scholarly journals Comparative Transcriptome Analysis of Pine Trees Treated with Resistance-Inducing Substances against the Nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

Genes ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1000
Author(s):  
Jungwook Park ◽  
Hee Won Jeon ◽  
Hyejung Jung ◽  
Hyun-Hee Lee ◽  
Junheon Kim ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Protective Role ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Specific Expression

The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus causes pine wilt disease, which results in substantial economic and environmental losses across pine forests worldwide. Although systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is effective in controlling PWN, the detailed mechanisms underlying the resistance to PWN are unclear. Here, we treated pine samples with two SAR elicitors, acibenzolar-S-methyl (ASM) and methyl salicylic acid (MeSA) and constructed an in vivo transcriptome of PWN-infected pines under SAR conditions. A total of 252 million clean reads were obtained and mapped onto the reference genome. Compared with untreated pines, 1091 and 1139 genes were differentially upregulated following the ASM and MeSA treatments, respectively. Among these, 650 genes showed co-expression patterns in response to both SAR elicitors. Analysis of these patterns indicated a functional linkage among photorespiration, peroxisome, and glycine metabolism, which may play a protective role against PWN infection-induced oxidative stress. Further, the biosynthesis of flavonoids, known to directly control parasitic nematodes, was commonly upregulated under SAR conditions. The ASM- and MeSA-specific expression patterns revealed functional branches for myricetin and quercetin production in flavonol biosynthesis. This study will enhance the understanding of the dynamic interactions between pine hosts and PWN under SAR conditions.

scholarly journals Systemic Acquired Resistance-Mediated Control of Pine Wilt Disease by Foliar Application With Methyl Salicylate

2022 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hee Won Jeon ◽  
Ae Ran Park ◽  
Minjeong Sung ◽  
Namgyu Kim ◽  
Mohamed Mannaa ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Methyl Salicylate ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Foliar Application ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wilt ◽  
Pine Seedlings

Pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode, is the most destructive disease in pine forest ecosystems worldwide. Extensive research has been done on PWD, but effective disease management is yet to be devised. Generally, plants can resist pathogen attack via a combination of constitutive and inducible defenses. Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is an inducible defense that occurs by the localized infection of pathogens or treatment with elicitors. To manage PWD by SAR in pine trees, we tested previously known 12 SAR elicitors. Among them, methyl salicylate (MeSA) was found to induce resistance against PWD in Pinus densiflora seedlings. In addition, the foliar applications of the dispersible concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 DC) and the emulsifiable concentrate-type formulation of MeSA (MeSA 20 EC) resulted in significantly reduced PWD in pine seedlings. In the field test using 10-year-old P. densiflora trees, MeSA 20 DC showed a 60% decrease in the development of PWD. Also, MeSA 20 EC gave the best results when applied at 0.1 mM concentration 2 and 1 weeks before pinewood nematode (PWN) inoculation in pine seedlings. qRT-PCR analysis confirmed that MeSA induced the expression of defense-related genes, indicating that MeSA can inhibit and delay the migration and reproduction of PWN in pine seedlings by modulating gene expression. These results suggest that foliar application of MeSA could reduce PWD incidence by inducing resistance and provide an economically feasible alternative to trunk-injection agents for PWD management.

scholarly journals Overexpression of the Oral Mucosa-Specific microRNA-31 Promotes Skin Wound Closure

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (15) ◽  
pp. 3679 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lin Chen ◽  
Alyne Simões ◽  
Zujian Chen ◽  
Yan Zhao ◽  
Xinming Wu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Wound Healing ◽  
Oral Mucosa ◽  
Wound Closure ◽  
Expression Patterns ◽  
Skin Wound ◽  
Skin Wound Healing ◽  
Specific Expression ◽  
Keratinocyte Proliferation

