scholarly journals The European Health Union: European Union’s Concern about Health for All. Concepts, Definition, and Scenarios

Healthcare ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (12) ◽  
pp. 1741
Author(s):  
Marie Nabbe ◽  
Helmut Brand
Keyword(s):  
Legal Framework ◽  
Crisis Preparedness ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Real Change ◽  
European Health ◽  
Political Choices ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Public Health Expenditures

The COVID-19 pandemic brought visibility and intensified the discussions on the European Union’s (EU) health mandate. The proposals of the European Commission (EC) to move towards a European Health Union (EHU) can be seen as a starting point towards more integration in health. However, the definition of what the EHU will look like is not clear. This paper searches to find a common definition, and/or features for this EHU through a systematic literature review performed in May 2021. “European Union’s concern about health for all” is suggested as a definition. The main drivers identified to develop an EHU are: surveillance and monitoring, crisis preparedness, funding, political will, vision of public health expenditures, population’s awareness and interest, and global health. Based on these findings, five scenarios were developed: making a full move towards supranational action; improving efficiency in the actual framework; more coordination but no real change; in a full intergovernmentalism direction; and fragmentation of the EU. The scenarios show that the development of a EHU is possible inside the current legal framework. However, it will rely on increased coordination and has a focus on cross-border health threats. Any development will be strongly linked to political choices from Member States.

scholarly journals Equality and Diversity Management Inside the Institutions of the European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 223-240
Author(s):  
Silvia Manessi
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
English Language ◽  
Diversity Management ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Equal Treatment ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Legal Provisions ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Equality And Diversity ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this paper is to analyse the legal framework regulating the careers of civil servants working for the EU institutions and reveal how the values of equality and diversity are communicated and embedded in their daily lives. The research examines the English language used in the HR legal framework of the EU institutions and explores the linguistic aspects related to equality and diversity management and inclusive language. The starting point of this research is the idea that the European Union is based on the values of democracy, the rules of law and the equal treatment of its citizen, who are celebrated for their diversity. It is thus highly relevant to look at the EU in action and see if it is consistent in the understanding and application of these values. The methodological approach of this research entailed the creation and analysis of a unique corpus composed of all the applicable HR legal provisions in force within the EU institutions, and the examination of the linguistic features (word lists by frequency, concordances, collocations and lexical bundles) of the terminology related to four different areas of equality and diversity – the LGBTI community, gender, the elderly and persons with a disability – with the final aim to take stock of the related developments in the use of the English language. The results indicate that the language used in the EU HRM legal framework is not in line with the EU values of equality and diversity, and the research concludes with highlighting possible improvements of the language used in the corpus.

scholarly journals A EuroHOPE kutatási program módszertana

2016 ◽  
Vol 157 (41) ◽  
pp. 1619-1625
Author(s):  
Éva Belicza ◽  
Péter Mihalicza ◽  
Judit Lám ◽  
Cecília Surján
Keyword(s):  
Healthcare Personnel ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Health Care Outcomes ◽  
Root Cause ◽  
Indicator Development ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
General Rules ◽  
Care Outcomes ◽  
European Health ◽  
Definition Of

The European Health Care Outcomes, Performance and Efficiency research was financed by the European Union between 2010 and 2013. In this program a new methodology was developed which made the analysis of regularly collected data and international benchmarking of the healthcare results of 5 socially and economically critical diagnosis group between the 7 participant countries possible. This paper presents the most important areas of the development, such as (1) the principles of the methodology, (2) the definition of available databases, code systems, (3) the events to be analysed, (4) the general rules of analyses and indicator development, (5) the exact methodology of data collection, processing, and analysis, (6) the methods of risk adjustment, (7) and the development of the standardised database. The databases which include all information of all patients and healthcare activities serve as perfect inexhaustible data sources for decision makers, healthcare personnel, and researchers. The indicator results of this program serve as starting point for further root cause analysis and development measures based on the results of the abovementioned analyses. Orv. Hetil., 2016, 157(41), 1619–1625.

scholarly journals The concept of corruption risks

2020 ◽  
pp. 16-19
Author(s):  
Tetiana HOLOVACH
Keyword(s):  
Specific Area ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
General Concept ◽  
State Budget ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Central Value ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
United Nations Convention ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
International Instruments

