Prevalence of Multidrug-Resistant Foodborne Pathogens and Indicator Bacteria from Edible Offal and Muscle Meats in Nashville, Tennessee

This study investigated the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant bacteria in retail edible offal and muscle meats in Nashville, Tennessee. A total of 348 retail meats (160 edible offal and 188 muscle) were analyzed for Salmonella enterica serovar, Campylobacter, Escherichia coli, E. coli O157:H7, and enterococci. Bacteria was identified using biochemical and PCR methods. Salmonella enterica serovar (4.4% and 4.3%), Campylobacter (1.9% and 1.1%), E. coli (79.4% and 89.4%), and enterococci (88.1% and 95.7%) was detected in offal and muscle meats, respectively. Chicken liver (9.7%) was most frequently contaminated with Salmonella enterica serovar, followed by ground chicken (6.9%) and chicken wings (4.2%). No Salmonella enterica serovar was detected in beef liver, beef tripe, and ground beef. The prevalence of Campylobacter was 6.9%, 2.3%, and 1.4% in beef liver, ground beef, and ground chicken, respectively. None of the meats were positive for E. coli O157:H7. Resistance of isolates was significantly (p < 0.05) highest in erythromycin (98.3%; 99.1%), followed by tetracycline (94%; 98.3%), vancomycin (88.8%; 92.2%) as compared to chloramphenicol (43.1%; 53.9%), amoxicillin/clavulanic (43.5%; 45.7%), and ciprofloxacin (45.7%; 55.7%) in offal and muscle meats, respectively. Imipenem showed the lowest resistance (0%; 0.9%). A total of 41 multidrug-resistant patterns were displayed. Edible offal could be a source of antibiotic-resistant bacteria.

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Analysis of Fish Commonly Sold in Local Supermarkets Reveals the Presence of Pathogenic and Multidrug-Resistant Bacterial Communities

Microbiology Insights ◽

10.1177/1178636118786925 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 11 ◽

pp. 117863611878692 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Ama Okyere ◽

Dayna Bishoff ◽

Micah O Oyaro ◽

Nadim J Ajami ◽

Charles Darkoh

Keyword(s):

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Bacterial Communities ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Human Pathogens ◽

Culture Methods ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Fish Samples ◽

And Staphylococcus Aureus

Fish has been an important source of proteins, essential vitamins, and low saturated fats for centuries. However, improperly handled fish can expose consumers to infectious bacteria, including difficult to treat multidrug-resistant pathogens. With the goal to investigate the existence of disease-causing and antibiotic-resistant bacteria, we examined bacterial communities present on various types of fish purchased from supermarkets in Houston, Texas, USA. The bacterial communities were characterized by selective phenotypic culture methods, 16S ribosomal RNA gene sequencing, and antibiotic susceptibility testing. The results revealed the presence of different bacterial communities on the fish samples examined. The bacterial communities were not significantly different between the supermarkets sampled. The following presumptive human pathogens were isolated on the fish samples: Escherichia coli (67%), enterohemorrhagic E. coli (31%), Shigella and Salmonella species (28%), Listeria species (29%), and Staphylococcus aureus (28%). Drug sensitivity assays showed resistance to commonly prescribed antibiotics ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, and vancomycin. Out of a total of 99 E. coli samples tested, 41.4% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, whereas 33.3% were resistant to gentamicin. Of the total of 31 S. aureus isolates tested, 87% were resistant to ciprofloxacin, whereas 61.3% were resistant to vancomycin. Moreover, some of the E. coli strains were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and gentamicin (28%), whereas 49% of the S. aureus isolates were resistant to both ciprofloxacin and vancomycin. These results highlight the prevalence of antimicrobial-resistant foodborne pathogens on fish purchased from the supermarkets and underscore the risk associated with improper handling of fish.

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Multiresistant Bacteria Isolated from Intestinal Faeces of Farm Animals in Austria

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics10040466 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 10 (4) ◽

pp. 466

Author(s):

Herbert Galler ◽

Josefa Luxner ◽

Christian Petternel ◽

Franz F. Reinthaler ◽

Juliana Habib ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Meat Products ◽

Animal Husbandry ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Farm Animals ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Multiresistant Bacteria ◽

