scholarly journals Rousseau and the Qualified Support of Matriarchal Rule

Humanities ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 99
Author(s):  
Boleslaw Z. Kabala
Keyword(s):  
Religious Education ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Scholarly Literature ◽  
Men I ◽  
The Difference ◽  
States Of Nature ◽  
Indirect Rule ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

The article investigates the relations between men and women in Rousseau’s major works to uncover the possibility of a long-term rule of women over men. Rousseau does provide examples of alternating rule between the sexes. However, given that the rule of prominent women like Sophie and Julie is indirect and more Machiavellian than that of men, I make the case that Rousseau sees straightforward control by women as more consistent with modern conditions (specifically in an indirect-rule as opposed to an instrumental-rationality sense). First, I provide examples of Sophie’s rule in Emile. Sophie rules Emile especially through acts of charity that incline Emile to participate in the project that Sophie has undertaken, making him more capable of willing generally. Second, I show that Julie at Clarens rules a number of the men there and particularly in the administration of the estate. Interestingly, like Sophie’s, her power is communicated through concrete examples of charitable action. Rousseau writes that, as a result, those around her are imbued with the spirit to contribute to the projects of importance to her, which also renders them more apt to will generally. Interestingly, two women as different as Sophie and Julie rule men in the same way: through charity. They do so as the result of a religious education. And, whereas religious education in Rousseau is in general anti-metaphysical, this is especially true for women compared to men. The examples of Sophie and Julie do, therefore, take us into territory of the sexes alternating in rule. But the difference in education suggests that for Rousseau their rule goes deeper and represents a relation more fundamental than the rule of men over women. The possibility is further confirmed through an analysis of Rousseau’s states of nature. At the end of the day, the reevaluation of relations between the sexes in Rousseau’s work is long overdue. I engage a rich scholarly literature and embark on a rereading of several of Rousseau’s works to offer a fresh interpretation that suggests the citizen of Geneva was not only open to a significant increase in the power of women over time, but that he actually favored matriarchy. The argument hopefully underscores the way in which great works are both timely and timeless.

FC 068QUALITY OF LIFE OVER TIME IN OLDER MEN AND WOMEN WITH ADVANCED CKD - RESULTS FROM THE EQUAL STUDY

2021 ◽  
Vol 36 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nicholas Chesnaye ◽  
Yvette Meuleman ◽  
Esther De Rooij ◽  
Friedo W Dekker ◽  
Marie Evans ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Harmful Effect ◽  
Patient Characteristics ◽  
P Value ◽  
Joint Models ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Linear Interaction ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Background and Aims Differences between the sexes are apparent in the epidemiology of CKD. Cross-sectional studies show that women consistently report a poorer health-related quality of life (QoL) than men, however, longitudinal studies are lacking. Here we investigate the sex-specific evolution of QoL over time in advanced CKD. As a secondary aim, we explore the sex-specific determinants of QoL. Method EQUAL is an observational prospective cohort study in stages 4 and 5 CKD patients ≥65 years not on dialysis with an incident estimated glomerular filtration rate (eGFR) < 20 ml/min/1.73m². Data on QoL (measured using the RAND-36), clinical and demographic patient characteristics were collected between April 2012 and September 2020. QoL trajectories were modelled by sex using linear mixed models, and joint models were applied to deal with informative censoring. We followed patients until death or dialysis initiation. Results We included 5151 QoL measurements in 1416 patients over a total of 1986 person years of follow-up. Overall, the physical component summary (PCS) declined with 2.0 (95% CI 1.4-2.6) points and the mental component summary (MCS) by 2.4 (95% CI 1.8-3.0) points per year. Although women had overall lower QoL scores, figure 1 demonstrates that PCS and MCS declined more than twice as fast in men (PCS: 2.4 per year, 95% CI 1.7 – 3.1, MCS: 2.9 per year, 95% CI 2.2 – 3.6) compared with women (PCS: 1.1 per year, 95% CI -0.2 – 2.0, MCS: 1.5 per year, 95% CI 0.5 – 2.4). We identified a non-linear interaction effect between sex and eGFR levels on QoL, demonstrating a stronger negative effect of decreased eGFR on both PCS (p=0.02) and MCS (p=0.04) in men compared with women. Subsequent adjustment for renal decline attenuated the difference in rate of QoL decline between men and women (difference after adjustment; PCS: 1.1, 95% CI -0.1 – 2.2, MCS: 1.2, 95% 0.0 – 2.3). In univariable analyses, higher serum haemoglobin was more beneficial to QoL in men compared to women (p-value for interaction; PCS: p=0.03, MCS: p=0.01). Higher serum phosphate had a strong harmful effect on both PCS and MCS in men, but not in women (PCS & MCS: p<0.001). The presence of pre-existing diabetes had a negative effect on PCS and MCS in men, but to a lesser extent in women (PCS: p=0.02, MCS: p=0.01). Conclusion Despite the higher overall QoL reported by men, both their physical and mental QoL declined approximately twice as fast compared with women. The faster decline in men was mediated in part by their lower levels of renal function, which had a stronger impact on their QoL as compared with women. Furthermore, in exploratory analyses we identified that high levels of phosphate, low levels of haemoglobin, and pre-existing diabetes were more detrimental to QoL in men than in women.

