Die Raum- und Zeitlehre Alois Riehls im Kontext realistischer Interpretationen von Kants transzendentalem Idealismus

In The Philosophical Criticism, Alois Riehl developed a realistic interpretation of Kant’s transcendental idealism based on his theory of space and time. In doing so, more than 100 years ago, he formulated an interpretation of the relation between the thing in itself and appearances that is discussed in current research as the metaphysical „dual aspect“ interpretation, although it is rarely attributed to Riehl. To reconstruct Riehl’s position, the research results of comparative studies on Moritz Schlick are systematically extended and applied to the current debate on Kant’s transcendental idealism.

The Position of Consideration in Nepal: A Study of Theories, Cases, and Laws

Lawful consideration is one of the essential elements of a valid contract. However, The National Civil Code, 2017 A.D. (2074 B.S.) has not included a definition of consideration, and it has not stated the necessity of consideration in Nepal in a particular section. Nevertheless, it seems that the Code has realized the importance of lawful consideration in the provisions of contracts of rent, wage and hire purchase. The Code has also stated unjust enrichment, under which one party should not enrich himself or herself at the cost of others or other’s property. Conversely, the now-repealed Contract Act, 2000, in its section 2(d), had defined consideration and stated that consideration must be lawful in section 13(k). In the cases decided by the Supreme Court of Nepal (Bhagwan Lal Shah v. Harka Lal Giri and Chitra Bahadur Karki; Proprietor of Manakamana Construction and Concerns Pvt. Ltd v. Maniram Aggrawal, Proprietor of Aggrawal Industries Pvt. Ltd.), the Supreme Court has issued the precedent stating the importance of consideration in Nepal in regard to Contract Act, 2000 which has now been repealed and replaced by The National Civil Code 2017. Additionally, different theories of the contract like bargain theory, realistic interpretation, theory of reciprocity, ‘nundum pactum’ theory and ‘no consideration no contract’ theory also emphasize the importance of consideration in Contract. Finally, this research paper has proven that consideration is essential in Nepal, thereby stating the theories of consideration, the legislative provisions, and the cases. Furthermore, the researcher came to the conclusion that the lawful consideration is essential in Nepal and it should be dealt with like oxygen to humans and whether written or not, must be implicitly understood. The word ‘consideration’ not explicitly being mentioned in law should not create confusion that a contract can happen without lawful consideration.

No-Thing and Causality in Realistic Non-Standard Interpretations of the Quantum Mechanical Wave Function: Ex Nihilo Aliquid?

It has been shown that quantum mechanics in its orthodox interpretation violates four different formulations of causality principle endowed with empirical meaning. The present work aims to highlight how even a realistic non-standard interpretation of the theory conflicts with causality in its Cartesian formulation of the principle of the non-inferiority of causes over effects. Such an interpretation, which attributes some form of weak physical reality to the wave function (called empty wave, regarded as a zero-energy wave-like phenomenon), is a sort of precursor of the more recent so-called wavefunction realism. We also discuss a more radical realistic interpretation according to which physical properties can also be assigned to non-metaphysical relative nothing, seen as the simple absence of a particle such as a photon, but not of its corresponding state (no-photon), which is considered real. By interpreting the wave function collapse as a consequence of an interaction with empty waves or of a detection of the no-photon, we will highlight how more real physical effects can derive from lower causes, including relative nothing. Finally, we will show how these interpretations, while violating Cartesian causality in its two variants, do not seem to affect the validity of the principle of a rational explanation that nothing can derive from (absolute) nothing, which does not seem satisfied by the orthodox interpretation.

THE POETICS OF MADNESS IN PUSHKIN, GOGOL, DOSTOEVSKY (POLEMIC NOTES)

Madness in life, philosophy, and art are different phenomena. In medicine, a madman is an insane person and a patient, in philosophy he is a sage, in literature — a poet. Doctors treat the patient, philosophers and poets admire the freedom of his thought and creativity. Problems arise when doctors turn into literary critics, and critics diagnose literary heroes. An absurd situation emerges when doctors diagnose those who are inherently unable to express a complaint, answer questions, undergo tests or pass a clinical examination. The article offers a critical analysis of the topic of insanity in the St. Petersburg-themed short novels by Pushkin, Gogol, and Dostoevsky, and offers a response to the question of which parts of their works belong to the poetic sphere, and which — to psychiatry. Pushkin and Gogol contributed to the poetic development of the theme of insanity, Dostoevsky revealed insanity as a mental illness where “higher meaning” manifests itself. All of these authors clearly defined the boundaries of troubled and healthy consciousness. Dostoevsky completed the transition from the poetic to the realistic interpretation of madness in Russian literature. A variety of concepts of insanity has been recognized in art, and there has been a creative competition between individual interpretations of this subject.