Vancomycin Resistant

In recent years, antibiotic-resistant bacteria with an impact on human health, such as extended spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL)-containing Enterobacteriaceae, methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and vancomycin-resistant Enterococci (VRE), have become more common in food. This is due to the use of antibiotics in animal husbandry, which leads to the promotion of antibiotic resistance and thus also makes food a source of such resistant bacteria. Most studies dealing with this issue usually focus on the animals or processed food products to examine the antibiotic resistant bacteria. This study investigated the intestine as another main habitat besides the skin for multiresistant bacteria. For this purpose, faeces samples were taken directly from the intestines of swine (n = 71) and broiler (n = 100) during the slaughter process and analysed. All samples were from animals fed in Austria and slaughtered in Austrian slaughterhouses for food production. The samples were examined for the presence of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae, MRSA, MRCoNS and VRE. The resistance genes of the isolated bacteria were detected and sequenced by PCR. Phenotypic ESBL-producing Escherichia coli could be isolated in 10% of broiler casings (10 out of 100) and 43.6% of swine casings (31 out of 71). In line with previous studies, the results of this study showed that CTX-M-1 was the dominant ESBL produced by E. coli from swine (n = 25, 83.3%) and SHV-12 from broilers (n = 13, 81.3%). Overall, the frequency of positive samples with multidrug-resistant bacteria was lower than in most comparable studies focusing on meat products.

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Retail Chicken Carcasses as a Reservoir of Antimicrobial- Resistant Escherichia coli

University of the Future: Re-Imagining Research and Higher Education ◽

10.29117/quarfe.2020.0115 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Nahla Omer Eltai ◽

Hadi M. Yassine ◽

Sara H. Al-Hadidi ◽

Tahra ElObied ◽

Asmaa A. Al Thani ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Escherichia Coli ◽

Antimicrobial Resistance ◽

Growth Promotion ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chicken Meat ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Inappropriate Use ◽

Esbl Producers

The dissemination of antimicrobial resistance (AMR) bacteria has been associated with the inappropriate use of antibiotics in both humans and animals and with the consumption of food contaminated with resistant bacteria. In particular, the use of antibiotics as prophylactic and growth promotion purposes in food-producing animals has rendered many of the antibiotics ineffective. The increased global prevalence of AMR poses a significant threat to the safety of the world’s food supply. Objectives: This study aims at determining the prevalence of antibiotic-resistant Escherichia coli (E. coli) isolated from local and imported retail chicken meat in Qatar. Methodology: A total of 270 whole chicken carcasses were obtained from three different hypermarket stores in Qatar. A total of 216 E. coli were isolated and subjected to antibiotic susceptibility testing against 18 relevant antibiotics using disc diffusion and micro- dilution methods. Furthermore, extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) production was determined via a double-disc synergetic test. Isolates harboring colistin resistance were confirmed using multiplex-PCR and DNA sequencing. Results: Nearly 89% (192/216) of the isolates were resistant to at least one antibiotics. In general, isolates showed relatively higher resistance to sulfamethoxazole (62%), tetracycline (59.7%), ampicillin and trimethoprim (52.3%), ciprofloxacin (47.7%), cephalothin, and colistin (31.9%). On the other hand, less resistance was recorded against amoxicillin/clavulanic acid (6%), ceftriaxone (5.1%), nitrofurantoin (4.2%) and piperacillin/tazobactam (4.2%), cefepime (2.3%), meropenem (1.4%), ertapenem (0.9%), and amikacin (0.9%). Nine isolates (4.2%) were ESBL producers. Furthermore, 63.4% were multidrug-resistant (MDR). The percentage of MDR, ESBL producers, and colistin-resistant isolates was significantly higher among local isolates compared to imported chicken samples. Conclusion: We reported a remarkably high percentage of the antibiotic-resistant E. coli in chicken meat sold at retail in Qatar. The high percentage of MDR and colistin isolates is troublesome to the food safety of raw chicken meat and the potential of antibiotic resistance spread to public health. Our findings support the need for the implementation of one health approach to address the spread of antimicrobial resistance and the need for a collaborative solution.

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Detection of Antibiotic-Resistant Bacteria, Resistance Determinants, and Mobile Elements in Surface Waters in Lebanon

10.1101/2021.02.12.21251645 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Jennifer Moussa ◽

Edmond Abboud ◽

Sima Tokajian

Keyword(s):

Surface Water ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Population Mobility ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Resistance Determinants ◽

Bacterial Contaminants ◽

Plasmid Analysis

AbstractThe prevalence of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in surface water in Lebanon is a growing concern and understanding the mechanisms of the spread of resistance determinants is essential. We aimed at studying the occurrence of resistant organisms and determinants in surface water sources in Lebanon and understanding their mobilization and transmission. Water samples were collected from five major rivers in Lebanon. 91 isolates were recovered out of which 25 were multidrug-resistant (MDR) and accordingly were further characterized. Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae were the most commonly identified MDR isolates. Conjugation assays coupled with in silico plasmid analysis were performed and validated using PCR-based replicon typing (PBRT) to identify and confirm incompatibility groups and the localization of β-lactamase encoding genes. E. coli EC23 carried a blaNDM-5 gene on a conjugative, multireplicon plasmid, while blaCTX-M-15 and blaTEM-1B were detected in the majority of the MDR isolates. Different ST types were identified including the highly virulent E. coli ST131. Our results showed a common occurrence of bacterial contaminants in surface water and an increase in the risk for the dissemination of resistance determinants exacerbated with the ongoing intensified population mobility in Lebanon and the widespread lack of wastewater treatment.