Wounds within the oral mucosa are known to heal more rapidly than skin wounds. Recent studies suggest that differences in the microRNAome profiles may underlie the exceptional healing that occurs in oral mucosa. Here, we test whether skin wound-healing can be accelerating by increasing the levels of oral mucosa-specific microRNAs. A panel of 57 differentially expressed high expresser microRNAs were identified based on our previously published miR-seq dataset of paired skin and oral mucosal wound-healing [Sci. Rep. (2019) 9:7160]. These microRNAs were further grouped into 5 clusters based on their expression patterns, and their differential expression was confirmed by TaqMan-based quantification of LCM-captured epithelial cells from the wound edges. Of these 5 clusters, Cluster IV (consisting of 8 microRNAs, including miR-31) is most intriguing due to its tissue-specific expression pattern and temporal changes during wound-healing. The in vitro functional assays show that ectopic transfection of miR-31 consistently enhanced keratinocyte proliferation and migration. In vivo, miR-31 mimic treatment led to a statistically significant acceleration of wound closure. Our results demonstrate that wound-healing can be enhanced in skin through the overexpression of microRNAs that are highly expressed in the privileged healing response of the oral mucosa.

Isolation and Characterization of Broad-Spectrum Disease-Resistant Arabidopsis Mutants

Genetics ◽  
2002 ◽  
Vol 160 (4) ◽  
pp. 1661-1671
Author(s):  
Klaus Maleck ◽  
Urs Neuenschwander ◽  
Rebecca M Cade ◽  
Robert A Dietrich ◽  
Jeffery L Dangl ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pseudomonas Syringae ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Constitutive Expression ◽  
Firefly Luciferase ◽  
Marker Genes ◽  
Arabidopsis Mutants ◽  
Isolation And Characterization ◽  
Firefly Luciferase Gene

Abstract To identify Arabidopsis mutants that constitutively express systemic acquired resistance (SAR), we constructed reporter lines expressing the firefly luciferase gene under the control of the SAR-inducible PR-1 promoter (PR-1/luc). After EMS mutagenesis of a well-characterized transgenic line, we screened 250,000 M2 plants for constitutive expression of the reporter gene in vivo. From a mutant collection containing several hundred putative mutants, we concentrated on 16 mutants lacking spontaneous hypersensitive response (HR) cell death. We mapped 4 of these constitutive immunity (cim) mutants to chromosome arms. Constitutive expression of disease resistance was established by analyzing responses to virulent Peronospora parasitica and Pseudomonas syringae strains, by RNA blot analysis for endogenous marker genes, and by determination of salicylic acid levels in the mutants. The variety of the cim phenotypes allowed us to define distinct steps in both the canonical SAR signaling pathway and a separate pathway for resistance to Erysiphe cichoracearum, active in only a subset of the mutants.

scholarly journals Chitosan increases Pinus pinaster tolerance to the pinewood nematode (Bursaphelenchus xylophilus) by promoting plant antioxidative metabolism

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Marta Nunes da Silva ◽  
Carla S. Santos ◽  
Ana Cruz ◽  
Adrián López-Villamor ◽  
Marta W. Vasconcelos
Keyword(s):  
Phenolic Compounds ◽  
Pinus Pinaster ◽  
Plant Defence ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Nematode Population ◽  
Post Inoculation ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Plant Tolerance ◽  
The Moment

AbstractThe pine wilt disease (PWD), for which no effective treatment is available at the moment, is a constant threat to Pinus spp. plantations worldwide, being responsible for significant economic and environmental losses every year. It has been demonstrated that elicitation with chitosan increases plant tolerance to the pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the PWD, but the biochemical and genetic aspects underlying this response have not been explored. To understand the influence of chitosan in Pinus pinaster tolerance against PWN, a low-molecular-weight (327 kDa) chitosan was applied to mock- and PWN-inoculated plants. Nematode population, malondialdehyde (MDA), catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, lignin and gene expression related to oxidative stress (thioredoxin 1, TRX) and plant defence (defensin, DEF, and a-farnesene synthase, AFS), were analysed at 1, 7, 14, 21 and 28 days post-inoculation (dpi). At 28 dpi, PWN-infected plants elicited with chitosan showed a sixfold lower nematode population when compared to non-elicited plants. Higher levels of MDA, catalase, carotenoids, anthocyanins, phenolic compounds, and lignin were detected in chitosan-elicited plants following infection. The expression levels of DEF gene were higher in elicited plants, while TRX and AFS expression was lower, possibly due to the disease containment-effect of chitosan. Combined, we conclude that chitosan induces pine defences against PWD via modulation of metabolic and transcriptomic mechanisms related with plant antioxidant system.

