Metabolic Response of ‘Topaz’ Apple Fruit to Minimal Application of Nitrogen during Cell Enlargement Stage

Nitrogen is an integral element of foliar sprays during apple fruit formation. However, in red cultivars, the application may have adverse effects on color in the second stage of fruit development. The effect of a low-dose foliar application of urea was monitored on ‘Topaz’ apple pomometric (fruit mass, firmness, total solids, starch content, skin color) and biochemical traits (primary metabolites, phenolic compounds, and assimilatory pigments). Three applications (17 July, 27 July, and 18 August) of two different urea doses (N1 = 1.4 kg N ha−1; N4 = 4 kg N ha−1) and control (N0, only sprayed with water) were used. Low doses of urea did not affect flesh firmness, total soluble, solid, and starch content, but individual fruit mass was significantly higher in N1 treatment compared to the other two treatments. Significantly lower a* parameters and a lower content of anthocyanins were measured on apples subject to N4 treatment. Many secondary metabolites (phenolic acids, flavan-3-ols, flavonols, and chalcones) were also negatively affected by low-dose urea application. Conversely, urea treatments significantly increased total assimilatory pigments in apple skin. Even minor levels of nitrogen, applied directly on the leaf at later stages of red apple fruit development, negatively altered color traits and the composition of metabolites.

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Foliar Application of Phosphorus Improves Apple Fruit Color During Ripening

Acta Universitatis Agriculturae et Silviculturae Mendelianae Brunensis ◽

10.11118/actaun201563041195 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 63 (4) ◽

pp. 1195-1200 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Franci Štampar ◽

Jan Bizjak ◽

Robert Veberič ◽

Jerneja Jakopič

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Total Phenolics ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Fruit Color ◽

Anthocyanin Content ◽

Red Color ◽

Total Anthocyanins ◽

Quercetin Glycosides ◽

Apple Production

The red color of skin is a much desired property in apple production. For better red fruit coloration the applications of foliar fertilizers on the basis of calcium and phosphorus are used. In the present study ‘Braeburn’ apple trees were sprayed twice with Phostrade Ca (phosphorus), 5 and 3 weeks before harvest. In 7-days intervals fruit color, the content of flavonoids and enzyme activity involved in the synthesis of anthocyanins have been monitored. Foliar application of Phostrade Ca caused a more intense red skin color of apples and higher anthocyanin content. Their level increased during ripening, in treated apples the content of total anthocyanins was 20-fold higher at harvest while in control apples only 9-fold higher compared to the initial values. Cyanidin 3-galactoside was the most abundant anthocyanin (80 to 86% of total anthocyanins), followed by cyanidin 3-arabinoside, cyanidin 3-glucoside, cyanidin 3-xyloside and cyanidin 7-arabinoside. Prostrade Ca increased the levels of all quercetin glycosides, with the exception of quercetin 3-rhamnoside. No significant influence of Phostrade Ca on the content of hydroxycinnamic acids, dihydrochalcones, flavanols and total phenolics has been monitored. The activity of FHT and DFR increased during ripening but Phostrade Ca influenced only higher activity of DFR.

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Evaluasi Keragaan Beberapa Hibrida Semangka Koleksi Balai Penelitian Tanaman Buah Tropika

JURNAL BUDIDAYA PERTANIAN ◽

10.30598/jbdp.2019.15.2.101 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 101-105

Author(s):

Makful Makful ◽

Kuswandi Kuswandi ◽

Sahlan Sahlan ◽

Mega Andini

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Sweet Taste ◽

Fruit Weight ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Hybrid Breeding ◽