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Design, Overproduction and Purification of the Chimeric Phage Lysin MLTphg Fighting against Staphylococcus aureus

Processes ◽

10.3390/pr8121587 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 8 (12) ◽

pp. 1587

Author(s):

Feng Wang ◽

Xiaohang Liu ◽

Zhengyu Deng ◽

Yao Zhang ◽

Xinyu Ji ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Aureus ◽

Bacterial Infections ◽

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Conventional Antibiotics ◽

Phage Lysin ◽

Shed Light

With the increasing spread of multidrug-resistant bacterial pathogens, it is of great importance to develop alternatives to conventional antibiotics. Here, we report the generation of a chimeric phage lysin, MLTphg, which was assembled by joining the lysins derived from Meiothermus bacteriophage MMP7 and Thermus bacteriophage TSP4 with a flexible linker via chimeolysin engineering. As a potential antimicrobial agent, MLTphg can be obtained by overproduction in Escherichia coli BL21(DE3) cells and the following Ni-affinity chromatography. Finally, we recovered about 40 ± 1.9 mg of MLTphg from 1 L of the host E. coli BL21(DE3) culture. The purified MLTphg showed peak activity against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC6538 between 35 and 40 °C, and maintained approximately 44.5 ± 2.1% activity at room temperature (25 °C). Moreover, as a produced chimera, it exhibited considerably improved bactericidal activity against Staphylococcus aureus (2.9 ± 0.1 log10 reduction was observed upon 40 nM MLTphg treatment at 37 °C for 30 min) and also a group of antibiotic-resistant bacteria compared to its parental lysins, TSPphg and MMPphg. In the current age of growing antibiotic resistance, our results provide an engineering basis for developing phage lysins as novel antimicrobial agents and shed light on bacteriophage-based strategies to tackle bacterial infections.

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Development of Staphylococcus Enzybiotics: The Ph28 Gene of Staphylococcus epidermidis Phage PH15 Is a Two-Domain Endolysin

Antibiotics ◽

10.3390/antibiotics9040148 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 9 (4) ◽

pp. 148

Author(s):

Magdy Mohamed Muharram ◽

Ashraf Tawfik Abulhamd ◽

Mohammed F. Aldawsari ◽

Mohamed Hamed Alqarni ◽

Nikolaos E. Labrou

Keyword(s):

Staphylococcus Epidermidis ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Health Concern ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Evolutionary Features ◽

Ncbi Accession ◽

Molecular Modelling Studies ◽

Modelling Studies

Given the worldwide increase in antibiotic resistant bacteria, bacteriophage derived endolysins represent a very promising new alternative class of antibacterials in the fight against infectious diseases. Endolysins are able to degrade the prokaryotic cell wall, and therefore have potential to be exploited for biotechnological and medical purposes. Staphylococcus epidermidis is a Gram-positive multidrug-resistant (MDR) bacterium of human skin. It is a health concern as it is involved in nosocomial infections. Genome-based screening approach of the complete genome of Staphylococcus virus PH15 allowed the identification of an endolysin gene (Ph28; NCBI accession number: YP_950690). Bioinformatics analysis of the Ph28 protein predicted that it is a two-domain enzyme composed by a CHAP (22-112) and MurNAc-LAA (171-349) domain. Phylogenetic analysis and molecular modelling studies revealed the structural and evolutionary features of both domains. The MurNAc-LAA domain was cloned, and expressed in E. coli BL21 (DE3). In turbidity reduction assays, the recombinant enzyme can lyse more efficiently untreated S. epidermidis cells, compared to other Staphylococcus strains, suggesting enhanced specificity for S. epidermidis. These results suggest that the MurNAc-LAA domain from Ph28 endolysin may represent a promising new enzybiotic.

