scholarly journals Halobacterium salinarum virus ChaoS9, a Novel Halovirus Related to PhiH1 and PhiCh1

Genes ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mike Dyall-Smith ◽  
Peter Palm ◽  
Gerhard Wanner ◽  
Angela Witte ◽  
Dieter Oesterhelt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Unit Length ◽  
Halobacterium Salinarum ◽  
Tail Fiber ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Head Assembly ◽  
Linear Dsdna ◽  
Natrialba Magadii ◽  
The Right ◽  
Haloarcula Hispanica ◽  
Assembly Proteins

The unexpected lysis of a large culture of Halobacterium salinarum strain S9 was found to be caused by a novel myovirus, designated ChaoS9. Virus purification from the culture lysate revealed a homogeneous population of caudovirus-like particles. The viral genome is linear, dsDNA that is partially redundant and circularly permuted, has a unit length of 55,145 nt, a G + C% of 65.3, and has 85 predicted coding sequences (CDS) and one tRNA (Arg) gene. The left arm of the genome (0–28 kbp) encodes proteins similar in sequence to those from known caudoviruses and was most similar to myohaloviruses phiCh1 (host: Natrialba magadii) and phiH1 (host: Hbt. salinarum). It carries a tail-fiber gene module similar to the invertible modules present in phiH1 and phiCh1. However, while the tail genes of ChaoS9 were similar to those of phiCh1 and phiH1, the Mcp of ChaoS9 was most similar (36% aa identity) to that of Haloarcula hispanica tailed virus 1 (HHTV-1). Provirus elements related to ChaoS9 showed most similarity to tail/assembly proteins but varied in their similarity with head/assembly proteins. The right arm (29–55 kbp) of ChaoS9 encoded proteins involved in DNA replication (ParA, RepH, and Orc1) but the other proteins showed little similarity to those from phiH1, phiCh1, or provirus elements, and most of them could not be assigned a function. ChaoS9 is probably best classified within the genus Myohalovirus, as it shares many characteristics with phiH1 (and phiCh1), including many similar proteins. However, the head/assembly gene region appears to have undergone a recombination event, and the inferred proteins are different to those of phiH1 and phiCh1, including the major capsid protein. This makes the taxonomic classification of ChaoS9 more ambiguous. We also report a revised genome sequence and annotation of Natrialba virus phiCh1.

Morphometric analysis of the actions of angiotensin II on renal arterioles and glomeruli

1992 ◽  
Vol 262 (3) ◽  
pp. F367-F372 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. M. Denton ◽  
P. A. Fennessy ◽  
D. Alcorn ◽  
W. P. Anderson
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Angiotensin Ii ◽  
Vascular Resistance ◽  
Morphometric Analysis ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Average Difference ◽  
Outer Cortex ◽  
Efferent Arteriole ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
The Right

To study the effects of angiotensin II on afferent and efferent arteriole diameters and on intraglomerular dimensions, angiotensin II (20 ng.kg-1.min-1) or saline vehicle was infused intravenously for 20 min into anesthetized rabbits pretreated with enalapril. Both kidneys were perfusion fixed (glutaraldehyde), and vascular casts were made of the right kidneys using methacrylate. Morphometric analysis of the left kidneys using transmission electron microscopy revealed no significant effects of angiotensin II within the glomerulus, including the degree of mesangial contraction. The diameters of the afferent and efferent arteriole casts from the right kidneys were measured at 20, 50, and 75 microns from the glomerulus by scanning electron microscopy. In the outer cortex the mean diameters of the afferent and efferent arterioles were 14.1 +/- 0.8 and 9.7 +/- 0.5 microns, respectively, in the angiotensin II-infused rabbits, significantly less than in the control (vehicle) rabbits, 17.0 +/- 0.7 microns (P less than 0.001) and 10.7 +/- 0.4 microns (P less than 0.005), respectively. Calculation of the relative changes in vascular resistance, however, indicated that the effects of angiotensin II on efferent arteriole resistance (average difference 2.4 +/- 1.2 units/microns) were significantly greater per unit length than the effects on afferent arteriole resistance (average difference 0.9 +/- 0.3 units/microns). Thus infused angiotensin II caused greater reduction in afferent arteriolar diameter than in efferent, but the calculated increase in vascular resistance per micron was greater in efferent vessels due to their smaller resting diameter.