Skin Thickness ◽

Tropical Fruit ◽

Total Soluble Solids ◽

Soluble Solid ◽

High Yielding Varieties

Hybrid breeding of watermelon has led to the formation of high-yielding varieties. The objectives of the research were to determine the performance of hybrid watermelon of the Indonesian Tropical Fruit Research Institute (ITFRI) collection and to evaluate the superiority of each hybrid. The research has been conducted at Sumani Experimental Garden, ITFRI, Solok, West Sumatera, from April to July 2016. The material used consisted of 19 cross combinations. The data from this descriptive study were presented in the form of averages and pictures. The results showed that the hybrids that were tested showed diversity in size, fruit skin color, flesh color, skin thickness and fruit sweetness. Hybrids with three excellent characters, i.e. medium fruit weight, high total soluble solids (TSS) value, and moderate rind thickness, were not yet obtained. Hybrids that had the superiority in term of sweet taste and shelf life were BT1 × SGP, BT4 × BT4P, BT5 × BT4, BT6 × SGP and SGP × BT6. Keywords: hybrid, performance, total soluble solids, watermelon ABSTRAK Pemuliaan hibrida pada semangka mengarah kepada pembentukan varietas berdaya hasil tinggi. Penelitian bertujuan untuk mengetahui keragaan hibrida semangka koleksi Balitbu Tropika dan untuk mengevaluasi keunggulan masing-masing hibrida Penelitian dilaksanakan di Kebun Percobaan Sumani, Balitbu Tropika, Solok, Sumatera Barat, dari bulan April sampai dengan Juli 2016. Materi yang digunakan terdiri dari 19 kombinasi persilangan. Data hasil penelitian deskriptif ini ditampilkan dalam bentuk rataan dan gambar. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa hibrida yang diuji memiliki keragaman dalam ukuran, warna kulit buah, warna daging buah, ketebalan kulit buah dan kemanisan. Belum ditemukan hibrida yang memiliki tiga karakter unggul, yang terdiri dari bobot buah sedang, total padatan terlarut (total soluble solid) tinggi, dan kulit buah agak tebal. Hibrida yang memiliki keunggulan berupa rasa manis dan tahan simpan adalah BT1 × SGP, BT4 × BT4P, BT5 × BT4, BT6 × SGP dan SGP × BT6. Kata kunci: hibrida, keragaan, semangka, total padatan terlarut

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Identification of Genes with Potential Roles in Apple Fruit Development and Biochemistry through Large-Scale Statistical Analysis of Expressed Sequence Tags

PLANT PHYSIOLOGY ◽

10.1104/pp.106.080994 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 141 (3) ◽

pp. 811-824 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Sunchung Park ◽

Nobuko Sugimoto ◽

Matthew D. Larson ◽

Randy Beaudry ◽

Steven van Nocker

Keyword(s):

Statistical Analysis ◽

Fruit Development ◽

Expressed Sequence Tags ◽

Large Scale ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Expressed Sequence

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Fruit quality of ‘Eva’ e ‘Princesa’ apples grown under nitrogen fertigation in semiarid climate

Revista Brasileira de Engenharia Agrícola e Ambiental ◽

10.1590/1807-1929/agriambi.v19n10p967-972 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 19 (10) ◽

pp. 967-972 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

João M. de S. Miranda ◽

Ítalo H. L. Cavalcante ◽

Inez V. de M. Oliveira ◽

Paulo R. C. Lopes ◽

Joston S. de Assis

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Skin Color ◽

Titratable Acidity ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Economic Viability ◽

Fruit Firmness ◽

Fruit Characteristics ◽

Apple Cultivars ◽

Fruit Mass

ABSTRACTThe production of high quality fruits is a necessary factor for the adaptation and production of plant species with economic viability. Thus, an experiment was conducted from July 2012 to January 2013 to evaluate the fruit quality of the ‘Eva’ and ‘Princesa’ apple cultivars as a function of nitrogen fertilization in Petrolina, PE, Brazil. The experimental design consisted of randomized blocks, with treatments distributed in a factorial arrangement 2 x 4, corresponding to apple cultivars (Eva and Princesa) and nitrogen doses (40; 80; 120 and 160 kg of N ha-1), with four replications and three plants in each plot. The fruit characteristics, such as fruit mass, skin color (luminosity, chromaticity, and colour angle), size (width and length), pulp firmness, titratable acidity (TA), soluble solids (SS) and the SS/TA ratio, were recorded. Nitrogen doses do not affect fruit quality of studied apple cultivars. The fruit quality attributes are different between apple cultivars: fruit firmness, SS/TA ratio, fruit mass and fruit diameter are superior for Princesa cultivar, while the fruit length for Eva cultivar is superior.

