scholarly journals The Release of Antimony from Mine Dump Soils in the Presence and Absence of Forest Litter

2018 ◽  
Vol 15 (12) ◽  
pp. 2631 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karolina Lewińska ◽  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Marcin Siepak ◽  
Bernard Gałka
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Underground Water ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Threshold Values ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Experimental Treatments ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Mine Dump ◽  
Soil Solid Phase

This study examined the changes in antimony (Sb) solubility in soils, using organic matter introduced with forest litter, in various moisture conditions. Soils containing 12.8–163 mg/kg Sb were taken from the top layers of dumps in former mining sites in the Sudetes, South-West Poland. Soils were incubated for 90 days either in oxic or waterlogged conditions, with and without the addition of 50 g/kg of beech forest litter (FL). Water concentrations of Sb in some experimental treatments greatly exceeded the threshold values for good quality underground water and drinking water, and reached a maximum of 2.8 mg/L. The changes of Sb solubility caused by application of FL and prolonged waterlogging were, in various soils, highly divergent and in fact unpredictable based on the main soil properties. In some soils, the application of forest litter prompted the release of Sb from soil solid phase, while in the others it acted contradictorily. Soil waterlogging resulted, in most cases, in the increased release of Sb compared to oxic conditions, and this effect was enhanced by the addition of forest litter. However, in two soils the presence of forest litter counteracted the effects of waterlogging and diminished the quantities of released Sb.

The effects of waterlogging on the solubility of arsenic and ecotoxicity of soil pore water in non-fertilized and fertilized soils in historical mining sites.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Katarzyna Szopka ◽  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Agnieszka Dradrach ◽  
Bernard Gałka
Keyword(s):  
Pore Water ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Climatic Conditions ◽  
Organic Fertilizers ◽  
Iron Hydroxides ◽  
Historical Mining ◽  
Mining Sites ◽  
Soil Flooding ◽  
Soil Pore Water ◽  
Soil Solid Phase

<p>Soil contamination with arsenic in historical mining sites is a matter of considerable environmental concern, as the concentrations of As in those soils are locally as high as thousands mg/kg. Some of soils, particularly those affected in the past by tailings that were released from impoundments, are located in floodplains and used as grasslands. Those lands are periodically flooded, and the frequency and duration of flooding will probably increase in the future with changing climatic conditions. Reducing environment that develops upon soil flooding can cause a release of As from soil solid phase. This is an inherent effect of reductive dissolution of amorphous and crystalline iron hydroxides that are the main hosting components for metalloids. Changing redox conditions affect also the speciation of As in pore water, influencing its toxicity to soil biota. Moreover, soil fertilization with inorganic fertilizers that contain phosphates, or with organic fertilizers such as cattle manure, can accelerate As release from iron hydroxides, mainly via competitive desorption. The effects of all those processes are highly dependent on soil properties and still require a close examination.</p><p>Three kinds of soil material, containing up to 8000 mg/kg As, were collected from the tailings-affected floodplain of the Tująca river in Złoty Stok, a historical As mining centre. A laboratory incubation experiment with fertilized and non-fertilized soils was carried out to examine the changes in As concentrations in soil pore water, as well as to assess pore water ecotoxicity, determined in standard bioassays, including Microtox and Phytotox. Soil flooding resulted in a rapid release of As from soil solid phase. As concentrations in soil pore water in all samples exceeded 10 mg/L after a 2-day incubation, and tended to increase slowly with time. In some cases, after the 270-day incubation, As concentrations in pore water reached several hundred mg/L. Those effects resulted in a very high ecotoxicity of pore water, caused lethal effects to bacteria and springtails, and impeded plant germination. Soil amendment with manure was a factor that significantly enhanced those effects. The factors responsible for various effects that were reported from three soils were discussed.</p>

The Primary and Secondary Analysis of Uncertain Factors in Soil Thermal Properties for GSHP

