scholarly journals Is a Consumer Perception of Salt Modification a Sensory or a Behavioural Phenomenon? Insights from a Bread Study

Foods ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (9) ◽  
pp. 1172
Author(s):  
Aleš Kuhar ◽  
Mojca Korošec ◽  
Anja Bolha ◽  
Igor Pravst ◽  
Hristo Hristov
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behaviour ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Evaluation Study ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Average Reference

Salt plays a major role in food manufacturing and affects the technological and sensory properties of foods. At the same time, high dietary salt intake increases the risk of cardiovascular diseases and represents a considerable public health concern. In many populations, bread is a major contributor to salt intake and is therefore targeted by health policies recommending salt reduction reformulations. However, producers are often reluctant to reduce salt content due to fears of potential negative effects on consumer acceptability and drops in sales. The present work aims to assess the effect of salt content on consumers’ hedonic liking and perception of saltiness intensity, as well as the interaction of these two. The study was conducted using two market-leading bread types (white and multigrain) and bread samples with the national average (reference), reduced (−15%) and increased (+10%) salt levels. A sensory evaluation study (n = 200) was done including a questionnaire on attitudes and behaviour regarding bread and salt, enabling the exploration of individual differences in reactions to modified levels of salt content. The latter only affected hedonic liking for the multigrain sample with 15% salt reduction but not for others, which discloses the importance of the bread matrix; and it did not affect the perception of saltiness intensity. Penalty analysis revealed that perceived non-optimal saltiness results in significantly penalised hedonic liking scores. Segmentation based on perceived saltiness disclosed the explanatory importance of underlying consumer behaviour dimensions which should be considered in designing bread reformulations.

scholarly journals Current Knowledge and Behavior towards Salt Reduction among Hong Kong Citizens: A Cross–Sectional Survey

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (18) ◽  
pp. 9572
Author(s):  
Jasmine Cheung ◽  
Deborah Neyle ◽  
Peggy Pik Kei Chow
Keyword(s):  
Hong Kong ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
World Health ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

Excessive dietary salt intake is prevalent in the Hong Kong community. Over the last decade, the Hong Kong Special Administrative Region Government has been actively promoting community participation to reduce salt intake. The aim of this study was to investigate the current knowledge levels and behaviors relating to dietary salt intake among Hong Kong adults. This cross-sectional survey involved 426 adults in Hong Kong. The findings of this study identified areas of knowledge deficit in the recommended upper limit of daily salt intake for an adult set by World Health Organization (n = 295, 69.2%) indicated a lack of awareness that the overconsumption of salt could cause coronary heart disease (n = 233, 54.7%). Disengagement with salt reduction behavior, such as rarely/never checking the sodium or salt content listed on the food label (n = 252, 59.2%) and rarely/never purchasing food labelled with low salt or no salt content (n = 292, 68.9%), was reported. Excessive salt intake in dietary habits remains an under-recognized non-communicable disease threat by Hong Kong citizens, indicating ineffective responsive risk communication. There is a need to refine existing salt reduction initiatives to aid in making appropriate decisions regarding dietary salt intake among Hong Kong citizens.

scholarly journals A Brief Study of Dietary Salt Intake in an Urban Population

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tahere Soltani ◽  
Seyed Saeed Mazloomy Mahmoodabad ◽  
Azadeh Nadjarzadeh ◽  
Ali Akbar Vaezi ◽  
Seyedeh Mahdieh Namayandeh ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Sodium Intake ◽  
Salt Content ◽  
Population Based ◽  
Time Interval ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Related Factors ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
The People

