ◽

M.J. Jordán ◽

M.D. Hernández

Keyword(s):

Essential Oil ◽

Shelf Life ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Thyme Essential Oil

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Effects of fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum) on gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.) immune status and growth performance

Fish & Shellfish Immunology ◽

10.1016/j.fsi.2015.04.035 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 45 (2) ◽

pp. 454-464 ◽

Cited By ~ 35

Author(s):

Elham Awad ◽

Rebeca Cerezuela ◽

M. Ángeles Esteban

Keyword(s):

Growth Performance ◽

Immune Status ◽

Sparus Aurata ◽

Gilthead Seabream ◽

Trigonella Foenum Graecum

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Cymbopogon nardus Essential Oil as Protein Inducer in Bacillus subtilis ATCC21332

Malaysian Journal of Science Health & Technology ◽

10.33102/mjosht.v1i1.18 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 1 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Hairul Shahril Muhamad ◽

Ismatul Nurul Asyikin Ismail ◽

Nabilah Ahmad Alhadi ◽

Salina Mat Radzi ◽

Maryam Mohamed Rehan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Bacillus Subtilis ◽

Essential Oil ◽

Protein Production ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Polyacrylamide Gel Electrophoresis ◽

Sodium Dodecyl ◽

Extracellular Proteins ◽

Specific Chemical ◽

Cymbopogon Nardus

Protein production by bacteria might be increased in stressful conditions such as in the presence of antimicrobial agents. Many studies have proven that antibiotics or antimicrobial agents at low concentration are able to activate or repress gene transcription process in bacteria. However, there have been comparatively few studies on the potential of natural compounds in nature as a specific chemical signal that can trigger a variety of biological functions. An attempt was made to study the effect of essential oil from Cymbopogon nardus in regulating protein production by Bacillus subtilis ATCC21332. The bacterial cells were further exposed to the C. nardus essential oil at concentration of 0.02 % for 48 h at 37°C. The intracellular proteins were then isolated and analyzed by sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Proteins profile showed that a band with approximate size of 180 kDa appeared for the treated bacteria with C. nardus essential oil. An alignment of peptide sequences to the NCBI BLAST database revealed that B. subtilis ATCC21332 in stressful condition tend to produce intracellular protein recognized as respiratory nitrate reductase ? subunit enzyme. Besides, the extracellular proteins secreted by B. subtilis ATCC21332 after being subjected to 0.02% of C. nardus essential oil for 48 and 72 h at 30°C, were further analyzed on antimicrobial activity. The extracellular proteins secreted by B. subtilis ATCC21332 prior to enhancing with 0.02 % C. nardus essential oil at 30°C for 72 h exhibited antimicrobial activity towards two strains of bacteria, which are Bacillus cereus and Escherichia coli.

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