Scripture and Society in Modern Muslim Asia—A Symposium Introduction

1993 ◽  
Vol 52 (3) ◽  
pp. 559-564 ◽  
Author(s):  
John R. Bowen
Keyword(s):  
Nineteenth Century ◽  
Religious Education ◽  
Social Reform ◽  
Political Movements ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Modern Period ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Muslim Men ◽  
Do So

Since the late nineteenth century, Muslim movements for religious and social reform have underscored the value of making scripture accessible to a broad public. Scholars and activists alike have urged ordinary Muslim men and women to study and follow the Qur'ān and the hadīth (the reports of the Prophet Muhammad's words and deeds), and to do so they have rendered these scriptural writings and commentaries on them into the vernaculars of Asia, Africa, and Europe. They have also framed a wide range of appeals—to study the sciences, to modernize society, to stage a revolution—in the language and format of scriptural commentary. Vernacular writings (and, more recently, audio and videocassettes) based on scripture provide the foundations of popular religious education (Shahrani 1991), figure prominently in political movements (Fischer 1980; Kepel 1985), and serve as guides for living for Muslims traveling outside their homelands (Kepel 1987). The modern period has seen an explosion in the range of languages, genres, and contexts in which Muslims have authoritatively deployed scripture.

scholarly journals Habitual Sleep, Sleep Duration Differential, and Weight Change Among Adults

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 35-35
Author(s):  
Yin Liu ◽  
Mari Palta ◽  
Jodi Barnet ◽  
Max Roberts ◽  
Erika Hagen ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Body Mass Index ◽  
Cohort Study ◽  
Data Collection ◽  
Sleep Duration ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Longitudinal Associations ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Nighttime Sleep ◽  
Inadequate Sleep ◽  
Over Time

Abstract We assessed longitudinal associations between diary-measured sleep duration and clinically assessed body mass index (BMI) among 784 men and women enrolled in the Wisconsin Sleep Cohort Study (mean [SD] age = 51.1 [8.0] years at baseline). The outcome was BMI (kg/m2). Key predictors were habitual sleep duration (defined as average weekday nighttime sleep duration) and sleep duration differential (defined as the difference between average weekday and average weekend nighttime sleep duration) at each data collection wave. Men with shorter habitual sleep duration on weekdays had higher BMI than men with longer habitual sleep duration on weekdays. Participants with larger differentials between weekday and weekend sleep duration experienced more rapid BMI gain over time for both men and women. Inadequate sleep, characterized as shorter habitual sleep during weekdays and larger weekday-weekend sleep differential, is positively associated with BMI levels and trajectories among men and women in mid-to-late life.

Leaving the village on migration

2020 ◽  
pp. 173-197
Author(s):  
Camilla Toulmin
Keyword(s):  
West Africa ◽  
Mobile Phones ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The People ◽  
The World ◽  
The Village ◽  
Time Away ◽  
Over Time

The Sahel has been a region of movement for millennia, as people cope with drought, search for better land, and seek out new economic opportunities. People move from rural to urban areas and from Mali to elsewhere in West Africa. For the people of Dlonguébougou (DBG), migration has become much more significant since 1980. Increasing numbers of people have left the village permanently, and their children will be urban dwellers. As described through interviews, both men and women want to spend some time away from the village, exploring the world and earning some cash. Becoming a long-term migrant is not usually a one-off choice, but a process over time, which leads one to stay away. Migrant earnings are key to purchase of assets and buying personal goods such as a motorbike, clothes, and mobile phones. For some, they say they see no future in bush villages like DBG.

