Chemical and Nutritional Composition of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu Plum) Kernels: A Novel Nutrition Source

Kakadu plum (KP; Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell, Combretaceae) is an emergent indigenous fruit originating from Northern Australia, with valuable health and nutritional characteristics and properties (e.g., high levels of vitamin C and ellagic acid). In recent years, the utilization of handheld NIR instruments has allowed for the in situ quantification of a wide range of bioactive compounds in fruit and vegetables. The objective of this study was to evaluate the ability of a handheld NIR spectrophotometer to measure vitamin C and ellagic acid in wild harvested KP fruit samples. Whole and pureed fruit samples were collected from two locations in the Kimberley region (Western Australia, Australia) and were analysed using both reference and NIR methods. The standard error in cross validation (SECV) and the residual predictive deviation (RPD) values were 1.81% dry matter (DM) with an RPD of 2.1, and 3.8 mg g−1 DM with an RPD of 1.9 for the prediction of vitamin C and ellagic acid, respectively, in whole KP fruit. The SECV and RPD values were 1.73% DM with an RPD of 2.2, and 5.6 mg g−1 DM with an RPD of 1.3 for the prediction of vitamin C and ellagic acid, respectively, in powdered KP samples. The results of this study demonstrated the ability of a handheld NIR instrument to predict vitamin C and ellagic acid in whole and pureed KP fruit samples. Although the RPD values obtained were not considered adequate to quantify these bioactive compounds (e.g., analytical quantification), this technique can be used as a rapid tool to screen vitamin C in KP fruit samples for high and low quality vitamin C.

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Effects of Fruit Maturity on Physicochemical Properties, Sugar Accumulation and Antioxidant Capacity of Wild Harvested Kakadu Plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana)

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/foods_2020-07819 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 70 (1) ◽

pp. 48

Author(s):

Anh Dao Thi Phan ◽

Maral Seidi Damyeh ◽

Saleha Akter ◽

Mridusmita Chaliha ◽

Michael E. Netzel ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Free Radical ◽

Antioxidant Capacity ◽

Soluble Sugars ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Maturity Stages ◽

Radical Scavenging Capacity ◽

Scavenging Capacity ◽

Kakadu Plum ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum), belonging to the family Combretaceae, is endemic to Australia and has a long history of traditional medicinal applications and food cuisine by the Australian Indigenous people. This study investigated the effects of maturity stages on the morphology, physicochemical parameters (total soluble solids (TSS), total acid content (TAC), and pH), soluble sugar profile and antioxidant capacity of Kakadu plum (KP) fruits that were wild harvested from different trees and classified into four different maturity stages (immature to mature). TSS and TAC were determined by standard assays/procedures, main sugars by UHPLC–MS/MS and antioxidant capacity (total phenolic content (TPC) and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity) by spectrophotometry. The results showed that soluble sugars (glucose, sucrose and fructose) ranging from 1.3 to 17.7% dry weight (DW), TSS (17.0–52.7% DW) and TAC (1.3–6.7% DW) increased with maturity. However, antioxidant capacity (TPC in the range of 7.4–21.9% DW and DPPH free radical scavenging capacity from 22 to 76% inhibition at the extract concentration of 20 g·L−1) did not follow the same trend as the one observed for soluble sugars, TSS and TAC. These differences were associated with the tree-to-tree variability as a consequence of the wild harvest condition. This study provides important information to both the KP industry and Indigenous enterprises regarding the selection of the appropriate maturity stage to harvest KP fruit to target for different markets (e.g., low-sugar vs. high-sugar fruit).

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Antimicrobial Activity and Ellagitannins from Terminalia Ferdinandiana

Proceedings ◽

10.3390/proceedings2019036081 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 36 (1) ◽

pp. 81

Author(s):