Background: The purpose of this study is to investigate the amount of salt consumed by the people living in Yazd, Iran and its related factors based on previous investigations. materials and methods: A general search was performed on electronic databases of Daneshgostar Barakat system, Magiran, SID and English databases such as Scopus, PubMed, Web of sciences, Science direct, and Google scholar search engines using following keywords: "salt intake" OR "sodium intake" OR "salt reduction" OR "salt content" OR "sodium reduction" OR "Diet, Reducing"  regardless of the time interval. A total of 273 articles were obtained from the mentioned website. Papers published up to September 30, 2019 were retrieved. A total of 15 related articles were analyzed, and studies on the amount of salt consumed were evaluated. Results: The amount of salt received by the people of Yazd is higher than the standard of the World Organization and has an increasing trend. Conclusion: A population-based approach for salt intake reduction can lower blood pressure levels and presumably significantly reduce mortality. Therefore, the implementation of a comprehensive plan and intervention for salt consumption is necessary for this population.

The Effects of Different Kinds of Nutrition and Functional Foods on Multiple Sclerosis

2020 ◽  
Vol 16 (5) ◽  
pp. 632-637
Author(s):  
Masih Falahatian
Keyword(s):  
Multiple Sclerosis ◽  
Functional Foods ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Vegetable Intake ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Neuroinflammatory Disease ◽  
The Central Nervous System

It is an assumption that different kinds of nutrition, diet, and functional foods might have different positive or negative effects on multiple sclerosis (MS), a neuroinflammatory disease of the central nervous system (CNS). This brief paper involved a study on various kinds of nutrition including salt, fat, dairy, fruit, and vegetables. At the end of this study, appropriate diets were evaluated for MS patients. Based on previous studies both on animal models and on MS patients, excessive dietary salt intake and animal fat had worsening effects on MS patients but fruit and vegetable intake helped the remission of MS and decreased the risk of developing it. There were, of course, conflicting results in different studies over the role of some nutrition in MS and future studies on larger numbers of cases were required to collect reliable results. As a result, at the end of this study and based on literature, it is suggested that a diet should be programmed by nutritionists containing fewer salt, fat, and dairy intake and more fruits and vegetables for MS patients in order to better management of the disease.

scholarly journals Barriers of dietary salt reduction among hypertensive patients: a cross sectional study

2020 ◽  
Vol 7 (9) ◽  
pp. 3459
Author(s):  
Mariyam Khwaja
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Lifestyle Modification ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Sectional Study ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Hypertensive Patients ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

Background: Healthy dietary practice is an important lifestyle modification and one of the key adjuncts to pharmacotherapy in management of hypertension. A modest reduction in salt intake of 5 gm/day lowered blood pressure by 7/4 mmHg diastolic in hypertensive patients. Despite knowledge about the ill consequences, many people continue to consume high levels of salt in their diet. To motivate people to reduce salt in their diet, a solid understanding of barriers encountered by those under salt reduction recommendation is necessary. Hence, this study was conducted with the aim of identifying the barriers to dietary salt reduction among hypertensive patients.Methods: A community based cross sectional study was conducted on a sample of 356 hypertensive patients in field practice areas (urban and rural) in Department of Community Medicine, JNMC, AMU, Aligarh. A pretested semi-structured questionnaire was used for the study. Compliance to dietary salt intake was assessed by calculating average salt intake per person per day. The tenets of health belief model were used to examine the key determinants of human behavior. Analysis was done by using correlation, proportions, chi-square and multiple linear regression.Results: 31.4% of the participants took salt <5 gm per day. A significant association was noticed with area, religion, social class, family size, perceived benefits and perceived susceptibility. A significant positive correlation was seen with total adherence score and family size.Conclusions: A lot of barriers hinder the compliance to dietary salt reduction. Health Education stressing the role of salt reduction in control of blood pressure is recommended.

scholarly journals Determinants of dietary salt intake in adults: A protocol for Scoping Review

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Raunaq Singh Nagi ◽  
Pankaj Prasad ◽  
Sanjeev Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Scoping Review ◽  
English Language ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Data Extraction ◽  
Relevant Literature ◽  
Exclusion Criterion ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Factors Associated