A response to te Nijenhuis et al. (2019)

2019 ◽  
Vol 51 (6) ◽  
pp. 913-916 ◽  
Author(s):  
James R. Flynn
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Tasks ◽  
Hard Skills ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Environmental Causes ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

AbstractTe Nijenhuis et al. (2019) cite studies that show that training on cognitive tasks produces the largest standardized gains on the easiest items and the smallest standardized gains on the most difficult items. They note that this creates an anti-Jensen effect, and use this as a trump that is supposed to show that my basketball examples are irrelevant. I use a new basketball example that is compatible with those studies. It assumes that at some point improvement on the easy skills ‘stalls’ – and all that is left is some improvement on the hard skills. Therefore, further environmental enhancement means the higher level skill gap is increased, which gives a classic Jensen effect, which shows that the presence of such does not entail genetic causality. The difference is that we really can produce virtually optimum basketball skills while for cognition, we are still well short. I also address the problem of why IQ gains over time do not show an anti-g pattern. After all, they are environmentally caused, and ‘should’ do so if an anti-g pattern and environmental causes go together.

Job search of men and women on long-term social welfare

2018 ◽  
Vol 38 (3/4) ◽  
pp. 224-241 ◽  
Author(s):  
Brigitte Schels ◽  
Arne Bethmann
Keyword(s):  
Job Search ◽  
Panel Study ◽  
Welfare Recipients ◽  
Welfare Receipt ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Welfare Benefits ◽  
And Gender ◽  
Over Time

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to examine the job search probability in welfare receipt over time for men and women in different household constellations, because it is a major concern in welfare states that long-term receipt is driven by recipients’ low job search activity. Design/methodology/approach The paper analyses the likelihood to search for a job for a sample of unemployed recipients of means-tested welfare benefits in Germany. Data basis is the panel study “Labour Market and Social Security” (PASS), and growth curve models are applied in this study. Findings Job search probability differs by household constellation and gender directly after the onset of welfare receipt; differences are less distinct for changes in job search probability over time. Only welfare recipients without children show a pronounced decline in search probability. Practical implications There is no evidence that welfare recipients’ overall cease to search for a job by and by. Financial incentives alone cannot stimulate the job search of welfare recipients, when the diverse motives of male and female recipients in various household constellations are not considered as well. Originality/value This paper is the first to study the long-term development in the job search probability and gender differences by household constellations.

scholarly journals Study cases of two small medium size enterprises (SMEs) in the southern metropolitan region of Buenos Aires

2020 ◽  
Vol 5 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-114
Author(s):  
Cintia Nelly Russo ◽  
Patricia Gutti
Keyword(s):  
Buenos Aires ◽  
Manufacturing Sector ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Metropolitan Region ◽  
Family Management ◽  
Medium Size ◽  
Economic Cycles ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

The main purpose of the paper is to understand which specific strategies Argentinian small medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adopted during the second half of the 20th century to adapt to and confront economic cycles, and how the learning process allowed them to endure over time. To do so, we focus on the learning paths of two metallurgy firms established in the Quilmes District, south of the Buenos Aires Metropolitan Region: SINPAR (1931), and Gora (1958), which have accumulated experience and recognition at the local level, for more than sixty years. By studying those companies, we aim to a twofold result. The first is to show that the strategies of the SMEs in the manufacturing sector are based on internal capabilities of meeting demand and responding to the domestic economy. The second one associates the long-term endurance of companies with a strong family management structure over more than one generation. Based on those results, we will argue that the SMEs lasted over time because their founders and successors developed the ability to adapt and of learning how to respond to and take advantage of the uncertainty, restrictions and opportunities of the Argentinian economy.

Changes over time in the risk of hospitalization for physical diseases among homeless men and women in Stockholm: A comparison of two cohorts

2016 ◽  
Vol 44 (8) ◽  
pp. 784-790 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ulla Beijer ◽  
Daniel Bruce ◽  
Bo Burström
Keyword(s):  
General Population ◽  
Indirect Comparison ◽  
Homeless People ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Homeless Men ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Physical Diseases ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Over Time