Akter ◽

Hong ◽

Netzel ◽

Tinggi ◽

Osborne ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Activity ◽

Free Radical ◽

Morphological Changes ◽

Radical Scavenging Activity ◽

Radical Scavenging ◽

Free Radical Scavenging ◽

Total Phenolic ◽

Agar Disc ◽

Kakadu Plum ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

Extracts were prepared from Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum) fruits, leaves, seedcoats, and barks using accelerated solvent extraction with methanol, ethanol, water, acetone, and hexane. Antioxidant activity was assessed using the 2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) free radical scavenging assay and by determining the total phenolic content (TPC). Methanol fruit extracts had the strongest free radical scavenging activity and the highest TPC (12 g/100 g DW). The antimicrobial activity of all extracts (except hexane) was analysed by agar disc diffusion. Fruits and leaves showed larger inhibition zones against foodborne bacteria Listeria monocytogenes, Bacillus cereus, methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus, and clinical isolates of Pseudomonas aeruginosa compared to seedcoats and barks. The minimum inhibitory and minimum bactericidal concentration of the extracts ranged from 1.0 to 3.0 mg/mL against the tested microorganisms. Scanning electron microscopy images of bacteria treated with the extracts showed morphological changes consistent with cell death. A new UHPLC-MS/MS method for the determination of punicalagin and castalagin, bioactive ellagitannins, was developed and validated. Punicalagin contents in the fruits and leaves were 74 and 49 mg/100 g DW whilst castalagin contents were 1.1 and 0.8 mg/100 g DW. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first report about punicalagin and castalagin concentrations in Kakadu plum fruits and leaves. These initial findings are very promising in regards to the potential use of Kakadu plum fruit and leaf extracts as natural preservatives in the food industry.

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Phytochemical divergence in 45 accessions of Terminalia ferdinandiana (Kakadu plum)

Food Chemistry ◽

10.1016/j.foodchem.2013.11.049 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 151 ◽

pp. 248-256 ◽

Cited By ~ 21

Author(s):

Izabela Konczak ◽

Fabien Maillot ◽

Abdullah Dalar

Keyword(s):

Kakadu Plum ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

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Terminalia ferdinandiana inhibited the increased of matrix metalloproteinase-1 and prevent collagen decreased in mice skin exposed to UV-B

Neurologico Spinale Medico Chirurgico ◽

10.36444/nsmc.v4i1.136 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 4 (1) ◽

pp. 11-14

Author(s):

Shalihaty Emy ◽

Ida Sri Iswari ◽

Ni Wayan Winarti

Keyword(s):

Matrix Metalloproteinase ◽

Ultraviolet B ◽

Control Group ◽

Study Group ◽

Control Group Design ◽

Matrix Metalloproteinase 1 ◽

The Mean ◽

Kakadu Plum ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

Kakadu cream contained 0,1% Kakadu plum (Terminalia ferdinandiana) extract with a high content of phenolic compound, flavonol, tocopherol, luthein, chlorophyll, and ellagic acid has potential to prevent the Ultraviolet-B (UV-B) effect on skin aging acceleration. To date, there’s no in vivo experiment on the effect of kakadu plum extract on collagen nor matrix metalloproteinase-1(MMP-1). This research aims to evaluate the effectiveness of Kakadu cream administration in inhibiting the increase of MMP-1 expressions and prevent the decrease of collagen amount in mice (Mus musculus) skin exposed to UV-B. An experimental study with a post-test only control group design was employed in 36 male mice, 6-8 weeks old, weighing 20-25 grams. The samples were divided randomly into two groups, a control group given base cream and the study group, given Kakadu cream 0,1% on their shaved backs, 1 cm2 in size as the UV-B exposure's location. The UV-B irradiation was done three times a week for 4 weeks. The base and Kakadu cream were given twice a day. Comparative analysis was carried out to compare MMP-1 expression and collagen amount in both groups. The results show that the mean of MMP-1 expression on the study group was significantly lower compared to control group (p<0.001). The mean collagen amount was significantly higher in the study group than in the control group (p< 0,001). From the results, can be concluded that Kakadu cream inhibited the increase MMP-1 expression and prevent the decrease of collagen amount in mice skin exposed to UV-B.

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Understanding the reproductive biology of Terminalia ferdinandiana for improved fruit yields

Australian Journal of Botany ◽

10.1071/bt19127 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 67 (8) ◽

pp. 630

Author(s):

Julian Gorman ◽

Hanna Markones ◽

Michael John Lawes

Keyword(s):

Ascorbic Acid ◽

Reproductive Biology ◽

Fruit Production ◽

Food Plant ◽

Northern Australia ◽

Important Food ◽

Cross Pollination ◽

Kakadu Plum ◽

Terminalia Ferdinandiana

Terminalia ferdinandiana Exell., also known as the Kakadu plum, is an important food plant endemic to northern Australia. The fruit has substantial commercial demand as it contains sought-after antioxidants and the greatest concentration of ascorbic acid of any fruit known worldwide. Better knowledge of its reproductive biology is required to increase fruit production from wild stands and sustain commercial demand. Experiments demonstrate that T. ferdinandiana is andromonoecious and self-incompatible, relying on cross-pollination for successful fruit production. Wild stocks of this species are pollen limited, likely caused by pollinator satiation in dense, synchronously flowering stands. These findings indicate that enhanced fruit production requires supplementation of suitable pollinators in wild stands.

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