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Faecal indicator bacteria and antibiotic-resistant β-lactamase producing Escherichia coli in blackwater: a pilot study

Archives of Industrial Hygiene and Toxicology ◽

10.2478/aiht-2019-70-3212 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 70 (2) ◽

pp. 140-148 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

Urška Šunta ◽

Miha Žitnik ◽

Noemi Concetta Finocchiaro ◽

Tjaša Griessler Bulc ◽

Karmen Godič Torkar

Keyword(s):

Pilot Study ◽

Clavulanic Acid ◽

Uv Light ◽

Indicator Bacteria ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Faecal Indicator Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

Separation Unit ◽

E Coli ◽

Gastrointestinal Bacteria

AbstractThe aim of this study was to identify and quantify faecal indicator bacteria in blackwater collected from a source separation unit and determine the amount of E. coli isolates resistant to antimicrobials and their potential to produce extended spectrum β-lactamases (ESβLs) and metallo-β-lactamases (MβLs), which hydrolyse the most important antibiotics used in clinical practice. Most of the isolates were resistant to amoxicillin with clavulanic acid (36.4 %), followed by ticarcillin with clavulanic acid (22.7 %) and tetracycline (18.2 %). ESβL-producing genes blaCTX-M and blaTEM were found in three (13.6 %) and four (18.2 %) E. coli strains, respectively, while MβL genes were found in two (9.1 %). By separating at source, this pilot study clearly shows that gastrointestinal bacteria of healthy people can be an important source of antibiotic resistance released into the environment through wastewaters. One way to prevent that is to treat wastewater with a combination of TiO2, UV light, or ozone, as successful methods to remove resistant bacteria and prevent their spread in the environment.

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Lactic acid bacterial bacteriocins and their bioactive properties against food-associated antibiotic-resistant bacteria

Annals of Microbiology ◽

10.1186/s13213-021-01652-6 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 71 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Emmanuel Edoghogho Imade ◽

Solomon Esharegoma Omonigho ◽

Olubukola Oluranti Babalola ◽

Ben Jesuorsemwen Enagbonma

Keyword(s):

Lactic Acid ◽

Foodborne Pathogens ◽

Food Products ◽

Lactobacillus Fermentum ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant Bacteria ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Agar Well Diffusion Assay ◽

Diffusion Assay

Abstract Purpose Incidence of foodborne diseases and growing resistance of pathogens to classical antibiotics is a major concern in the food industry. Consequently, there is increasing demand for safe foods with fewer chemical additives but natural products which are not harmful to the consumers. Bacteriocins, produced by lactic acid bacteria (LAB), is of interest because they are active in a nanomolar range, do not have toxic effects, and are readily available in fermented food products. Methods In this research, LAB were isolated from fufu, gari, kunu, nono, and ogi using De Mann, Rogosa, and Sharpe agar. Cell-free supernatants were prepared from 18-24 h LAB culture grown on MRS broth. Effect of organic acid was eliminated by adjusting the pH of the supernatants to 7.0 with 1M NaOH while the effect of hydrogen peroxide was eliminated by treating with Catalase enzyme. The supernatant was then filter-sterilized using a membrane filtration unit with a 0.2-μm pore size millipore filter and subjected to agar well diffusion assay against foodborne antibiotic-resistant bacteria. Result A total of 162 isolates were obtained from the food samples. The antimicrobial sensitivity test yielded positive results for 45 LAB isolates against Staphylococcus aureus ATCC 25923 while 52 LAB isolates inhibited Escherichia coli ATCC 25922. On confirmation of the bacteriocinogenic nature of the inhibitory substance, 4 of the LAB isolates displayed a remarkable degree of inhibition to Leuconostoc mesenteroides, Salmonella typhimurium, and Bacillus cereus. Agar well diffusion assay was also performed against antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens using the cell-free supernatant (CFS) obtained from Lactobacillus fermentum strain NBRC15885 (Limosilactobacillus fermentum), Lactobacillus fermentum strain CIP102980 (Limosilactobacillus fermentum), Lactobacillus plantarum strain JCM1149 (Lactiplantibacillus garii), and Lactobacillus natensis strain LP33 (Companilactobacillus nantensis). The foodborne pathogens exhibited a notable level of resistance to antibiotics, with B. cereus exhibiting a resistance profile of 40%, S. aureus (50%), K. pnuemoniae (70%), E. coli (60%), and S. typhi (40%). The (CFS) was able to inhibit the growth of B. cereus, Klebsiella pneumonia, S. typhimurium, S. aureus, and E. coli. Conclusion Therefore, it portends that the bacteriocins produced by the LAB isolated from these food products could act as probiotics for effective inhibition of the growth of antibiotic-resistant foodborne pathogens.