AbstractObjectiveThe objective of this scoping review is to methodically review the current literature and identify the factors/determinants of dietary salt consumption in adults.IntroductionHigh dietary salt intake has been identified as a risk factor for non-communicable diseases and conditions. Despite continuous and rigorous efforts, dietary salt intake still remain above the recommended adult daily dose of 5g, both locally and globally. This indicates existence of unidentified or unaddressed behavioural factors that diminish efficiency of salt reduction efforts targeted towards public.Inclusion CriteriaThis review will include global literature dealing with factors associated with dietary salt intake in adults. Qualitative, quantitative and ecological studies on behavioural, psychosocial and environmental factors associated with awareness regarding dietary salt intake and barrier to its reduction will be considered. Studies published only in English language, without any limits on date of publication will be considered for this review.MethodsA comprehensive search across databases namely, MEDLINE, ScienceDirect, JSTOR, ERIC, DOAJ and OATD will be carried out to retrieve and identify relevant literature. Two reviewers will screen the titles followed by abstracts and subsequently full-length texts according to the inclusion and exclusion criterion, removing unrelated studies and finally compiling and extracting information from chosen studies in data extraction forms. Descriptive statistics will be used to represent the data. Thematic analysis of extracted data using deductive approach will be conducted.

scholarly journals Salt intake was higher among males and those with high BMI and waist circumference: introduction to the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS), a population-based salt intake survey in Malaysia

2021 ◽  
Vol 40 (S1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rashidah Ambak ◽  
Feng J He ◽  
Fatimah Othman ◽  
Viola Michael ◽  
Muhammad Fadhli Mohd Yusoff ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Waist Circumference ◽  
Sample Size ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Daily Intake ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Ministry Of Health ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake

Abstract Background Recognising that excessive dietary salt intake is associated with high blood pressure and adverse cardiovascular health, the Ministry of Health Malaysia conducted the Malaysian Community Salt Survey (MyCoSS) among Malaysian adults. This paper introduced MyCoSS projects and presented findings on the salt intake of the Malaysian adult population. Methods MyCoSS was a nationally representative survey, designed to provide valuable data on dietary salt intake, sources of salt in the diet, and knowledge, perception, and practice about salt among Malaysian adults. It was a cross-sectional household survey, covering Malaysian citizens of 18 years old and above. Multi-stage-stratified sampling was used to warrant national representativeness. Sample size was calculated on all objectives studied, and the biggest sample size was derived from the knowledge on the effect of high salt on health (1300 participants). Salt intake was estimated using a single 24-h urine collection and its sources from a food frequency questionnaire. Knowledge, attitude, and practice were determined from a pre-tested questionnaire. All questionnaires were fully administered by trained interviewers using mobile devices. Anthropometric indices (weight, height, and waist circumference) and blood pressure were measured using a standardised protocol. Ethical approvals were obtained from the Medical Research Ethics Committee, Ministry of Health Malaysia, and Queen Mary University of London prior to conducting the survey. Results Findings showed that the average sodium intake of Malaysian adults (3167 mg/day) was higher than the WHO recommendation of 2000 mg/day. Daily intake was significantly higher among males and individuals with higher BMI and higher waist circumference. Conclusion Salt intake in the Malaysian population was higher than the WHO recommendation. MyCoSS’s findings will be used for the development and implementation of national salt reduction policy. A successful implementation of a national salt reduction programme in Malaysia will benefit the whole population.

scholarly journals Perspectives of the public on reducing population salt intake in Ireland

2015 ◽  
Vol 19 (7) ◽  
pp. 1327-1335 ◽  
Author(s):  
Áine Regan ◽  
Christine Liran Shan ◽  
Patrick Wall ◽  
Áine McConnon
Keyword(s):  
Online Survey ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
High Salt ◽  
Attitudes And Beliefs ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
The Public ◽  
The Government