scholarly journals Habitat Structure and Abundance Dynamics of Marmota bobak Müller, 1776 (Sciuridae, Mammalia) in the Saratov Region at the End of the 20th – Start of the 21st Centuries

2020 ◽  
pp. 318-335
Author(s):  
I. A. Kondratenkov ◽  
M. L. Oparin ◽  
S. V. Sukhov ◽  
O. S. Oparina
Keyword(s):  
Species Abundance ◽  
Volga Region ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Saratov Region ◽  
Population Peak ◽  
Volga Upland ◽  
Ulyanovsk Region ◽  
Data Book ◽  
The Right ◽  
New Settlements

The paper presents data on the abundance of bobak marmot (Marmota bobak Müller, 1776), obtained from 1987 till 2019. All censuses were performed according to one technique developed by us in the late 1980s. During these long-term investigations, the structure of the bobak marmot areal in the Saratov region was studied. The dynamics of its numbers is described, and its trends for individual groups of districts were revealed, distinguished by trends, the time of the appearance of new settlements as a result of reintroduction after a prolonged depression in the numbers caused by both plowing of the steppes and the well-known events of the 1920s, 1930s and 1040s, when the bobak marmot provided the survival of some part of the population. It has been established that the population peak in the indigenous settlements that have been existing from the end of the Pleistocene – the beginning of the Holocene, was in 1980–1990. New settlements arise in the territories where the marmot was reintroduced, and the species abundance continues to grow. This, first of all, refers to the western slopes of the Volga Upland and the Oka-Don plain, formerly inhabited by marmots. An increase in the numbers of the Kazakhstan subspecies of the bobak is observed at the eastern end of the Syrt plain and on the spurs of the Common Syrt in the Saratov Trans-Volga region. The genetic studies of steppe marmots by R. V. Naumov (2019) on the right Volga bank of the Ulyanovsk region showed that a genetically homogeneous population lives on the vast territory of the Volga region. This casts doubt on the assumption of the existence of the Kozlovi subspecies of the bobak marmot in the local territories of the Voskresensk, Volsk and Khvalynsk districts of the Saratov region, which served as the ground for its inclusion into the new edition of the Red Data Book of the region, which we consider unreasonable (Resolution..., 2019).

scholarly journals Hematopoietic Stem Cells: Nature and Niche Nurture

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (5) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Geoffrey Brown
Keyword(s):  
Stem Cells ◽  
Bone Marrow ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem Cells ◽  
Ex Vivo ◽  
Cell Lineage ◽  
Bone Marrow Niche ◽  
Hematopoietic Stem ◽  
Homogeneous Population ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Right

Like all cells, hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs) and their offspring, the hematopoietic progenitor cells (HPCs), are highly sociable. Their capacity to interact with bone marrow niche cells and respond to environmental cytokines orchestrates the generation of the different types of blood and immune cells. The starting point for engineering hematopoiesis ex vivo is the nature of HSCs, and a longstanding premise is that they are a homogeneous population of cells. However, recent findings have shown that adult bone marrow HSCs are really a mixture of cells, with many having lineage affiliations. A second key consideration is: Do HSCs “choose” a lineage in a random and cell-intrinsic manner, or are they instructed by cytokines? Since their discovery, the hematopoietic cytokines have been viewed as survival and proliferation factors for lineage committed HPCs. Some are now known to also instruct cell lineage choice. These fundamental changes to our understanding of hematopoiesis are important for placing niche support in the right context and for fabricating an ex vivo environment to support HSC development.