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Ion Relations of Apple Fruit Tissue During Fruit Development and Ripening. I. Cation Leakage

Functional Plant Biology ◽

10.1071/pp9810155 ◽

1981 ◽

Vol 8 (2) ◽

pp. 155 ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

IB Ferguson ◽

CB Watkins

Keyword(s):

Fruit Development ◽

Tissue Concentration ◽

Apple Fruit ◽

Divalent Ions ◽

Fruit Tissue ◽

Fruit Development And Ripening ◽

Ion Relations ◽

Calcium Magnesium ◽

Calcium And Magnesium ◽

Potassium Leakage

Leakage of calcium, magnesium and potassium from discs of cortical apple fruit tissue was followed through fruit development and ripening. Leakage of potassium always exceeded that of calcium and magnesium and was little affected by the external presence of the divalent ions. Calcium and magnesium leakage was markedly increased by the external presence of either ion. In tissue from both freshly picked fruit and that taken from storage, potassium and magnesium leakage increased when the fruit was in an advanced state of senescence, but calcium leakage decreased. During fruit development, leakage of all cations was closely related to availability as expressed in tissue concentration. There was a marked increase in potassium leakage in association with the respiratory climacteric.

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THE ROLE OF MINERAL NUTRITION ON YIELDS AND FRUIT QUALITY IN GRAPEVINE, PEAR AND APPLE

Revista Brasileira de Fruticultura ◽

10.1590/0100-2945-103/15 ◽

2015 ◽

Vol 37 (4) ◽

pp. 1089-1104 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

GUSTAVO BRUNETTO ◽

GEORGE WELLINGTON BASTOS DE MELO ◽

MORENO TOSELLI ◽

MAURIZIO QUARTIERI ◽

MASSIMO TAGLIAVINI

Keyword(s):

Fruit Quality ◽

Skin Color ◽

N Uptake ◽

Maximum Yield ◽

Grape Juice ◽

Fruit Trees ◽

N Availability ◽

Wine Quality ◽

Fruit Skin ◽

Soluble Solid

ABSTRACT Fertilization of temperate fruit trees, such as grapevine ( Vitis spp.), apple ( Malus domestica), and pear ( Pyrus communis) is an important tool to achive maximum yield and fruit quality. Fertilizers are provided when soil fertility does not allow trees to express their genetic potential, and time and rate of application should be scheduled to promote fruit quality. Grapevine berries, must and wine quality are affected principally by N, that regulate the synthesis of some important compounds, such as anthocyanins, which are responsible for coloring of the must and the wine. Fermenation of the must may stop in grapes with low concentration of N because N is requested in high amount by yeasts. An N excess may increase the pulp to peel ratio, diluting the concentration of anthocyanins and promoting the migration of anthocyanins from berries to the growing plant organs; a decrease of grape juice soluble solid concentration is also expected because of an increase in vegetative growth. Potassium is also important for wine quality contributing to adequate berry maturation, concentration of sugars, synthesis of phenols and the regulation of pH and acidity. In apple and pear, Ca and K are important for fruit quality and storage. Potassium is the most important component of fruit, however, any excess should be avoided and an adequate K:Ca balance should be achieved. Adequate concentration of Ca in the fruit prevents pre- and post-harvest fruit disorders and, at the same time, increases tolerance to pathogens. Although N promotes adequate growth soil N availability should be monitored to avoid excessive N uptake that may decrease fruit skin color and storability.

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The Effect of Foliar Application of K2SO4 or KH2PO4 on Skin Color of the ‘Kyoho’ Grape

Agronomy ◽

10.3390/agronomy11112361 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 11 (11) ◽

pp. 2361

Author(s):

Linnan Wu ◽

Pengcheng Li ◽

Haifeng Jia ◽

Fesobi Olumide Phillip ◽

Xingcheng Bao ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Skin Color ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Flavonoid Biosynthesis ◽

Soluble Solids ◽

Anthocyanin Accumulation ◽

Potassium Fertilizer ◽

Grape Skin ◽

Total Anthocyanin ◽

T1 And T2 ◽

Two Stages

Anthocyanins in red grape skin have a positive effect on fruit color and human health. The effect of foliar potassium application on anthocyanin accumulation in grape skin is not well understood. The study aimed to better understand the mechanism of anthocyanin accumulation in grape skin in response to foliar sprays of K2SO4 and KH2PO4. In this study, we investigated the effects of foliar application of KH2PO4 (T2), K2SO4 (T1) and distilled water (CK) on the skin color of ‘Kyoho’ grapes at mid-ripe and mature stages. At 90 and 110 days after full bloom (DAFB), T2 had the greatest total soluble solids (TSS), flavonoid and total anthocyanin contents, followed by T1 and CK. At two stages, the titratable acid content decreased and the juice pH increased under T2 treatment relative to CK. T1 and T2 had lower lightness (L*) than CK, and the color index of red grapes (CIRG) under T1 and T2 increased at two stages compared to CK. KEGG metabolic pathway analysis revealed that flavonoid biosynthesis was the most significantly enriched pathway in CK vs. T2 at 90 and 110 DAFB. At 90 DAFB, T2 had higher expressions of phenylalanine ammonia-lyas (PAL), cytochrome P450 CYP73A100 (CYP73A), 4-coumarate: CoA ligase (4CL), chalcone synthase (CHS), flavanone 3-dioxygenase-like (F3H) and UDP glucose: flavonoid 3-o-glucosyl transferase (UFGT) than CK and T1. Foliar application of potassium fertilizer may accelerate anthocyanin accumulation by altering the transcript levels of PAL, CYP73A, 4CL, CHS, F3H, and UFGT of the flavonoid biosynthesis.