2012 ◽  
Vol 614-615 ◽  
pp. 688-694 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yi Wang ◽  
Guo Min Shen
Keyword(s):  
Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Thermal Properties ◽  
Water Table ◽  
Unsaturated Soil ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Saturated Soil ◽  
Soil Thermal Conductivity ◽  
Saturation Degree ◽  
Soil Thermal Properties ◽  
Soil Solid Phase

In this paper, at first, an effective soil thermal conductivity model was established. Single factor regression analysis for 6 uncertain factors contained in the model was then conducted respectively. Finally, the primary and secondary characters of these uncertain factors were analyzed by using the orthogonal test. The analysis results show that the effective soil thermal conductivity has linear relationships with the saturation degree of unsaturated soil and the depth of water table and has power function relationships with other 4 uncertain factors; the porosity of unsaturated soil has the greatest effect on the effective soil thermal properties, followed by saturation degree of unsaturated soil, porosity of saturated soil, solid phase thermal conductivity of unsaturated soil, solid phase thermal conductivity of saturated soil and the depth of water table.

scholarly journals Transformation of beech forest litter as a factor that triggers arsenic solubility in soils developed on historical mine dumps

2018 ◽  
Vol 18 (8) ◽  
pp. 2749-2758 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anna Karczewska ◽  
Karolina Lewińska ◽  
Marcin Siepak ◽  
Bernard Gałka ◽  
Agnieszka Dradrach ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Forest Litter ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Mine Dumps

scholarly journals THE CHANGE OF PROPERTIES OF BROWN FOREST SOILS IN 10 YEARS ON THE TRACK “SKOLE − PARASHKA” (NPP “SKOLIVSKI BESKYDY”, UKRAINIAN CARPATHIANS)

2021 ◽  
pp. 105-128
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych ◽  
Zinoviy Pankiv
Keyword(s):  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Soil Structure ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Soil Reaction ◽  
Erosion Processes ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

Carry out monitoring of the track “Skole−Parashka” by the main five criteria of degradation of the natural environment: 1) width track (І category: to 0,5 m, “Unchanged track”; II category: to 1 m, “Little−changed track”; III category: 2−3 m “Endangered track”; IV category: to 5 m “Devastated track”; V category: over 5 m, “Strongly devastated track”); 2) presence of additional/parallel paths; 3) soil density; 4) quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation (meadow ecosystems), presence/absence of forest litter (forest ecosystems); 5) the growth of erosion processes and the microrelief of the trail. It was found that for 10 years of exploitation by tourist track “Skole − Parashka” the width of the trail increased by 0,3–1,2 m. Reveal changes in soil over physical, water-physical, physicо-chemical and biotic properties of brown forest soils. The bulk density of soil structure on trails during 2012−2014 increased by approximately 32 % compared to the control, and after 10 years it increased − to 38 %. To reveal within the roadside an increase in soil bulk density from 1,07 to 1,17 g•cm-³ for 2019−2021 years. An increase in the density of the solid phase was recorded. The results of which are characteristic of the Hp horizon of brown forest soils. On the track porosity total to appraise “unsatisfactory”. For 10 years of recreational use of the track, the water permeability on the trails has not changed and was 0,07 and 0,06 mm•min-¹ according to the periods of the study (2012-2014 and 2019-2021). Within the roadside water permeability in 2012−2014 decreased by 60−80%, then in 2019−2021 years water permeability decreased by more than 90%. The actual water permeability of the soil during the downpour rains causes the intensification of surface runoff on the trail. On the track reveal abatement C organic. On the roadside track when lay to plane surface C organic unchanged within a years (2012−2014 and 2019−2021) and even was outstanding within a control. The increase C organic on the roadside is a result of “penetration” of the crushed fractions of forest litter into the H horizon during trampling and is not the result of biochemical processes. On the track increase of soil reaction (pH 5,0) while in the control pH 4,0. As to the biotic activity parameters, among the most significant are the catalase activity indices which are mostly determined by the density of the soil structure and water permeability. Key words: soil bulk density; water permeability; C organic; biotic activity; recreation influence; monitoring; NPP “Skolivski Beskydy”.