AbstractObjectiveAs countries struggle to meet the set targets for population salt intake, there have been calls for more regulated approaches to reducing dietary salt intake. However, little is known about how the public perceives various salt reduction policies; an important line of investigation given that the implementation and success of these policies often depend on public sentiment. We investigated the attitudes and beliefs of consumers towards salt reduction and their support for thirteen different government-led salt reduction policies.DesignA cross-sectional online survey measured participants’ knowledge, beliefs and attitudes in relation to salt reduction.SettingThe survey was carried out with participants from the Republic of Ireland.SubjectsFive hundred and one participants recruited via a market research agency completed the survey.ResultsWe found that the vast majority of participants supported eleven of the government-led salt reduction policies, which included measures such as education, labelling and salt restriction in foods (both voluntary and regulated, across a range of settings). The two proposed fiscal policies (subsidising low-salt foods and taxing high-salt foods) received less support in comparison, with the majority of participants opposed to a tax on high-salt foods. A series of multiple regressions revealed that individual attitudes and beliefs related to health and salt were stronger predictors of support than sociodemographic factors, lifestyle or knowledge.ConclusionsThe study provides an important evidence base from which policy makers may draw when making decisions on future policy steps to help achieve national salt targets.

scholarly journals Innovative equipment to monitor and control salt usage when cooking at home: iMC SALT research protocol for a randomised controlled trial

BMJ Open ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (5) ◽  
pp. e035898
Author(s):  
Carla Gonçalves ◽  
Tânia Silva-Santos ◽  
Sandra Abreu ◽  
Patrícia Padrão ◽  
Pedro Graça ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Intake ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Urinary Sodium Excretion ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Eligibility Criteria ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
And Control ◽  
Monitor And Control ◽  
At Home

IntroductionExcessive salt intake is a public health concern due to its deleterious impact on health. Most of the salt consumed come from those that are added when cooking. This study will improve knowledge on the effectiveness of interventions to reduce salt consumption among consumers.Methods and analysisIn this randomised clinical trial, we will be evaluating the efficacy of an intervention—the Salt Control H, an innovative prototype equipment to monitor and control use of salt when cooking—among workers from a public university, with the aim of reducing their dietary salt intake. We will randomly select 260 workers who meet the eligibility criteria and who are enrolled to an occupational health appointment and randomise them into one of the two arms of the study (either control or intervention), with matched baseline characteristics (sex and hypertension). The intervention will last for 8 weeks, during which the participants will use the equipment at home to monitor and control their use of salt when cooking. The main outcome will be 24-hour urinary sodium excretion at baseline, at fourth and eighth weeks of intervention, and at 6 months after intervention.Ethics and disseminationEthical approval for the study has been obtained from the Ethics Committee of the Centro Hospitalar Universitário São João. The results of the investigation will be published in peer-reviewed scientific papers and presented at international conferences.Trial registration numberNCT03974477Equipment provisional patent numberRegistered at INPI: 20191000033265.

scholarly journals SO035EFFECT OF DIETARY SALT REDUCTION ON BLOOD PRESSURE IN KIDNEY TRANSPLANT PATIENTS: A RANDOMISED CONTROLLED TRIAL

2020 ◽  
Vol 35 (Supplement_3) ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Ross ◽  
Rebecca Suckling ◽  
Fengjun He ◽  
Mark Dockrell ◽  
Thomas Bailey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Blood Pressure ◽  
Kidney Transplant ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Mean Difference ◽  
Urinary Sodium ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Transplant Patients ◽  
Kidney Transplant Patients