Collagen and elastin fibers in human pulmonary alveolar mouths and ducts

1987 ◽  
Vol 63 (3) ◽  
pp. 1185-1194 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Matsuda ◽  
Y. C. Fung ◽  
S. S. Sobin
Keyword(s):  
Strain Energy ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Strain Energy Function ◽  
Lung Parenchyma ◽  
Fiber Bundles ◽  
Elastin Fiber ◽  
Analytic Expressions ◽  
Quantitative Basis ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Right

To provide a quantitative basis for the understanding of the mechanical properties of the lung tissue, the morphology of the pulmonary alveolar ducts was studied and the dimensions of the collagen and elastin fiber bundles in the alveolar mouths were measured. Statistical data are presented in this report. It was found that the probability frequency functions of the widths of both the collagen and elastin fibers are skewed to the right, but the fourth roots of the widths are normally distributed. Hence, knowing the mean and standard deviation of (width)1/4, the probability of finding fiber bundles of width D is known. On the other hand, we already know the analytic expressions of the strain energy per unit length of fibers of given width. With the probability distribution of width and an estimation of the length of alveolar mouths, the strain energy of the alveolar mouths can be computed. Then the contribution of the alveolar mouths to the stress in the lung parenchyma due to any strain can be obtained by a differentiation of the strain energy function with respect to that strain.

Evaluation of Single- versus Dual-Tube Thoracostomy after Thoracotomy for Trauma

2017 ◽  
Vol 83 (10) ◽  
pp. 1142-1146
Author(s):  
Jeremy Hardin ◽  
Aaron Strumwasser ◽  
Daniel Grabo ◽  
John Kleinman ◽  
Kenji Inaba ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chest Tube ◽  
Pediatric Patients ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Chest Tubes ◽  
Chest Cavity ◽  
Academic Level ◽  
Level I ◽  
The Right ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Single Versus

Draining the chest cavity with two chest tubes after thoracotomy for trauma is controversial. This article aims to determine whether using two tubes after thoracotomy for trauma is more effective than using a single tube. A 9-year retrospective review (2007–2015) was performed at our academic level I trauma center. All patients who underwent trauma thoracotomy (unilateral and bilateral) were included for analysis (n = 99). Patients with incomplete data, pediatric patients (age < 18), pregnant patients, and early deaths (<24 hours) were excluded. When analyzed by chest cavity, dual tubes have increased drainage bilaterally (P = 0.008) and require more days to clear the right chest (P = 0.002). Patients with dual tubes bilaterally are associated with increased intensive care unit length of stay (P = 0.05) and ventilator days (P = 0.04). Although dual chest tube insertion achieves greater drainage, it comes at the cost of increased time to clear the chest and is associated with worse outcomes in bilateral injuries. One chest tube may be sufficient post-trauma thoracotomy; routine placement of two chest tubes is not recommended.

scholarly journals Dramatic Effects of 2-Bromo-5,6-Dichloro-1-β-d-Ribofuranosyl Benzimidazole Riboside on the Genome Structure, Packaging, and Egress of Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus

2004 ◽  
Vol 78 (4) ◽  
pp. 1623-1635 ◽  
Author(s):  
Daniel E. Nixon ◽  
Michael A. McVoy
Keyword(s):  
Guinea Pig ◽  
Inhibitory Concentration ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Genome Structure ◽  
Nuclease Digestion ◽  
Guinea Pig Cytomegalovirus ◽  
Infected Cells ◽  
Terminal Structure ◽  
The Right ◽  
Striking Contrast