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Foliar silicate application improves the tolerance of celery grown under heat stress conditions

Acta agriculturae Slovenica ◽

10.14720/aas.2021.117.3.1865 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 117 (3) ◽

pp. 1

Author(s):

Fadl Abdelhamid HASHEM ◽

Rasha M. EL-MORSHEDY ◽

Tarek M. YOUNIS ◽

Mohamed A. A. ABDRABBO

Keyword(s):

Heat Stress ◽

Vegetative Growth ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Climate Change Impacts ◽

Potassium Silicate ◽

Growth And Yield ◽

Apium Graveolens ◽

Control Treatment ◽

F1 Hybrid ◽

And Control

Temperature rise is one of the most challenging climate change impacts that increase the intensity of heat stress. In this investigated the production of celery (Apium graveolens var. rapaceum F1 hybrid)) was tested during the late season. The experiment was carried out during the two successive summer seasons of 2019 and 2020 in Giza Governorate, Egypt. The experimental design is a split-plot, the main plots consist of three low tunnel cover treatments, and three spray treatments with three replicates in sub-main plots. Results showed that the use of white net cover gave the highest vegetative growth and yield followed by the black net. Values of plant yield were 951, 765, and 660 g/plant for white, black and without cover, respectively, in the first season. The foliar application of 3 mM of potassium silicate produced the highest vegetative growth and yield compared to the control treatment. Referring to the effect of spray foliar application of potassium silicate on yield 1.5 mM (S1), 3 mM (S2), and control were 892, 795, and 689 g/plant in the first season, respectively. The best combination that delivered the highest vegetative growth and yield was a cover low tunnel with a white net combined with S2 foliar application.

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INFLUENCE OF GROWTH REGULATORS ON OVULES ABORTION, SEED SET AND ITS GERMENATION OF TWO ALFALFA CULTIVARS

IRAQI JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL SCIENCES ◽

10.36103/ijas.v47i3.571 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 47 (3) ◽

Author(s):

Khrbeet & Al-Beiruty

Keyword(s):

Growth Regulators ◽

Seed Set ◽

Foliar Application ◽

Control Treatment ◽

Naphthalene Acetic Acid ◽

Flower Buds ◽

College Of Agriculture ◽

Vegetation Growth ◽

Main Plot ◽

And Control

A field experiment was conducted at the experimental farm, College of Agriculture, Abu-Ghraib, Baghdad, Iraq during the period from mid. of March 2012 to mid. of July 2014 to investigate the effects of plant growth regulators and foliar application stages on ovules abortion, seed set and its germination of two alfalfa cultivars. Layout of the experiment was R.C.B.D. arranged in split-split plot with three replications. Cultivars (local and hamedan) were assigned as a main plot and foliar application stages (vegetative growth, flower buds emergence, 50% flowering and 80% flowering) were assigned as sub-plots, while growth regulators (Alar, Ethephon, Naphthalene acetic acid(NAA) and control treatment) were assigned in the sub-sub-plots. Result showed that there were no significant differences between cultivars in all traits. Foliar application of NAA increased No. of ovules per floret (9.11) compare with other treatments, but it was not significantly different compare with Alar. In 1st and 2nd seed crop, plants sprayed with Alar at flower buds emergence stage gave highest seed set (5.17, 6.93) respectively. Percentage of ovules abortion significantly influenced by growth regulaters, folair application stages and their interaction. Since, foliar application of Alar at beginning of flower buds emergence reduce % of ovules abortion (30.89). In general, plants sprayed at vegetation growth stage increased % of seed germination. It was clear from this study that more than 40% of ovules were aborted, this may be one of the reasons for reduction of seed yield in alfalfa, therefore, we recommended to do more researches in this field in order to know the causes of ovules abortion.

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