There are valid ratified international instruments at the global level in Ukraine, namely the Criminal Convention for the Suppression of Corruption, and the United Nations Convention against Corruption, the principles of which are fundamental for national law. Thus, according to articles 5 and 6 of the UN Convention against Corruption, member states must develop and implement effective coordinated anti-corruption policies. The problem of overcoming corruption in Ukraine is one of the most pressing. According to the Sustainable Development Strategies "Ukraine 2020", the main purpose of anti-corruption reform is to significantly reduce corruption in Ukraine, reduce the state budget and business losses due to corruption, and to increase Ukraine's position in international rankings, that assess the corruption level. The paper analyzes the main approaches of theorists and analysts to the definition of "corruption risks". The concepts of "corruption" and "corruption risks" are studied by scientists of various specialties, and some of them consider it necessary to supplement, expand, or conversely reduce, partially change the meaning of the concept, or link it to a specific area of officials activity. We are not against discussion and research, as we know in dialogue (in dispute) the truth is born. Simultaneously the diversity of scientific views of key concepts complicates the development of methods for identifying corruption risks. In the paper the position is expressed that bringing the concept of "corruption risks" to the current normative and legal framework can be a starting point, will accelerate and focus researches on the process of finding an effective mechanism (methodology) for their detection. In our opinion, general concept of activity risk has the central value for defining the special concept of "corruption risks". A specific feature for defining the concept of "corruption risks" is the general concept of "corruption". Guided by the approach, as "corruption risks" should be understood as normative and legal, organizational and other circumstances in the activity of persons, who perform organizational and administrative or administrative and economic functions, the implementation of which includes the possibility of committing corruption offenses.

scholarly journals THE AVOIDANCE OF STIGMATIZATION ON GENETIC GROUNDS: LEGAL ASPECT

2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (2(64)) ◽  
pp. 26-38
Author(s):  
Юрий Сергеевич ПОВАРОВ
Keyword(s):  
Legal Aspect ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Dialectical Logic ◽  
Genetic Characteristics ◽  
Scientific Methods ◽  
Increased Risk ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Proper Operation

The avoidance of stigmatization of an individual, family, group or community is a key starting point in the collection and use of human genetic data, but the legal framework for the implementation of this principle has not yet yielded much scientific understanding and legislative development in Russia.Purpose: to analyze the preconditions, essence and consequences of social stigmatization on genetic grounds; to establish the relationship between «stigmatization» and «discrimination»; to define the main directions for thedevelopment of national legislation with a view to counteracting such stigmatization. Methods: the author uses general theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic and such special scientific methods as legal-dogmatic, legalmodeling, comparative legal. Results: the main factors leading to an increased risk of social stigmatization based on genetic characteristics are identified; arguments are given in favor of postulating the detriment of such «stigma»; the rationality of the «limited» regularization of the corresponding block of relations is proved by, first of all, establishing a norm-principle on the prevention of stigmatization on genetic grounds (which implies legal redefinition of stigma, independent of the definition of discrimination) and the development of rules on the proper operation of the principles of consent and confidentiality.

Regulations for Cybercrimes

2021 ◽  
pp. 453-476
Author(s):  
Delphine Defossez
Keyword(s):  
Global Solution ◽  
New World ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The Internet ◽  
International Level ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Types Of Information ◽  
The Eu

The internet has made all types of information readily available, and this wealth of knowledge has opened up a whole new world of problems: cybercrimes. Despite the enactments of various legislation at both national and international level, cybercriminals are still mostly unpunished. The continued development of new technologies and mechanisms to protect anonymity on the Internet makes finding any response much harder. The lack of a common definition further impedes the finding of a global solution to eradicate the phenomenon. This creates an enforcement gap that allows cybercriminals to operate with near impunity. Over the years, the EU has taken steps to develop an adequate legal framework to strengthen the existing legislation. This chapter discussed that in EU, the adoption of The Cybersecurity Act 2019 would be enough to resolve some of the lingering issues of cybercrimes.

An Architecture and Reference Implementation for WSN-Based IoT Systems

2022 ◽  
pp. 80-103
Author(s):  
Burak Karaduman ◽  
Bentley James Oakes ◽  
Raheleh Eslampanah ◽  
Joachim Denil ◽  
Hans Vangheluwe ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Target System ◽  
The Internet ◽  
Embedded Devices ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
Design Requirements ◽  
Reference Implementation ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
The Internet Of Things

The Internet of Things and its technologies have evolved quickly in recent years. It became an umbrella term for various technologies, embedded devices, smart objects, and web services. Although it has gained maturity, there is still no clear or common definition of references for creating WSN-based IoT systems. In the awareness that creating an omniscient and ideal architecture that can suit all design requirements is not feasible, modular and scalable architecture that supports adding or subtracting components to fit a lot of requirements of various use cases should be provided as a starting point. This chapter discusses such an architecture and reference implementation. The architecture should cover multiple layers, including the cloud, the gateway, and the edges of the target system, which allows monitoring the environment, managing the data, programming the edge nodes and networking model to establish communication between horizontal and vertical embedded devices. In order to exemplify the proposed architecture and reference implementation, a smart irrigation case study is used.