Bohm`s Quantum Potential Approach to Consciousness from the Perspective of a Four-Valued Logic

Parallel to David Bohm´s development of a realistic interpretation of quantum physics, German philosopher and logician Gotthard Günther worked on a generalization of the classical two-valued logic to satisfy the ontological requirements of quantum physics as well as of cybernetics. Both of these new disciplines introduced information and consciousness into the terminology of science. These terms and concepts need to be reflected in logic, ontology and the theory of science. David Bohm suggested an expansion of his own model by generalization and iteration of the quantum potential to include consciousness and mental states into a new psycho-physical theory. This article proposes Günther´s four-valued logical system of meaning/reflection as a theoretical scientific frame for this expansion of Bohm´s theory and discusses its ontological implications.

A Virtue Ethical Approach to Interpretation of the Suffering Other

In this article my aim is to take up a thread from an article by Svend Brinkmann, wherein he is anxious to show that mental suffering cannot exclusively be explained within the narrow vocabulary of medical diagnosis systems, but can, an should be, be articulated through a large range of ‘interpretive vocabularies’ (Brinkmann 2014). In line with Brinkmann’s emphasis on the large range of possible interpretive vocabularies, I will engage the moral philosopher Iris Murdoch to show how the exploration of different possible interpretations of a particular client’s situation is in fact an ethical task, which requires the practitioner’s personal development of virtue in terms of selfless, loving attention as the precondition for a realistic interpretation of the client’s situation.

Is the Kantian Transcendentalism Idealism? Kant's Conceptual Realism

In my paper I argue, relying on Kantian definitions and conceptual distinctions, the thesis that Kantian transcen-dental philosophy, which he characterizes as a second-order system of transcendental idealism, is not [empirical] idealism, but a form of realism (resp. compatible with empirical realism [A370-1]). As arguments in favor of this “realistic” thesis, I consistently develop a realistic interpretation of the Kant’s concept of appearance (the theory of “two aspects”), as well as of Kantian Copernican revolution, of his theory of intuition as cognitive ability which 'giving' ‘us objects, of the concept of double affection and noumenal causality.

Cogito, ergo est cogitabile. Cogitabile est, ergo cogito

Over the last two decades, the controversy between conceptualists and nonconceptualists has provided important insights into Kant’s critical project and especially the transcendental deduction. At the same time, the differentiation of the various positions has led to a seemingly unsolvable paradox in interpretation. However, if the intensifications of the debate are withdrawn and the current positions are placed in the context of historical interpretations, it becomes apparent that a nonconceptualism can indeed be developed without coming into (irresolvable) conflict with Kant’s conceptualism. In this sense, Alois Riehl proposes in his Philosophical Criticism (vol. 1) a so-called state nonconceptualism. Even if he does not have the terminology in use today, he can defend this on par with the current debate especially with regard to A 89–90 / B 122–123. In doing so, Riehl’s realistic interpretation of Kant’s transcendental idealism offers strategies that again question a hasty skepticism towards nonconceptualist interpretations.

“Yakutia” by A. E. Stroganov. Artistic deconstruction of the mythological idyll

The problem of idyllic space occupies an important place in the mythopoetics of the Siberian text and can rightfully be considered as one of the dominant mythologemes in the culture and literature of the peoples of Siberia. The implementation of this mythologeme is often the mythopoetic topos of Belovodye. Belovodye attracted the attention of writers of the past two centuries, including Siberian authors A. E. Novoselov, M. Plotnikov, and others. The change in the paradigm of realistic writing with postmodern writing, which took place at the turn of the 20th – 21st centuries, allows taking a different look at the mythological idyll to dis- cover other ways of its artistic deconstruction. The play “Yakutia” by Altai playwright A. E. Stroganov is considered as an example of deconstruction of the idyllic myth of the postmodern era. Intended as an idyll of desolation, cold, and asceticism, finally, Yakutia mi-raculously turns into a country of joy, light and, warmth, i.e., it becomes the opposite of the idyll, more consistent with the traditional form of typification. In the context of postmodern-ism, an appeal to the idyll shows that it has the features opposite to the realistic interpretation. The idea of collective happiness is clearly replaced by the idea of individual freedom of a sin-gle person, his existence. At the same time, the main, archetypal features of the transformed world turn out to be very similar to the original prototype: the world of evil left by the heroes opens the way not for an idyll but for a new experience of comprehending the universe.