ABSTRACT The halogenated benzimidazoles BDCRB (2-bromo-5,6-dichloro-1-β-d-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) and TCRB (2,5,6-trichloro-1-β-d-riborfuranosyl benzimidazole riboside) were the first compounds shown to inhibit cleavage and packaging of herpesvirus genomes. Both inhibit the formation of unit length human cytomegalovirus (HCMV) genomes by a poorly understood mechanism (M. R. Underwood et al., J. Virol. 72:717-715, 1998; P. M. Krosky et al., J. Virol. 72:4721-4728, 1998). Because the simple genome structure of guinea pig cytomegalovirus (GPCMV) provides a useful model for the study of herpesvirus DNA packaging, we investigated the effects of BDCRB on GPCMV. GPCMV proved to be sensitive to BDCRB (50% inhibitory concentration = 4.7 μM), although somewhat less so than HCMV. In striking contrast to HCMV, however, a dose of BDCRB sufficient to reduce GPCMV titers by 3 logs (50 μM) had no effect on the quantity of GPCMV genomic DNA that was formed in infected cells. Electron microscopy revealed that this DNA was in fact packaged within intranuclear capsids, but these capsids failed to egress from the nucleus and failed to protect the DNA from nuclease digestion. The terminal structure of genomes formed in the presence of BDCRB was also altered. Genomes with ends lacking a terminal repeat at the right end, which normally exist in an equimolar ratio with those having one copy of the repeat at the right end, were selectively eliminated by BDCRB treatment. At the left end, BDCRB treatment appeared to induce heterogeneous truncations such that 2.7 to 4.9 kb of left-end-terminal sequences were missing. These findings suggest that BDCRB induces premature cleavage events that result in truncated genomes packaged within capsids that are permeable to nuclease. Based on these and other observations, we propose a model for duplication of herpesvirus terminal repeats during the cleavage and packaging process that is similar to one proposed for bacteriophage T7 (Y. B. Chung, C. Nardone, and D. C. Hinkle, J. Mol. Biol. 216:939-948, 1990).

scholarly journals PH1: An Archaeovirus ofHaloarcula hispanicaRelated to SH1 and HHIV-2

Archaea ◽  
2013 ◽  
Vol 2013 ◽  
pp. 1-17 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kate Porter ◽  
Sen-Lin Tang ◽  
Chung-Pin Chen ◽  
Pei-Wen Chiang ◽  
Mei-Jhu Hong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Salt Lake ◽  
Burst Size ◽  
Growth Conditions ◽  
Single Step ◽  
Linear Dsdna ◽  
Step Growth ◽  
Terminal Proteins ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
Haloarcula Hispanica ◽  
The Relationship

Halovirus PH1 infectsHaloarcula hispanicaand was isolated from an Australian salt lake. The burst size in single-step growth conditions was 50–100 PFU/cell, but cell density did not decrease until well after the rise (4–6 hr p.i.), indicating that the virus could exit without cell lysis. Virions were round, 51 nm in diameter, displayed a layered capsid structure, and were sensitive to chloroform and lowered salt concentration. The genome is linear dsDNA, 28,064 bp in length, with 337 bp terminal repeats and terminal proteins, and could transfect haloarchaeal species belonging to five different genera. The genome is predicted to carry 49 ORFs, including those for structural proteins, several of which were identified by mass spectroscopy. The close similarity of PH1 to SH1 (74% nucleotide identity) allowed a detailed description and analysis of the differences (divergent regions) between the two genomes, including the detection of repeat-mediated deletions. The relationship of SH1-like and pleolipoviruses to previously described genomic loci of virus and plasmid-related elements (ViPREs) of haloarchaea revealed an extensive level of recombination between the known haloviruses. PH1 is a member of the same virus group as SH1 and HHIV-2, and we propose the namehalosphaerovirusto accommodate these viruses.

scholarly journals Influence of Age on Length and Passive Elastic Stiffness Characteristics of the Calf Muscle-Tendon Unit of Women

1999 ◽  
Vol 79 (9) ◽  
pp. 827-838 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard L Gajdosik ◽  
Darl W Vander Linden ◽  
Ann K Williams
Keyword(s):  
Older Women ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Plantar Flexion ◽  
Elastic Stiffness ◽  
Calf Muscle ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Resistive Torque ◽  
Angular Change ◽  
Stiffness Characteristics ◽  
The Right