Performance Requirements: Is there a Real Reason for their Prohibition?

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-202
Author(s):  
Olga Magomedova
Keyword(s):  
International Economic ◽  
International Law ◽  
Theoretical Foundation ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
Customary International Law ◽  
Performance Requirements ◽  
Broad Term ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Bilateral Treaties ◽  
The Eu

Recent international economic agreements between the EU and other non-EU states have included prohibitions on performance requirements (PRs). Although the provisions prohibiting such requirements typically specify the types of prohibited practices, the essence of PRs, and the reasons for their prohibition remain unclear. The recent concept of PRs has crept into the international legal framework seemingly without a firm theoretical foundation and without any roots in customary international law. It had initially been used in bilateral treaties as the broad term for designating certain policy tools which States were prepared to relinquish so as to promote a better investment regime. Noting the lack of a generally recognised definition of PRs, this article provides an overview of scholars’ opinions and adjudicators’ reasoning on this subject, highlighting certain significant differences in approach. Guided by various examples from arbitral practice and national legislation of selected countries, this article seeks to distil the inherent features of PRs and to rationalise the internationally-prevailing views on this subject. In summary, the article gives an assessment of the prohibition of PRs and considers the reasons for which States may seek to eliminate these types of measures.

3. Health Rights and Obligations in the European Union

2019 ◽  
pp. 40-63
Author(s):  
G. T. Laurie ◽  
S. H. E. Harmon ◽  
E. S. Dove
Keyword(s):  
Health Care ◽  
Health Policy ◽  
Access To Health Care ◽  
Health Care Policy ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
European Health ◽  
Health Rights ◽  
The Eu

This chapter begins with a discussion of the European market for health. It then analyses examples of those elements of EU health policy that contain a significant ‘rights’ dimension; outlines the legal framework for the rights dimension of health care policy in the EU; considers the emergence of elements of a European health policy; examines cross-border access to health care in the EU; and considers ethics in science and new technologies in the EU. The prospect of Brexit will not immediately remove nor necessarily diminish the influence of EU law on the field.

Common Threat and Common Response? The European Union's Counter-Terrorism Strategy and its Problems

2007 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 292-313 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jörg Monar
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Critical Assessment ◽  
Judicial Control ◽  
Threat Perceptions ◽  
Common Definition ◽  
Common Response ◽  
The Common ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Specific Definition ◽  
The Eu

AbstractOn the basis of an analysis of the European Union's common definition of the post-9/11 terrorist threat, this article provides a critical assessment of the EU's response. The EU has arrived at a reasonably specific definition of the common threat that avoids simplistic reductions and is a response that is sufficiently multidimensional to address the different aspects – internal and external, legislative and operational, repressive and preventive – of this threat. Yet the definition is undermined by differences between national threat perceptions. The preference for instruments of cooperation and coordination rather than integration, and poor implementation are having a negative impact on the effectiveness of the common response, the legitimacy of which is also weakened by limited parliamentary and judicial control.

NATO - EU Collaboration on Hybrid Threats

2020 ◽  
Vol 20 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 13-23
Author(s):  
Laris Gaiser
Keyword(s):  
Armed Conflict ◽  
Legal Framework ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Joint Declaration ◽  
Current State ◽  
Close Relationship ◽  
Hybrid Threats ◽  
Definition Of ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Eu

This article analyzes the current state of collaboration between NATO and the EU, with particular reference to the hybrid conflict sector. There has always existed a close relationship of interdependence between the two organizations. In 2016, this interdependence experienced a collaborative surge with the signing of a joint declaration at the Warsaw Summit. Since then,NATO and the European Union have actively collaborated in various sectors, including hybrid warfare. In the future, both organizations will need to improve the exchange of information and intelligence collaboration. However, this analysis aims to point out that NATO and the EU, if they wish to limit the scope of their opponents’ manoeuvrability, since hybrid conflict tends to develop below the threshold of what is generally accepted as the definition of armed conflict, will have to work together to outline a new legal framework that redefines the definition of armed conflict.

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