scholarly journals Cost of Reasoning and Strategic Sophistication

Games ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wanqun Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Lower Type ◽  
Environment Changes ◽  
Strategic Environments

I designed an experiment to study the persistence of the prevailing levels of reasoning across games. Instead of directly comparing the k-level(s) of reasoning for each game, I used cognitive load to manipulate the strategic environment by imposing variations on the subject’s cost of reasoning and their first- and second-order beliefs. Subjects have systematic changes in k-level(s) of reasoning across games. That finding suggests that subjects are responsive to changes in the strategic environment. Changes in k-level(s) of reasoning are mostly consistent with the endogenous depth of reasoning model when subjects are more cognitively capable or facing less cognitively capable opponents. Subjects have cognitive bounds, but often choose a lower-type action due to their beliefs about their opponents. Finally, cognitive ability plays a significant role in subjects making strategic adjustments when facing different strategic environments.

scholarly journals Is the Kantian Transcendentalism Idealism? Kant's Conceptual Realism

2021 ◽  
Vol 2 (1) ◽  
pp. 0
Author(s):  
Sergey Katrechko
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Transcendental Idealism ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order System ◽  
Realistic Interpretation ◽  
Conceptual Realism ◽  
Copernican Revolution ◽  
Empirical Realism ◽  
Empirical Idealism

In my paper I argue, relying on Kantian definitions and conceptual distinctions, the thesis that Kantian transcen-dental philosophy, which he characterizes as a second-order system of transcendental idealism, is not [empirical] idealism, but a form of realism (resp. compatible with empirical realism [A370-1]). As arguments in favor of this “realistic” thesis, I consistently develop a realistic interpretation of the Kant’s concept of appearance (the theory of “two aspects”), as well as of Kantian Copernican revolution, of his theory of intuition as cognitive ability which 'giving' ‘us objects, of the concept of double affection and noumenal causality.

scholarly journals Teasing Apart Overclaiming, Overconfidence, and Socially Desirable Responding

Assessment ◽  
2017 ◽  
Vol 26 (3) ◽  
pp. 351-363 ◽  
Author(s):  
Doreen Bensch ◽  
Delroy L. Paulhus ◽  
Lazar Stankov ◽  
Matthias Ziegler
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Potential Problem ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Grandiose Narcissism ◽  
Positivity Bias ◽  
First Order ◽  
Potential Indicator ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses ◽  
The Impact

Contamination with positivity bias is a potential problem in virtually all areas of psychological assessment. To determine the impact of positivity bias, one common approach is to embed special indicators within one’s assessment battery. Such tools range from social desirability scales to overconfidence measures to the so-called overclaiming technique. Despite the large literature on these different approaches and underlying theoretical notions, little is known about the overall nomological network—in particular, the degree to which these constructs overlap. To this end, a broad spectrum of positivity bias detection tools was administered in low-stakes settings ( N = 798) along with measures of the Big Five, grandiose narcissism, and cognitive ability. Exploratory factor analyses revealed six first-order and two second-order factors. Overclaiming was not loaded by any of the six first-order factors and overconfidence was not explained by either of the two second-order factors. All other measures were confounded with personality and/or cognitive ability. Based on our findings, overclaiming is the most distinct potential indicator of positivity bias and independent of known personality measures.

Mentalizing during social interaction: the development and validation of the interactive mentalizing questionnaire

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Haiyan Wu ◽  
Bowen John Fung ◽  
dean mobbs
Keyword(s):  
Social Interaction ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Mental State ◽  
Discriminant Validity ◽  
Mental States ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Convergent And Discriminant Validity ◽  
Development And Validation

Studies have shown that during social interaction a shared system underlies inferring one’s own mental state, and the mental states of others – processes often referred to as mentalization. However, no validated assessment has been developed to measure second order mentalization (one’s beliefs about how transparent one’s thoughts are to others), or whether this capacity plays a significant role in social interaction. The current work presents a interactive mentalization theory, which divides these directional and second order aspects of mentalization, and investigates whether these constructs are measurable, stable, and meaningful in social interactions. We developed a 20-item, self-report interactive mentalization questionnaire (IMQ) in order to assess the different sub-components of mentalization: self-self, self-other, and other-self mentalization (Study 1). We then tested this scale on a large, online sample, and report convergent and discriminant validity in the form of correlations with other measures (Study 2), as well as correlations with social deception behaviors in real interaction with Mturk studies (Study 3 and Study 4). These results validate the IMQ, and support the idea that these three factors can predict mentalization in social interaction.

Career Adaptability and Career Success

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Felix Krause ◽  
Sascha L. Schmidt ◽  
Dominik Schreyer
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Ability ◽  
Significant Role ◽  
Career Success ◽  
Incremental Validity ◽  
Outcome Variable ◽  
Career Adaptability ◽  
Alternative Outcome ◽  
Psychosocial Resource ◽  
Incremental Validation

Abstract. In this study, we contribute to the ongoing incremental validation efforts of the Career Adapt-Abilities Scale (CAAS). Using primary personality and cognition data from 164 German athletes in vocational careers, we intended to replicate Zacher’s (2014) seminal work in an alternative Western environment while also extending it in two significant ways: first, by adding two components of cognitive ability, and second, by introducing an alternative outcome variable – objective career success. In line with Zacher, we observe a significant role of career adaptability in predicting subjective career success. However, we also note that this initially robust relationship stems from a different psychosocial resource than expected. Interestingly, employing CAAS seems not to possess further incremental validity when predicting objective career success.