scholarly journals In Silico Screening of Agonist and Antagonist Natural Compounds from Reported Essential Oils against Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
pp. 31
Author(s):  
Jorge M. S. Faria ◽  
Ana Margarida Rodrigues ◽  
Pedro Barbosa ◽  
Manuel Mota
Keyword(s):  
Essential Oils ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Natural Compounds ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Highly Active ◽  
Bibliographic Data ◽  
Agonist And Antagonist ◽  
Containment Strategy ◽  
Detailed Chemical

Chemical control has been the most effective and reliable containment strategy in integrated pest management of pine wilt disease (PWD), caused by the pinewood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. Yet, large spectrum nematicides can be dangerous to human health and the environment. Essential oils (EOs) are safer sustainable alternatives, being composed of highly active natural compounds. A survey of bibliographic data on the detailed chemical composition and activity of the EOs used against the PWN allowed pinpointing monoterpenes as the main source of structures with agonist or antagonist properties. Transversal EO data treatment can identify potential highly active anti-PWN compounds.

scholarly journals Study of symptoms and gene expression in four Pinus species after pinewood nematode infection

2011 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 272-275 ◽  
Author(s):  
Albina R. Franco ◽  
Carla Santos ◽  
Mariana Roriz ◽  
Rui Rodrigues ◽  
Marta R. M. Lima ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Virulent Strain ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Wilt Disease ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Pine Trees ◽  
Severe Infections ◽  
Genomic Results ◽  
Avirulent Isolate

Pine wilt disease, caused by the pinewood nematode Bursaphelenchus xylophilus (Steiner and Buhrer) Nickle, is originating severe infections in pine trees. The disease is detected when external symptoms appear (e.g. needle chlorosis), but trees could remain asymptomatic for long periods and serve as a long-term host. The primary goal of this study was to assess the effect of inoculation with an avirulent isolate of B. xylophilus (C14-5) on different Pinus spp. seedlings (P. sylvestris, P. nigra, P. pinea and P. pinaster). At the same time, seedlings were also inoculated with a virulent strain, HF, in order to compare the phenotypic and genomic results of the two types of inoculations. The effect of inoculation was determined in terms of expression of various Pinus genes potentially involved in the response to the disease.The results suggest that P. pinea and P. nigra are more resistant to infection by the nematode than P. sylvestris and P. pinaster. The phenotypic and genetic differences were more marked among P. pinea and P. pinaster.

scholarly journals Extracellular pyridine nucleotides trigger plant systemic immunity through a lectin receptor kinase/BAK1 complex

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenggang Wang ◽  
Xiaoen Huang ◽  
Qi Li ◽  
Yanping Zhang ◽  
Jian-Liang Li ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Nicotinamide Adenine Dinucleotide ◽  
Systemic Acquired Resistance ◽  
Plant Immunity ◽  
Acquired Resistance ◽  
Receptor Complex ◽  
Pyridine Nucleotides ◽  
Receptor Kinase ◽  
Systemic Immunity ◽  
Lectin Receptor

Abstract Systemic acquired resistance (SAR) is a long-lasting broad-spectrum plant immunity induced by mobile signals produced in the local leaves where the initial infection occurs. Although multiple structurally unrelated signals have been proposed, the mechanisms responsible for perception of these signals in the systemic leaves are unknown. Here, we show that exogenously applied nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD+) moves systemically and induces systemic immunity. We demonstrate that the lectin receptor kinase (LecRK), LecRK-VI.2, is a potential receptor for extracellular NAD+ (eNAD+) and NAD+ phosphate (eNADP+) and plays a central role in biological induction of SAR. LecRK-VI.2 constitutively associates with BRASSINOSTEROID INSENSITIVE1-ASSOCIATED KINASE1 (BAK1) in vivo. Furthermore, BAK1 and its homolog BAK1-LIKE1 are required for eNAD(P)+ signaling and SAR, and the kinase activities of LecR-VI.2 and BAK1 are indispensable to their function in SAR. Our results indicate that eNAD+ is a putative mobile signal, which triggers SAR through its receptor complex LecRK-VI.2/BAK1 in Arabidopsis thaliana.