Abstract Background and Aims Cardiovascular morbidity and mortality are increased in kidney transplant patients. High blood pressure (BP) contributes significantly to this risk and is associated with shortened allograft survival. Dietary salt reduction is widely recommended as a strategy to lower BP in the general population and in chronic kidney disease. Due to a lack of evidence there is currently no consensus on dietary salt restriction in kidney transplant patients. The primary aim of the study was to examine the impact of reduced dietary salt intake on BP in kidney transplant patients. Method Sixty stable kidney transplant patients, ≥ 6-months post-transplantation, with BP ≥120/80 mmHg, and sodium intake ≥80 mmol/24hrs, were randomised in this parallel-designed study to receive either a regular-salt diet (target 150 mmol/24hr) or a low-salt diet (target 80 mmol/24hr) for 8-weeks. The primary outcome measure was systolic and diastolic BP. Secondary outcome measures included 24-hour ambulatory BP (ABP) and proteinuria. Dietary salt intake was assessed by 48-hour urinary sodium excretion. Results At baseline, patients (72% men) were 56±11 years with estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) 53±18 mL/min/1.73m2. Mean urinary sodium was 128±42 mmol/24hr, mean systolic BP was 132±12 mmHg, and mean diastolic BP was 77±10 mmHg. At the end of the intervention period sodium excretion was significantly lower in the low-salt group compared with the regular-salt group (90±37 vs. 132±51 mmol/24hr; adjusted mean difference, -36 [95% CI, -59 to -14] mmol/24hr; P=0.002). We found no difference in systolic BP (adjusted mean difference, -2 [95% CI, -12 to 9] mmHg; P=0.750), diastolic BP (adjusted mean difference, 0 [95% CI, -4 to 4] mmHg; P=0.887), 24-hour systolic ABP (adjusted mean difference, -3 [95% CI, -9 to 2] mmHg; P=0.213) or 24-hour diastolic ABP (adjusted mean difference, -2 [95% CI, -5 to 1] mmHg; P=0.267). There was no significant effect on proteinuria or eGFR. Conclusion In this study baseline urinary sodium was lower than expected and baseline BP was well controlled. Reducing dietary salt by 2g/day did not have a significant effect on office blood pressure readings.

scholarly journals Monitoring salt and iodine intakes in Dutch adults between 2006 and 2010 using 24 h urinary sodium and iodine excretions

2013 ◽  
Vol 17 (7) ◽  
pp. 1431-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marieke AH Hendriksen ◽  
Joop MA van Raaij ◽  
Johanna M Geleijnse ◽  
Caroline Wilson-van den Hooven ◽  
Marga C Ocké ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Random Sampling ◽  
Salt Intake ◽  
Iodine Intake ◽  
Processed Foods ◽  
Dietary Salt ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Salt Reduction ◽  
Dietary Salt Intake ◽  
Salt Iodine ◽  
Daily Intakes

AbstractObjectiveTo monitor the effectiveness of salt-reduction initiatives in processed foods and changes in Dutch iodine policy on Na and iodine intakes in Dutch adults between 2006 and 2010.DesignTwo cross-sectional studies among adults, conducted in 2006 and 2010, using identical protocols. Participants collected single 24 h urine samples and completed two short questionnaires on food consumption and urine collection procedures. Daily intakes of salt, iodine, K and Na:K were estimated, based on the analysis of Na, K and iodine excreted in urine.SettingDoetinchem, the Netherlands.SubjectsMen and women aged 19 to 70 years were recruited through random sampling of the Doetinchem population and among participants of the Doetinchem Cohort Study (2006:n317, mean age 48·9 years, 43 % men; 2010:n342, mean age 46·2 years, 45 % men).ResultsWhile median iodine intake was lower in 2010 (179 μg/d) compared with 2006 (257 μg/d;P< 0·0001), no difference in median salt intake was observed (8·7 g/d in 2006v. 8·5 g/d in 2010,P= 0·70). In 2006, median K intake was 2·6 g/dv. 2·8 g/d in 2010 (P< 0·01). In this 4-year period, median Na:K improved from 2·4 in 2006 to 2·2 in 2010 (P< 0·001).ConclusionsDespite initiatives to lower salt in processed foods, dietary salt intake in this population remains well above the recommended intake of 6 g/d. Iodine intake is still adequate, although a decline was observed between 2006 and 2010. This reduction is probably due to changes in iodine policy.

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