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Antibiotic Resistance and Plasmid Analysis of Enterobacteriaceae Isolated From Retail Meat in Lagos Nigeria

10.21203/rs.3.rs-126037/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Roseline Ekiomado Uzeh ◽

Bamidele Tolulope Odumosu ◽

Fadekemisola Adewumi

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Agents ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Resistant Bacteria ◽

Plasmid Copy ◽

Alkaline Lysis ◽

Antibiotic Resistant ◽

E Coli ◽

Overall Resistance ◽

Meat Samples ◽

High Level

Abstract Background The presence of antibiotic resistant microorganisms in food is of great concern globally. This research was carried out to detect and characterize plasmid carriage and profiles among members of Enterobacteriaceae from different meat types in Nigeria. Method From a total of 80 meat samples comprising of mutton, pork, beef and chicken, organisms belonging to the family Enterobacteriaceae were isolated by standard procedures and identified by API 20E system. Antibiotics susceptibilities testing (AST) against selected classes of antimicrobial agents and plasmid extraction was carried out by disc diffusion and alkaline lysis methods respectively. Results One-hundred and ten Enterobacteriaceae were isolated, species identification revealed isolates belonging to 7 genera comprising of Escherichia, Enterobacter, Klebsiella, Citrobacter, Proteus, Salmonella and Serratia. Overall resistance of the organisms to amoxycillin/clavulanic acid was 91 (82.7%), streptomycin 85 (75.7%) and perfloxacin 74 (67.2%) while ofloxacin had the highest susceptibility rate (91.8%). Plasmids profiling revealed ranges of plasmids from 1 to 3 copies with estimated sizes range of 700bp to 1.1kb among E. coli, K. pneumoniae, E. aerogenes and Proteus mirabilis. All the isolates with plasmids were multidrug resistant and were isolated from chicken except a strain of E. coli from pork which harboured a single plasmid copy suggesting these meat as reservoirs for antibiotic resistant bacteria. Conclusion Our findings revealed high level of meat contamination with antibiotic resistant Enterobacteriaceae harbouring resistant plasmids. An integrated surveillance system and safety practice must be ensured among the processors and retailers

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Antimicrobial Resistance in Salmonella enterica Serovar Heidelberg Isolates from Retail Meats, Including Poultry, from 2002 to 2006

Applied and Environmental Microbiology ◽

10.1128/aem.01249-08 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 74 (21) ◽

pp. 6656-6662 ◽

Cited By ~ 83

Author(s):

S. Zhao ◽

D. G. White ◽

S. L. Friedman ◽

A. Glenn ◽

K. Blickenstaff ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Antimicrobial Susceptibility ◽

Salmonella Enterica ◽

Ground Beef ◽

Multidrug Resistant ◽

Chicken Breast ◽

Food Borne ◽

Retail Meats ◽

Food Borne Illness ◽

Resistant Strains ◽

Few Data

ABSTRACT Salmonella enterica serovar Heidelberg frequently causes food-borne illness in humans. There are few data on the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility, and genetic diversity of Salmonella serovar Heidelberg isolates in retail meats. We compared the prevalences of Salmonella serovar Heidelberg in a sampling of 20,295 meats, including chicken breast (n = 5,075), ground turkey (n = 5,044), ground beef (n = 5,100), and pork chops (n = 5,076), collected during 2002 to 2006. Isolates were analyzed for antimicrobial susceptibility and compared genetically using pulsed-field gel electrophoresis (PFGE) and PCR for the bla CMY gene. A total of 298 Salmonella serovar Heidelberg isolates were recovered, representing 21.6% of all Salmonella serovars from retail meats. One hundred seventy-eight (59.7%) were from ground turkey, 110 (36.9%) were from chicken breast, and 10 (3.4%) were from pork chops; none was found in ground beef. One hundred ninety-eight isolates (66.4%) were resistant to at least one compound, and 49 (16.4%) were resistant to at least five compounds. Six isolates (2.0%), all from ground turkey, were resistant to at least nine antimicrobials. The highest resistance in poultry isolates was to tetracycline (39.9%), followed by streptomycin (37.8%), sulfamethoxazole (27.7%), gentamicin (25.7%), kanamycin (21.5%), ampicillin (19.8%), amoxicillin-clavulanic acid (10.4%), and ceftiofur (9.0%). All isolates were susceptible to ceftriaxone and ciprofloxacin. All ceftiofur-resistant strains carried bla CMY. PFGE using XbaI and BlnI showed that certain clones were widely dispersed in different types of meats and meat brands from different store chains in all five sampling years. These data indicate that Salmonella serovar Heidelberg is a common serovar in retail poultry meats and includes widespread clones of multidrug-resistant strains.

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