scholarly journals α-l-Fucosidases from Bursaphelenchus xylophilus Secretome—Molecular Characterization and Their Possible Role in Breaking Down Plant Cell Walls

Forests ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 265
Author(s):  
Joana M.S. Cardoso ◽  
Luís Fonseca ◽  
Isabel Abrantes
Keyword(s):  
Cell Wall ◽  
Molecular Characterization ◽  
Three Dimensional ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Pinewood Nematode ◽  
Cell Wall Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Degrading Enzymes ◽  
Host Trees ◽  
Resin Canals

The pinewood nematode (PWN) Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, the causal agent of the pine wilt disease (PWD), enters above-ground parts of the tree, migrates through the resin canals and feeds on plant cells causing extensive damage. In order to penetrate the cell wall and establish a parasitic relationship with host trees, the PWN needs to secretea mixture of active cell wall degrading enzymes. In maritime pine, Pinus pinaster, which is high susceptible to PWN, xyloglucan is the major hemicellulosic polysaccharide in primary cells. The xyloglucan backbone is susceptible to hydrolysis by numerous endoglucanases, some of them specific to xyloglucan. However, to completely degrade xyloglucan, all substitutions on the glucan backbones must be released, and l-fucose residues in xyloglucan branches are released by α-l-fucosidases. In the present study, the molecular characterization of two α-l-fucosidases found in PWN secretome was performed. Moreover, a novel α-l-fucosidase was identified and its cDNA and gene sequence were determined. The three-dimensional structures of these α-l-fucosidases were predicted and the transcript levels were analyzed, thus providing new insights into fundamental PWN biology and the possible role of these proteins as cell wall degrading enzymes.

scholarly journals Cathepsin L-like Cysteine Proteinase Genes Are Associated with the Development and Pathogenicity of Pine Wood Nematode, Bursaphelenchus xylophilus

2019 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 215 ◽  
Author(s):  
Qi Xue ◽  
Xiao-Qin Wu ◽  
Wan-Jun Zhang ◽  
Li-Na Deng ◽  
Miao-Miao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Developmental Stages ◽  
Cysteine Proteinase ◽  
Cathepsin L ◽  
Pine Wilt Disease ◽  
Bursaphelenchus Xylophilus ◽  
Parasitic Nematodes ◽  
Pine Wood Nematode ◽  
Pine Wood ◽  
Real Time Quantitative Pcr ◽  
Rapid Amplification

The pine wood nematode (PWN), Bursaphelenchus xylophilus, is the pathogen of pine wilt disease (PWD), resulting in huge losses in pine forests. However, its pathogenic mechanism remains unclear. The cathepsin L-like cysteine proteinase (CPL) genes are multifunctional genes related to the parasitic abilities of plant-parasitic nematodes, but their functions in PWN remain unclear. We cloned three cpl genes of PWN (Bx-cpls) by rapid amplification of cDNA ends (RACE) and analyzed their characteristics using bioinformatic methods. The tissue specificity of cpl gene of PWN (Bx-cpl) was studied using in situ mRNA hybridization (ISH). The functions of Bx-cpls in development and pathogenicity were investigated using real-time quantitative PCR (qPCR) and RNA interference (RNAi). The results showed that the full-length cDNAs of Bx-cpl-1, Bx-cpl-2, and Bx-cpl-3 were 1163 bp, 1305 bp, and 1302 bp, respectively. Bx-cpls could accumulate specifically in the egg, intestine, and genital system of PWN. During different developmental stages of PWN, the expression of Bx-cpls in the egg stage was highest. After infection, the expression levels of Bx-cpls increased and reached their highest at the initial stage of PWD, then declined gradually. The silencing of Bx-cpl could reduce the feeding, reproduction, and pathogenicity of PWN. These results revealed that Bx-cpls play multiple roles in the development and pathogenic processes of PWN.

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