scholarly journals THE IMPACT OF RECREATION LOADING ON PHYSICAL AND WATER-PHYSICAL PROPERTIES OF BROWN FOREST SOILS

2021 ◽  
pp. 311-328
Author(s):  
Oksana Lenevych
Keyword(s):  
Physical Properties ◽  
Bulk Density ◽  
Forest Soils ◽  
Water Permeability ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Forest Litter ◽  
Soil Bulk Density ◽  
Water Runoff ◽  
Soil Density ◽  
Brown Forest Soils

The article analyses the influence of recreational load on the physical and water-physical properties of brown forest soils. It is established that the complete or partial absence of litter on the pathway contributes to the rapid evaporation of moisture from the upper horizon (0−5 cm) of the soil, reducing the porosity total, increasing the density solid phase and buk density. It was found that with the increase of the buk density by 12,5 % the water permeability of the soil decreases 33 times in comparison with the control. A significant increase in the bulk density of the structure by 39−48 % was found on partway with a width of more than 2 m. On these pathway the surface runoff of water is formed. An increase in the density of the solid phase was recorded. The results of which are characteristic of the Hp horizon of brown forest soils. The overlapping of the trail with wooden flooring on the track “Stezhkamy lehendarnoyi Tustani” had a positive effect on the physical and water-physical properties of the soil. It was found that the indicators of soil bulk density and water permeability were close to the results obtained in the control and only the increase in the density of the solid phase indicates a significant recreational impact in the past. On the roadsides of the same revealed a significant increase in soil density of 1,5 times compared to the control and 1,3 times with the results obtained on the pathway, this indicates a recreational impact to date. It is proposed to use the following criteria for degradation of natural ecosystem: quantitative and qualitative changes in vegetation (meadow ecosystems), presence/absence of forest litter (forest ecosystems), soil density, presence of additional/parallel paths, path width, depth of erosion on the pathway. Establish category (stages) of recreational degression on the tracks the National Park “Skolivski Beskydy”. On the first stage/category (“Unchanged track”) of recreational degression includes trails 0,35−0,70 m wide with relatively close indicators of soil structure bulk density to control and the presence of forest litter on the pathway. The only negative aspect in this category is the insufficient water permeability of the soil. On heavy II category there is forest litter, although its redistribution is mainly traced between the trail and its roadside. In some sections of the trail, where there is no forest litter, it is fixed by increasing the bulk density of the structure to 27 %, the width of the pathway is 0,9−1,2 m and is classified as “Little-changed track”. On pathway with 2,15−3,40 m, there is a complete or partial absence of forest litter. Bulk density increased by 38−39 %, surface water runoff is formed. It is established presence distinct partway, visibled qualitative and quantitative changes in vegetation. The presented data correspond to the pathway of III category and are classified as “Endangered track”. Category IV (“Devastated track”) includes paths on which there is no forest litter, a significant increase in soil density up to 48 %, access to the surface of the root system and the width of the path is 2,60−4,90 m. Key words: recreation influence; soil bulk density; water permeable; pathway; NPP “Skolivski Beskydy”.

scholarly journals New attractants for Vespula vulgaris from honeydew

2008 ◽  
Vol 61 ◽  
pp. 387-387
Author(s):  
N.J. White ◽  
A.R. Gibb ◽  
L.D. Stringer ◽  
L.M. Manning ◽  
C.R. Unelius ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Beech Forest ◽  
Pest Species ◽  
Manuka Honey ◽  
Compound I ◽  
Vespula Vulgaris ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Major Pest ◽  
Compound Ii

The common wasp (Vespula vulgaris) is a major pest species in New Zealands forests and urban areas Attractants for wasps could enable new environmentallyfriendly management techniques against this invasive species Beech forest honeydew known to be attractive to vespid wasps was analysed using Solid Phase Micro Extraction Several volatile compounds were identified and two compounds (I and II) were tested for attraction in a Canterbury beech forest Four different lures (manuka honey; compound I; compound II; and a blend of compounds I and II) were placed in delta traps and the number of V vulgaris trapped recorded Compound II trapped significantly more V vulgaris than manuka honey and compound I and had significantly less honey bee (Apis mellifera) bycatch than the other three lures A controlled release experiment was carried out by placing 05 ml of compound II in vials with a 2 4 or 6 mm diameter hole or no hole in the lid The 4 mm treatment caught significantly more V vulgaris than the control no hole and 2 mm treatments A gravimetric release rate experiment on compound II in the laboratory showed a significant difference in weight loss between treatments These results suggest that compound II deserves further research as a wasp attractant

scholarly journals Influence of slope incline on the ejection of two-phase soil splashed material