Aims: To follow-up hospitalization for physical diseases among homeless men and women compared with a control group from the general population. The study also investigated the changes in the difference between the homeless men and women and the general population over time by comparing two cohorts of homeless people (2000–2002 and 1996). Methods: A total of 3887 people (24% women) who were homeless during the period 2000–2002 were compared with 11,661 people from the general population with respect to hospitalization for physical diseases and injuries (2000–2010). Indirect comparisons were used to compare the relative risk (RR) of hospitalization between the cohort of people who were homeless in 2000–2002 with a cohort of those who were homeless in 1996. Results: Homeless people have an RR of being hospitalized for physical diseases twice that of the general population. The largest differences were found in skin diseases, infections, injury/poisoning and diseases of the respiratory system. Indirect comparison between people who were homeless in 2000–2002 and 1996 showed an increasing difference between young (18–35 years) homeless men and men in the control group (RR 1.32). The difference had also increased between homeless men and men in the control group for hospitalization for heart disease (RR 1.35), chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (RR 2.60) and poisoning (RR 1.89). Among women, the difference had decreased between homeless women and women in the control group for skin disease (RR 0.20) and injury/poisoning (RR 0.60). There was no significant difference between the sexes in the two homeless cohorts. Conclusions: There was no improvement in excess hospitalization among homeless people over time. The difference between young homeless men and young men in the general population increased between 1996 and 2000–2002.

Rational Powers in Action

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sergio Tenenbaum
Keyword(s):  
Deep Structure ◽  
Intentional Action ◽  
Instrumental Rationality ◽  
Human Condition ◽  
Human Actions ◽  
Fundamental Structure ◽  
Action Theories ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Do So

Human actions unfold over time, in pursuit of ends that are not fully specified in advance. Rational Powers in Action locates these features of the human condition at the heart of a new theory of instrumental rationality. Where many theories of rational agency focus on instantaneous choices between sharply defined outcomes, treating the temporally extended and partially open-ended character of action as an afterthought, this book argues that the deep structure of instrumental rationality can only be understood if we see how it governs the pursuit of long-term, indeterminate ends. These are ends that cannot be realized through a single momentary action, and whose content leaves partly open what counts as realizing the end. For example, one cannot simply write a book through an instantaneous choice to do so; over time, one must execute a variety of actions to realize one’s goal of writing a book, where one may do a better or worse job of attaining that goal, and what counts as succeeding at it is not fully determined in advance. Even to explain the rational governance of much less ambitious actions like making dinner, this book argues that we need to focus on temporal duration and the indeterminacy of ends in intentional action. Theories of moment-by-moment preference maximization, or indeed any understanding of instrumental rationality on the basis of momentary mental items, cannot capture the fundamental structure of our instrumentally rational capacities. This book puts forward a theory of instrumental rationality as rationality in action.

Abstract P218: Long-term Risk Of Recurrent Stroke After Ischemic Stroke Among Younger Adults Under 55 Years Of Age, Sweden

Circulation ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 129 (suppl_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Kok Wai Giang ◽  
Lena Björck ◽  
Tatiana Zverkova Sandström ◽  
Christina-Heden Ståhl ◽  
Kjell Torén ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ischemic Stroke ◽  
Secondary Prevention ◽  
Recurrent Stroke ◽  
Cumulative Risk ◽  
First Year ◽  
Younger Adults ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
Index Stroke ◽  
Over Time

Purpose: The purpose of the present study was to investigate the 4-year risk of recurrent stroke among patients below 55 years with a first ischemic stroke (IS), 1987-2006. Methods: All men and women (17,149 cases) aged 18-54 years who survived at least 28 days after a first IS were identified in the Swedish Inpatient register (IPR) from 1987 until 2006. All patients were followed-up at 1 year, 2 years, 3 years and 4 years for a first recurrent stroke after index event. Results: From 1987 to 2006 a total of 1808 first recurrent stroke were identified. Long-term risk of a first recurrent stroke declined over time in both men and women. Among men, the absolute 4-year cumulative risk of a recurrent stroke decreased from 17.5% (95% CI 15.7%-19.4%) to 8.8% (95% CI, 7.7%-10.0%) from the first to the last 5-year period. Corresponding result for women was 15.6% (95% CI, 13.3%-18.2%) and 6.0% (95% CI, 4.9%-7.3%). Despite an overall decrease, the risk of a recurrent stroke was highest during the first year after index stroke (men=3.9%, 95% CI, 3.3%-4.8%, women=2.9%, 95% CI, 2.2%-3.8%). Conclusions: Over the 20-year period, the 4-year cumulative risk of a first recurrent stroke decreased over time. For both men and women the risk was greatest during the first year, emphasizing the importance of early secondary prevention in young stroke victims.

Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document