Abstract Background and Purpose. Therapeutic stretching of the calf muscle-tendon unit is used to increase its length and to ameliorate decreased dorsiflexion range of motion (ROM), but the influence of age on the passive properties of the calf muscle-tendon unit has not been studied adequately. The purpose of this study was to examine the influence of age on length and passive elastic stiffness (PES) characteristics of the calf muscle-tendon unit when stretched through the full, available dorsiflexion ROM. Subjects. Twenty-four younger women (aged 20–39 years), 24 middle-aged women (aged 40–59 years), and 33 older women (aged 60–84 years) participated. Methods. An isokinetic dynamometer was used to passively stretch the right calf muscle-tendon unit from relaxed plantar flexion to the maximal angle of available dorsiflexion at 5°·s−1. The maximal passive resistive torque was measured, and passive angle-torque curves were constructed for a full ROM from an initial angle of passive resistive torque to the maximal dorsiflexion angle. The full ROM represented length extensibility. The average PES was calculated for this full stretch ROM and for the first half and the last half of this stretch ROM. The maximal passive dorsiflexion angle, maximal passive resistive torque, angular change for the full stretch ROM, and average PES for the full stretch ROM and the first half and the last half of the full stretch ROM were examined for group differences and their relationships with age. Results. The maximal passive dorsiflexion angle, maximal passive resistive torque, angular change for the full stretch ROM, and average PES within the last half of the full stretch ROM were less for the older women than for the younger women. Age was negatively associated with these variables. Conclusion and Discussion. Decreased maximal passive dorsiflexion ROM in older women was associated with decreased maximal passive resistive torque, decreased calf muscle-tendon unit length extensibility, and decreased average PES within the last half of their available passive dorsiflexion ROM.

scholarly journals Mutations That Extend the Specificity of the Endonuclease Activity of λ Terminase

1999 ◽  
Vol 181 (1) ◽  
pp. 218-224 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean Sippy Arens ◽  
Qi Hang ◽  
Young Hwang ◽  
Bill Tuma ◽  
Sara Max ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Amino Acids ◽  
Burst Size ◽  
Unit Length ◽  
Growth Defect ◽  
Missense Mutations ◽  
Endonuclease Activity ◽  
Wild Type ◽  
Hydrophobic Residues ◽  
The Right

ABSTRACT Terminase, an enzyme encoded by the Nu1 andA genes of bacteriophage lambda, is crucial for packaging concatemeric DNA into virions. cosN, a 22-bp segment, is the site on the virus chromosome where terminase introduces staggered nicks to cut the concatemer to generate unit-length virion chromosomes. Although cosN is rotationally symmetric, mutations incosN have asymmetric effects. The cosNG2C mutation (a G-to-C change at position 2) in the left half of cosN reduces the phage yield 10-fold, whereas the symmetric mutation cosN C11G, in the right half of cosN, does not affect the burst size. The reduction in phage yield caused by cosN G2C is correlated with a defect in cos cleavage. Three suppressors of thecosN G2C mutation,A-E515G, A-N509K, andA-R504C, have been isolated that restore the yield of λ cosN G2C to the wild-type level. The suppressors are missense mutations that alter amino acids located near an ATPase domain of gpA. λ A-E515G,A-N509K, and A-R504Cphages, which are cosN +, also had wild-type burst sizes. In vitro cos cleavage experiments oncosN G2C C11G DNA showed that the rate of cleavage for A-E515G terminase is three- to fourfold higher than for wild-type terminase. TheA-E515G mutation changes residue 515 of gpA from glutamic acid to glycine. Uncharged polar and hydrophobic residues at position 515 suppressed the growth defect of λ cosNG2C C11G. In contrast, basic (K, R) and acidic (E, D) residues at position 515 failed to suppress the growth defect of λ cosN G2C C11G. In a λcosN + background, all amino acids tested at position 515 were functional. These results suggest thatA-E515G plays an indirect role in extending the specificity of the endonuclease activity of λ terminase.

Investor-State Dispute Settlement under NAFTA Chapter 11: The Shape of Things to Come?

1998 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 263-290
Author(s):  
J. Anthony VanDuzer
Keyword(s):  
Free Trade Agreement ◽  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
Trade Agreement ◽  
Minimum Standards ◽  
The North ◽  
State Behaviour ◽  
Nafta Chapter 11 ◽  
To Come ◽  
The Right

SummaryRecently, there has been a proliferation of international agreements imposing minimum standards on states in respect of their treatment of foreign investors and allowing investors to initiate dispute settlement proceedings where a state violates these standards. Of greatest significance to Canada is Chapter 11 of the North American Free Trade Agreement, which provides both standards for state behaviour and the right to initiate binding arbitration. Since 1996, four cases have been brought under Chapter 11. This note describes the Chapter 11 process and suggests some of the issues that may arise as it is increasingly resorted to by investors.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document