PLoS ONE ◽  
2022 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. e0262203
Author(s):  
Michał Beczek ◽  
Magdalena Ryżak ◽  
Rafał Mazur ◽  
Agata Sochan ◽  
Cezary Polakowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Solid Phase ◽  
Pressure Head ◽  
Drop Impact ◽  
Single Drop ◽  
Two Phase ◽  
Soil Material ◽  
Physical Description ◽  
Liquid Phases ◽  
Moisture Conditions ◽  
Variable Influence

Soil splash is the first step in the process of water erosion, where impacting raindrops cause the detachment and transport of soil material. One of the factors that strongly influences the magnitude of soil splash is the incline of the surface (slope). The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of the slope on the course of the splash phenomenon caused by single-drop impact (one drop impact per soil sample), with respect to the mass and proportions of the ejected material, taking into account its division into solid and liquid phases i.e. soil and water. The investigation was carried out using three types of soil with different textures, in moistened (pressure head corresponding to -1.0 kPa) and air-dry (-1500 kPa) conditions. The soil samples were on three angles of slope, being 5°, 15°, and 30°, respectively. After a single-drop impact with a diameter of 4.2 mm, the ejected material was collected using a splash cup. The following quantities of splashed material were measured: the total mass, the mass of the solid phase, and the mass of the liquid phase. Additionally, the distribution and proportions (soil/water) of the splashed material were analysed in both the upslope and downslope directions. It was found that: (i) the change of slope had a variable influence on the measured quantities for different soils; (ii) in the case of moistened samples, the measured values were mainly influenced by the texture, while in the dry samples, by the angle of the slope; (iii) with the increase of slope, the splashed material was mostly ejected in the downslope direction (irrespective of moisture conditions); (iv) in the moistened samples, the ejected material consisted mostly of water, while in the dry samples it was soil—this occurred for material ejected both upslope and downslope. The obtained results are important for improving the physical description of the process of splash erosion. A more thorough understanding and better recognition of the mechanisms governing this phenomenon at all stages could contribute to the development of more effective methods for protecting soil against erosion.

Control of lead solubility in soil contaminated with lead shot: effect of soil moisture and temperature

Soil Research ◽  
2009 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 296 ◽  
Author(s):  
R. G. McLaren ◽  
C. P. Rooney ◽  
L. M. Condron
Keyword(s):  
Soil Moisture ◽  
Soil Solution ◽  
Solid Phase ◽  
Temperature Limit ◽  
Soil Environment ◽  
Solution System ◽  
Organic C ◽  
Temperature Regimes ◽  
Almost All ◽  
Soil Solid Phase

An incubation experiment was carried out to assess the rate of oxidation of lead (Pb) shot and subsequent transfer of Pb to the soil under different soil moisture and temperature regimes. Lead was readily released from Pb shot into the soil environment due to rapid corrosion of the Pb shot; however, the rate of Pb shot dissolution was slower at 70% than at 100% field moisture capacity. The corrosion and development of crust material on Pb shot, and corresponding increases in soil solution Pb and Pb associated with the soil solid phase, were also slower at 10°C than 25 or 30°C. Soil moisture and temperature also influenced the speciation of soil solution Pb as modelled using WHAM 6, mainly through the effects of moisture and temperature on soil pH, total soluble Pb, and dissolved organic C. The rate of approach to equilibrium of the Pb shot–soil–soil solution system will be much slower where soil moisture and temperature limit Pb shot corrosion. Calculated free ion Pb2+ concentrations suggest that after 6 months, almost all samples contaminated with Pb shot exceeded soil critical limits for Pb toxicity.

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