The Synthesis and Reactivity of 5H-Cycloprop[f]isobenzofuran and Related Compounds. A Kinetic Probe for the Mills-Nixon Effect

1996 ◽  
Vol 49 (12) ◽  
pp. 1263 ◽  
Author(s):  
IJ Anthony ◽  
D Wege
Keyword(s):  
Significant Role ◽  
Rate Constants ◽  
Dimethyl Fumarate ◽  
Second Order ◽  
Order Rate ◽  
Fused Heterocycles ◽  
Order Of Magnitude ◽  
Related Compounds

5H-Cycloprop[f]isobenzofuran (6) and the sulfur analogue 5H-cyclopropa[f][2] benzothiophen (18) have been prepared by a sequence of reactions involving trapping of 1,2-dibromocyclopropene with 3,4-dimethylidenetetrahydrofuran and 3,4-dimethylidenetetrahydrothiophen followed by sequential dehydrogenation and di-dehydrobromination. Both cyclopropa -fused heterocycles, like their parents, have limited stability. Several other 5,6-methylene-bridged and 5,6-disubstituted isobenzofurans (32) have been generated and characterized as their adducts with dimethyl fumarate . Second-order rate constants for the reaction of dimethyl fumarate with isobenzofuran, 5H-cycloprop[f] isobenzofuran as well as the series of substituted derivatives have been measured. The reactivity span is only one order of magnitude suggesting that π-bond fixation (the Mills-Nixon effect) does not play a significant role in determining the reactivity of (6).

Disappearance Voltage Determinations Using a Convergent Beam

1971 ◽  
Vol 29 ◽  
pp. 184-185
Author(s):  
W. L. Bell
Keyword(s):  
Second Order ◽  
Objective Method ◽  
Uniform Thickness ◽  
Rocking Curve ◽  
Crystal Perfection ◽  
Kikuchi Line ◽  
Central Maximum ◽  
Diffraction Patterns ◽  
Convergent Beam ◽  
Beam Technique

Disappearance voltages for second order reflections can be determined experimentally in a variety of ways. The more subjective methods, such as Kikuchi line disappearance and bend contour imaging, involve comparing a series of diffraction patterns or micrographs taken at intervals throughout the disappearance range and selecting that voltage which gives the strongest disappearance effect. The estimated accuracies of these methods are both to within 10 kV, or about 2-4%, of the true disappearance voltage, which is quite sufficient for using these voltages in further calculations. However, it is the necessity of determining this information by comparisons of exposed plates rather than while operating the microscope that detracts from the immediate usefulness of these methods if there is reason to perform experiments at an unknown disappearance voltage.The convergent beam technique for determining the disappearance voltage has been found to be a highly objective method when it is applicable, i.e. when reasonable crystal perfection exists and an area of uniform thickness can be found. The criterion for determining this voltage is that the central maximum disappear from the rocking curve for the second order spot.

Cognitive Load Affects Speech Motor Performance Differently in Older and Younger Adults

2019 ◽  
Vol 62 (5) ◽  
pp. 1258-1277 ◽  
Author(s):  
Megan K. MacPherson
Keyword(s):  
Older Adults ◽  
Cognitive Load ◽  
Motor Performance ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Incongruent Condition ◽  
Sentence Production ◽  
Movement Duration ◽  
Production Task ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Speech Motor

PurposeThe aim of this study was to determine the impact of cognitive load imposed by a speech production task on the speech motor performance of healthy older and younger adults. Response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory were the primary cognitive processes of interest.MethodTwelve healthy older and 12 healthy younger adults produced multiple repetitions of 4 sentences containing an embedded Stroop task in 2 cognitive load conditions: congruent and incongruent. The incongruent condition, which required participants to suppress orthographic information to say the font colors in which color words were written, represented an increase in cognitive load relative to the congruent condition in which word text and font color matched. Kinematic measures of articulatory coordination variability and movement duration as well as a behavioral measure of sentence production accuracy were compared between groups and conditions and across 3 sentence segments (pre-, during-, and post-Stroop).ResultsIncreased cognitive load in the incongruent condition was associated with increased articulatory coordination variability and movement duration, compared to the congruent Stroop condition, for both age groups. Overall, the effect of increased cognitive load was greater for older adults than younger adults and was greatest in the portion of the sentence in which cognitive load was manipulated (during-Stroop), followed by the pre-Stroop segment. Sentence production accuracy was reduced for older adults in the incongruent condition.ConclusionsIncreased cognitive load involving response inhibition, selective attention, and working memory processes within a speech production task disrupted both the stability and timing with which speech was produced by both age groups. Older adults' speech motor performance may have been more affected due to age-related changes in cognitive and motoric functions that result in altered motor cognition.

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